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Congestive heart failure (CHF) is a cardiovascular disease that frequently causes shortness of breath (dyspnea) and negatively impacts patients’ quality of life. The management of dyspnea involves not only pharmacological approaches but also nonpharmacological interventions, one of which is handheld fan therapy, which works by stimulating sensory receptors in the facial area. This study aims to describe the effect of handheld fan therapy on reducing shortness of breath in patients with CHF. This study employed a descriptive design using a case report method on a single 63-year-old female patient diagnosed with CHF. The intervention was conducted over four days, involving the use of a handheld fan for 10 minutes, held at a distance of 15–30 cm from the face and directed toward the nose and mouth. Measurements were taken before and after the intervention using respiratory rate and oxygen saturation as parameters. The results showed a gradual decrease in respiratory rate from 24 breaths/minute to 18 breaths/minute, as well as an increase in oxygen saturation from 91% to 96% during the intervention period. These findings indicate an improvement in breathing patterns and increased respiratory efficiency in the patient. Handheld fan therapy is effective as a nonpharmacological intervention for reducing shortness of breath and improving oxygenation in patients with CHF. This intervention is safe, easy to use, and can be implemented as a complementary therapy in nursing practice.

Sectio caesarea is a common surgical procedure to deliver a baby when normal delivery is not possible or risky. Postoperatively, patients often experience acute pain that can interfere with the recovery process. The benson relaxation technique is a nonpharmacological method that has been shown to be effective in reducing pain through a relaxation and patient confidence approach. This study uses a case study approach on Mrs. T, a post-sectio caesarea patient at Harapan Bunda Hospital, Batam City. Nursing care is carried out comprehensively for three days, including assessment, diagnosis, intervention, implementation, and evaluation. The main intervention was the administration of benzone relaxation techniques for 10–15 minutes every day. After three days of applying the Benson relaxation technique, Mrs. T's pain intensity decreased from a scale of 6 (moderate pain) to a scale of 2 (mild pain). Patients show increased comfort, ability to be active, and decreased expressions of pain such as grimacing. These results support previous findings that benzon relaxation is effective as a nonpharmacological therapy in reducing postoperative pain. This technique can be a safe and easy-to-apply alternative in nursing practice, especially for post-sectio caesarean patients.

Asthma is a heterogeneous disease characterized by chronic inflammation of the airways and respiratory symptoms such as wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and cough, which vary over time in both frequency and severity. This condition is accompanied by limitations in expiratory airflow, which can be either reversible or persistent. In asthma patients, especially those treated in the Emergency Department (ED), a common nursing problem is ineffective airway clearance due to mucus accumulation and bronchospasm. One strategy to address this is the administration of warm drinking water, aimed at improving airway clearance. The design used in this final nursing scientific paper is a qualitative case study with an intervention of warm water intake. The subjects of this study consisted of 3 asthma patients in the ED, and the intervention was conducted from January 3-11, 2026, at the Emergency Department of Charitas Hospital Km.7 Palembang. Airway clearance was measured before and after the intervention, which involved giving 200 ml of warm water at 38ºC, without a control group. After the intervention, all three patients showed improved airway clearance, indicated by more effective coughing, decreased sputum production, reduced wheezing, improved breathing patterns, and improved respiratory rate. The implementation of this evidence-based practice (EBP) is expected to provide additional information regarding the use of nonpharmacological therapy, specifically the administration of warm drinking water, in asthma patients with ineffective airway clearance.

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a structural or functional abnormality of the kidneys that lasts ≥3 months with the criteria of eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m² or the presence of kidney damage such as albuminuria and urinary abnormalities (Kidney International, 2024). CKD patients, especially those treated in intensive care units, often experience gastrointestinal disorders such as increased volume of gastric residues. Giving enteral nutrition to patients with NGT can increase the volume of gastric residue which is at risk of causing complications. One of the non-pharmacological interventions that can be carried out is abdominal massage, which is a light massage technique in the abdominal area that can stimulate intestinal peristalsis and improve gastrointestinal motility. The purpose of this case study was to determine the effect of  giving abdominal massage on reducing the volume of gastric residue in CKD patients in the ICU. This scientific paper uses a case study design using abdominal mass therapy. The number of respondents was 3 people, the intervention was carried out for 3 days with a time of 10-15 minutes. The application of abdominal massage therapy in the three respondents showed a decrease in the volume of gastric residue after admixture was carried out  for three consecutive days with an average decrease in the volume of gastric residue, which was 50 cc - 75 cc. Abdominal massage is a safe and effective nonpharmacological nursing intervention to help reduce gastric residue volume and support enteral nutrient tolerance in CKD patients in the ICU.

Hypertension is a public health problem that requires educational approaches and nonpharmacological interventions. This community service activity aimed to improve knowledge and support community-based hypertension management through health education, hypertension exercise, and cucumber juice therapy in RT 03 RW 08 Lenteng Agung, South Jakarta. The activity was conducted in three stages. The preparation stage included site selection, door-to-door screening of individuals with hypertension, which identified 32 hypertensive residents, obtaining informed consent, and preparing the instruments. The implementation stage consisted of hypertension education with pre-test and post-test knowledge assessments, as well as demonstrations of hypertension exercise and cucumber juice preparation involving 29 participants. Participants were encouraged to perform the exercise and consume cucumber juice regularly for seven days at home. The evaluation stage assessed changes in blood pressure after the intervention. The results showed improved knowledge and reduced blood pressure in most participants. This activity was effective in supporting hypertension management in the community.

Schizophrenia is a severe mental disorder often accompanied by various psychopathological manifestations, one of which is auditory hallucinations that limit social functioning and reduce the quality of life of affected individuals. Dhikr therapy, as a psychoreligious approach, is believed to provide inner peace and reduce the intensity of hallucinatory symptoms. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of dhikr therapy among schizophrenia patients with auditory hallucinations who were treated at Aceh Mental Hospital. The research employed a quasi-experimental design with a pretest–posttest model and purposive sampling technique, involving 15 patients experiencing auditory hallucinations. The intervention was conducted for three consecutive days, with each session lasting 10–20 minutes and consisting of a sequence of dhikr recitations including istighfar, tasbih, tahmid, and takbir. The severity of hallucinations was measured using the Auditory Hallucination Rating Scale (AHRS). Data analysis was performed using the Wilcoxon test. The results showed a significant decrease in auditory hallucination scores with a p-value of 0.001. These findings indicate that dhikr therapy is effective in helping patients manage hallucinatory symptoms and may serve as a non-pharmacological therapeutic alternative in psychiatric nursing care for schizophrenia patients

Auditory hallucinations are a common sensory perception disorder in patients with mental disorders. Dhikr therapy as a non-pharmacological intervention is proven to have a calming effect and help patients focus more on reality. A case study was conducted on one patient at Prof. Dr. M. Ildrem Mental Hospital in North Sumatra for seven days using the nursing process approach. Evaluation results with the AHRS scale showed a decrease in scores from 25 to 13. Patients experienced a decrease in the intensity of hallucinations and increased self-control. The conclusion of this case study is that dhikr therapy is effectively applied in mental nursing care as a nonpharmacological intervention to help patients control auditory hallucinations.

Back discomfort is a common musculoskeletal complaint among pregnant women, particularly in the third trimester, caused by biomechanical and physiological changes during pregnancy. This condition can interfere with daily activities, reduce sleep quality, and decrease overall comfort. Pharmacological treatments during pregnancy are limited due to safety concerns, making non-pharmacological therapies essential in primary healthcare. One alternative is the use of warm ginger compresses, which combine the benefits of heat therapy with the anti-inflammatory properties of ginger. This study aimed to examine the effect of warm ginger compresses on reducing back pain intensity in third-trimester pregnant women at the Jailolo Community Health Centre. The research used a pre-experimental one-group pretest–posttest design. The sample consisted of 16 pregnant women selected through purposive sampling. Pain intensity was measured using the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) before and after the intervention. The treatment involved applying warm ginger compresses to the lower back following a standardized procedure. Data analysis was conducted using univariate and bivariate methods with the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. The results showed a significant reduction in back pain intensity after the intervention (p < 0.05). These findings indicate that warm ginger compresses are an effective, safe, and simple non-pharmacological method for reducing back pain in third-trimester pregnant women.

Hypertension is a medical condition characterized by systolic blood pressure ≥140 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mmHg, which are at risk of causing various complications. One of the efforts to control hypertension is through non-pharmacological therapies such as a healthy diet, including the consumption of carrot juice. This study aims to determine the difference in blood pressure reduction in elderly people with hypertension who are given carrot juice at the Posyandu Elderly in Montong Village, Tuban Regency. The study uses a quantitative approach with an experimental quasy design and a "Two Group Pre-test and Post-test Design" design. The sample consisted of 18 respondents who were selected through purposive sampling techniques. Data collection was carried out using a needle sphygmomanometer and observation sheet, then analyzed with the Paired T-Test and the Independent Sample T-Test. The results showed that the group given carrot juice experienced a significant decrease in blood pressure, with mean systolic values from 162.3 mmHg to 145.5 mmHg and diastolic from 90.0 mmHg to 81.67 mmHg. These findings show a difference in blood pressure before and after the carrot juice intervention. The conclusion of this study is that carrot juice has the potential to be an effective alternative to non-pharmacological therapy in lowering blood pressure in the elderly with hypertension. This research is expected to be a reference for health workers in the development of local food-based interventions for hypertension control.

Appendicitis is an inflammatory condition of the small intestinal tract that is about 4 inches in size and located at the end of the secum. This condition often causes significant pain and requires effective management. In addition to pharmacological approaches, non-pharmacological methods such as relaxation techniques and alternative therapies are beginning to be widely applied to reduce pain and anxiety. One promising method is 5-finger hypnosis therapy, which is a relaxation technique that harnesses the power of the mind to achieve calmness and reduce the perception of pain. This study aims to determine the effect of 5-finger hypnosis therapy on pain reduction in appendicitis patients at RSI Sultan Agung Semarang. The research design used was quasi-experimental with a pre-posttest one group approach. A total of 32 appendicitis patients were selected as samples using the total sampling technique. Pain scales were measured before and after the intervention, then analyzed using the Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test. The results showed a Z-value of -3.097 and a p-value of 0.002 (p < 0.05), indicating a significant difference between pain levels before and after therapy. These findings prove that 5-finger hypnosis therapy is effective in reducing pain in appendicitis patients. This study recommends the application of 5-finger hypnosis therapy as a non-pharmacological approach that can support patient comfort and accelerate the recovery process holistically.

Fractures are conditions of discontinuation of bone or cartilage, either partially or completely, which often require surgical treatment. One of the commonly used procedures is Open Reduction Internal Fixation (ORIF), which is an open surgical procedure with the installation of fixation tools such as pins, screws, and plates to repair broken bones. This procedure generally causes postoperative pain that needs to be treated effectively. Pain management can be done through pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches. Lavender aromatherapy is one of the non-pharmacological methods that has the potential to provide a relaxing and analgesic effect. This study aims to determine the effect of lavender aromatherapy on the level of pain in patients after ORIF surgery. The research method uses a qualitative approach with a Quasi Experiment design. The sampling technique was carried out in total sampling with a total of 28 respondents post-operative ORIF patients at Dr. H. Soewondo Kendal Hospital. The data were analyzed using the Wilcoxon test to determine the difference in pain levels before and after the administration of aromatherapy. The results showed a p value of 0.000, which indicated a significant influence between the administration of lavender aromatherapy on the reduction of the patient's pain level. The conclusion of this study is that lavender aromatherapy is effective in reducing the intensity of postoperative pain of ORIF, so that it can be used as an alternative to nonpharmacological therapy in postoperative pain management. This study recommends the integration of aromatherapy in nursing practice to improve patient comfort.

Low back pain, also known as low back pain, is a common condition characterized by pain or discomfort in the lower back area, which is between the lower ribs and the buttock folds. This condition can be mild to severe, and can be temporary or chronic. One of the nonpharmacological methods that is often used to reduce the intensity of pain is ice packs. Ice packs are able to provide an analgesic effect by lowering local blood flow and reducing inflammation in the area experiencing pain. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of ice packs in reducing low back pain in office administration employees. The research design uses an experimental method with a one group pre-test–post-test design approach. The research sample consisted of 25 respondents who were administrative employees at the Helvetia Health Institute. Pain intensity measurements were taken before and after the administration of ice packs to determine the effect of this therapy on low back pain. The results showed a decrease in the intensity of low back pain with an average value before treatment of 51.63 and after treatment decreasing to 38.8. Statistical analysis yielded a significance value (p) of 0.004 < 0.05, which showed that ice packs had a significant effect on reducing low back pain in administrative employees. Regular application of ice packs can be a simple, safe, and effective intervention that can be done independently at home by employees to reduce pain. This study provides recommendations for health workers to promote ice pack therapy as a non-pharmacological pain relief method, especially for office workers who often experience low back pain due to static work positions.

Pain is one of the main problems often experienced by patients during treatment in hospitals, including in the Zam-Zam 1 Ward of Sultan Hadlirin Hospital, Jepara. High levels of pain can affect comfort, quality of rest, and slow the patient's healing process. Various non-pharmacological interventions have been developed to help reduce pain, one of which is music therapy, which works through distraction and relaxation mechanisms. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of music therapy in reducing pain levels in patients in the Zam-Zam 1 Ward of Sultan Hadlirin Hospital, Jepara. The research method used a quasi-experimental design with a pretest-posttest approach without a control group. The study sample consisted of 47 patients who met the inclusion criteria and were selected using a purposive sampling technique. The research instrument used a Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) to measure the patient's pain levels before and after the intervention. The music therapy process was carried out by playing relaxation music for a certain period according to the research procedure. Data analysis was carried out using a paired t-test to determine the difference in pain levels before and after music therapy. The results showed an average decrease in pain levels of 1.79 with a standard deviation of 1.05. The t-test results yielded a t-value of 9.017 with a p-value of 0.000 (p < 0.05), indicating a significant difference between pain levels before and after the intervention. These findings demonstrate that music therapy is effective in reducing pain perception in hospitalized patients. In conclusion, music therapy can be used as an alternative non-pharmacological intervention that is easily implemented by healthcare professionals to improve patient comfort and quality of care in hospitals.  

Primary dysmenorrhoea is a reproductive health problem that is often experienced by adolescent girls. Primary dysmenorrhoea causes discomfort (pain) and other problems. If not treated immediately, it will interfere with learning, daily activities, and school performance. Efforts to treat primary dysmenorrhoea that can be done nonpharmacologically using SEFT therapy. This therapy combines spiritual, physical, and psychological. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of SEFT therapy on primary dysmenorrhoea pain in adolescent girls. The method used was quasi experiment with non-equivalent control group design approach. Samples were selected using purposive sampling as many as 32 adolescents who were divided into intervention groups and control groups. The instruments used were pictorial SEFT therapy procedure, observation sheet, and Numeric Rating Scale (NRS). Data analysis used paired t-test and independent t-test. The results of the analysis showed a decrease in the pain scale in the intervention group with an average of 5.87 to 2.37 and bivariate analysis with a p-value of 0.000 (<0.05). So it can be concluded that there is an effect of SEFT therapy on primary dysmenorrhoea pain in adolescent girls.

Hypertension is a condition where a person experiences an increase in blood pressure above normal which can lead to an increase in mordibity and mortality rates. One of the nonpharmacological therapies that has been widely proven to reduce blood pressure is Benson relaxation. The design of this scientific paper uses a case study design of one patient subject in the Medan Sunggal Health Center work area. Data collection instruments used sphygnomanometer, stethoscope and observation sheet. The implementation of the application of benson relaxation is done by checking blood pressure before and after doing benson relaxation therapy, therapy is done once a day for 7 days with a duration of 10 minutes. After the application of benson relaxation therapy on Mrs.A, it was found that there was a decrease in blood pressure in Mrs.A with systolic results of 150 mmHg to 140 mmHg and diastolic 90 mmHg to 85 mmHg Benson relaxation therapy performed for 7 days on Mrs.A had an effect on lowering blood pressure. With this it is found that blood pressure decreases and relieves pain.

Hypertension is a health problem that is quite dangerous in the world, because it is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Hypertension can be treated with nonpharmacological therapies, such as hypertension exercise and natural music therapy. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of a combination of hypertension exercise and natural sound music therapy on reducing blood pressure in hypertension sufferers in the working area of ​​the Modo Health Center. The research design used a pre-experimental one group pre-post test design on 52 hypertensive patients who were selected using a consecutive sampling technique from a total population of 109. The intervention was in the form of giving a combination of hypertension exercise and natural sound music for 10-15 minutes according to the SOP for hypertension exercise and natural sound music. After that, it was analyzed using paired t-test. The results showed that the average blood pressure before treatment was 168.77/95.12 mmHg. After being given treatment the average blood pressure was 156.69/85.88 mmHg. The results of the pre-post systolic and pre-diastolic statistical tests obtained a significance value of p=0.000 (p<0.005), which means that there is an effect of a combination of hypertension exercise and natural sound music therapy on reducing blood pressure. The mechanism for reducing blood pressure after exercise is because exercise can relax blood vessels, so that by dilating blood vessels blood pressure will decrease. Providing natural sound music therapy can cause relaxation of arteriolar smooth muscles which play an important role in maintaining blood pressure. It is hoped that the combination of hypertension exercise and natural sound music therapy can be applied as an intervention at the Prolanis Health Center in Modo.

Background: Low Birth Weight (LBW) is the weight of the baby less than 2500 grams, LBW can occur due to gestational age which is less than the normal age of 37 weeks and the baby's weight is also lower from babies in general. Nonpharmacological efforts to improve or stabilizing the baby's physiology, one of which is Nesting Therapy which has not yet been done ever given. Objective: Describe the results of implementing therapy nesting on heart rate in low birth weight babies at Wonogiri Regional Hospital. Method: This application uses the case study method by conducting intervention on two LBW respondents. The instrument used is with Look at the physiological observation sheets for both respondents. Result: Once done application for 24 hours with a frequency of therapy for 3 days consecutively. Showing an increase in physiological in both respondents, by looking at the observation sheet. Conclusion: Nesting therapy is effective for increase the heart rate of low birth weight babies.

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that has certain characteristics. One of them is the diagnosis of autistic comorbidity, namely Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), nonpharmacological treatments are considered quite effective including dietary interventions. Hyperactive behavior in autistic children that has an impact in the form of difficulty in poor attention span to impulsiveness. Gluten free diet, casein free diet is recommended in the application of therapy in autistic people, this diet is one type of complementary therapy, which is carried out by regulating consumption patterns in autistic children. Objective: to determine the difference in the level of hyperactivity of autistic children between groups who apply gluten free, casein free diet with not applying gluten free, casein free diet. Method: comparative study by looking at the comparison between two groups with a total sampling technique of 20 people. Results: The level of hyperactivity in children on a gluten free diet, casein free as many as 9 (45%) respondents and 11 (55%) respondents did not do a gluten free diet, casein free obtained Mann Whitney U test results with a p-value of 0.027 where the p-value <0.05 or (0.027<0.05). Conclusion: Autistic children who apply a gluten free, casein free diet seem to have quite good attention than autistic children who do not apply a gluten free casein free diet. Suggestion: It is hoped that parents who have autistic children can adopt a gluten free diet, casein free as an alternative therapy.

Background: Data obtained from the Palembang city health office that the incidence of head injuries in 2018 there were (16.15) patients. Head injury (trauma capitis) is a mechanical injury that directly or indirectly affects the head that results in head wounds, fractures of the bones of the skull, tearing of brain membranes, and damage to brain tissue, as well as resulting in neurological disorders. One of the nonpharmacological therapies that can be given to patients who experience pain in minor head injuries is music therapy. Objectives: to gain real experience and knowledge and to document the application of music therapy to pain scales in nursing care for minor head injuries. Methods: this type of scientific paper uses a descriptive method with a case study approach to explore the problem of nursing care in two patients with minor head injuries. Nursing care was carried out on two patients, which was carried out on June 15 to 17, 2022. Results: from music therapy actions to Mr. A and Mr. D with the first diagnosis of acute pain related to physical injury agents. The results of the evaluation of the first patient, Mr. A, found that the patient experienced a decrease in the pain scale to 3 (mild), before music therapy the pain scale was 5 (moderate), the pain problem was resolved, and the intervention was stopped. For the evaluation, the second patient, Mr. D, obtained a pain scale of 2 (mild), before music therapy the pain scale was 4 (moderate), the pain problem was resolved, and the intervention was stopped. Conclusion: the results of the nursing evaluation on Mr. A and Mr. D problems resolved the intervention was stopped. It can be concluded that music therapy can reduce pain in patients with mild head injuries.

Background: The prevalence of extreme pain in medical and surgical patients admitted to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) is more than 80.0%. One of the nonpharmacological therapies that can be used to control pain is the distraction technique with music therapy, where this application uses gamelan music therapy. Objective: To determine the results of the implementation of gamelan music therapy to reduce postoperative pain intensity in the Intensive Care Unit of Pandan Arang Hospital Boyolali. Method: The design used in this application is using a descriptive case study approach. Application is carried out for 30 minutes 2x a day in 4 consecutive days. Findings: Comparison of the final results of application showed that on the 4th day after the implementation of the VDS scale the two respondents were the same, namely on the pain scale 3. The results of the CPOT scale on the 4th day of Mrs. W after implementation are a scale of 4. The results of the CPOT scale on the 4th day of Mrs. S after implementation are a scale of 3. Implication: From the final results of the application before and after it can be concluded that gamelan music therapy can reduce the intensity of pain in postoperative patients in the ICU of Pandan Arang Hospital Boyolali.