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ABSTRAKTujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui proses pembelajaran norma dan keadilan pada PPKn bagi peserta didik kelas VII SMP Negeri 23 Surakarta. Metode penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan deskriptif kualitatif, sumber data menggunakan data primer dan data sekunder. Subjek penelitian ini adalah guru Pendidikan Kewarganegaran, kepala sekolah dan siswa. Teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan observasi, wawancara, dan dokumentasi. Keabsahan data menggunakan triangulasi sumber dan triangulasi metode. Teknik analisis data menggunakan model analisis interaktif. Hasil penelitian menujukkan bahwa proses pembelajaran norma dan keadilan dalam pembelajaran PPKn di SMP Negeri 23 Surakarta kurang optimal. Hal tersebut ditujukkan dengan hasil penilaian aspek afektif yaitu kurang optimal, hal tersebut ditunjukkaan siswa kurang aktif menjawab pertanyaan serta siswa kurang memperhatikan penjelasan guru dengan seksama. Hasil penilaian aspek psikomotorik yaitu aktivitas siswa dalam menyampaikan hasil kerja kelompok di depan kelas sudah baik. Siswa saat mempersentasikan jawabannya di depan kelas dengan percaya diri.  Kata Kunci: Proses Pembelajaran, Norma, Keadilan, PPKnABSTRACTThe aim of the research is to find out the process of norms and justice learnings on civics of 7th grade students at SMP 23 Surakarta. The kind of research is descriptive qualitative research. The sources of data are primary and secondary data. The subjects of the research are teachers of civics subject, the principal, and the students. The methods of collecting the data are observation, interview, and documentation. The trustworthiness was conducted through source and method triangulation. The technique of analyzing the data used interative analysis model. The research findings show that the process of norms and justice learnings on civics of 7th grade students at SMP Negeri 23 Surakarta is less optimum. It could be viewed from less optimum affective factor showed from the studenst who are less active in answering questions and they less pay attetion of the teacter. The result of assessment from psychomotor aspect is that the activity of the students in conveying the result of group activity in front of the class is good. They present their answer confidently.Keywords: Learning Process, Norms, Justice, Civics subject.Â

Additional criminal threats added on top of the main criminal sanctions aim to prevent military members from committing violations. The aim of this research shows that to maintain discipline, the application of additional punishment must remain based on the principles of law and justice. Qualitative research uses a descriptive approach to collect data systematically, factually, and quickly according to the description at the time of the research. The results of this research show that this additional penalty is expected to provide a stronger incentive for military members to comply with established ethics and regulations, maintain military integrity and efficiency, and improve the public's image and trust in military institutions.

Reform of the military justice system (criminal law enforcement) is essentially part of the idea of law reform. Legal reform includes not only "legal substance reform" and "legal structure reform", but also "legal culture reform". Therefore, the reform of the military criminal law system must also be accompanied by the renewal of the military legal culture, which includes, among other things, the renewal of the cultural aspects of legal behavior and legal awareness related to "military culture" and the renewal of the aspect of military legal education/science. So, "legal behaviour, legal, science and legal education reform" is also needed. This research will discuss Military Justice Reform in Indonesia, by conducting a comparative study with the existing military justice systems in various countries. This article concludes that the prospect of the position of the military court in Indonesia after the administrative, organizational, and financial fields are in the Supreme Court will make the military court better and more independent. The administration and organization will be more well organized in accordance with other courts.

Military justice carried out by the Military Prosecutor is an indirect authority because the delegation of the case is an implementation of the Handover of the Case from Papera, in other words the Military Prosecutor cannot delegate the case or take prosecution action to the competent court without the existence of a Decree from Papera because it is in accordance with Article 123 paragraph (1) letter f of Law Number 31 of 1997, in essence, the authority to hand over cases is the authority of Papera, not the authority of the Military Prosecutor. The aim of this research is to analyze the responsibilities of Military Prosecutors in carrying out prosecutions. Technically, juridically, they are responsible to the TNI Prosecutor General (Orjen TNI), while operationally they are responsible to the Case Submitting Officer (Papera). Qualitative research uses a descriptive approach to collect data systematically, factually, and quickly according to the description at the time of the research. The results of this research show that Military Prosecutors as law enforcers in the field of prosecution in the Military Justice environment have a strategic and decisive role in indicting someone before trial. For this reason, the professionalism of Military Prosecutors is a necessity in carrying out their duties so that prosecutions can be carried out in accordance with applicable regulations and the goal of law enforcement itself can be achieved optimally as expected.

Pros and cons about the position and jurisdiction of military courts still often occur in legal discourse in Indonesia. On the one hand, there is a group that states that the military court is only authorized to try military crimes and is not authorized to try general crimes committed by TNI soldiers, but another group states that the military court still has the authority to try both general crimes and military crimes. This article will photograph the discourse that has existed so far. This article will also explain the Position and Jurisdiction of the Military Court in Indonesia after being under the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court and the impact of the submission of TNI soldiers to the General Court on military principles. The method used was an in-depth interview with a number of sources, especially to see the growing opinion if TNI soldiers were tried in the general court. The conclusion of this article is that psychologically and culturally, TNI soldiers are not appropriate to be tried in the general court. Thus, the issue of subjugating TNI soldiers to the general court is not only juridical but also psychological and cultural. In addition, if TNI Soldiers are subject to the general judiciary, it will result in the destruction of military joints or principles that are the backbone of law enforcement and discipline of Soldiers.  

Handing over a case to a military court is the authority of the Case Handing Officer (Papera) not the authority of the Military Prosecutor as a general summons, which is a specialty of military justice that handing over a case to a military court is an order from the Case Handing Officer (Papera) to the Military Prosecutor all summoning the public to do so. Linking the case at the conference. The purpose of this research is to analyze the existence of the authority of the Case Handing Officer (Papera) which is only directed at criminal acts committed by TNI soldiers who are under the authority of their command which is an order to the Military Prosecutor. The entire military summons the public to summon the matter at the conference. Qualitative research uses a descriptive approach to collect data systematically, factually, and quickly according to the description at the time of the research. The results of this research indicate that the submission of criminal charges (requisitoir) made by the Military Prosecutor for all general summonses must be based on a conference because the conference facts are legal facts produced through the conference examination process by analyzing all the evidence submitted.