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Income inequality is a structural development problem that can trigger social conflict, affect long-term economic growth, and hinder the achievement of SDGs. The purpose of this study is to analyze the factors that contribute to income inequality in East Java Province by combining demographic, social, and economic factors. The data used includes panel data from 38 districts and cities in East Java Province between 2017 and 2023 period. The analysis method used is panel data regression with a fixed effect model. To measure the effect of variables on income inequality, the testing was conducted partially and simultaneosly. The individual test results show that elderly dependency and poverty have a positive and significant relationship, while the human development index and economic growth are proportional but not significantly, and the open unemployment rate is not significant negative. Simultaneously, all variables have a significant effect on income inequality of 55.67 percent, with the remaining 44.37 percent influenced by variables outside the scope of this study.

Preeclampsia is a pregnancy complication that significantly contributes to maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality worldwide. Globally, it affects approximately 3–8% of pregnancies and causes more than 70,000 maternal deaths each year. In Indonesia, preeclampsia accounts for around 30% of the 4,151 maternal deaths reported in 2024. In Padang City, there were 254 cases in 2023 and 129 cases in 2024, with Puskesmas Bungus having the highest prevalence (7.2% and 3.77%). This study aimed to analyze the association between body mass index (BMI), history of hypertension, and history of preeclampsia with the incidence of preeclampsia among pregnant women at Puskesmas Bungus, Padang. This study used a quantitative case-control design involving 50 cases and 50 controls. Data were analyzed using chi-square and logistic regression tests. The results showed significant associations between obesity (p=0.031; OR=2.897), history of preeclampsia (p=0.006; OR=13.821), and history of hypertension (p=0.002; OR=17.216) with the incidence of preeclampsia. Multivariate analysis identified history of hypertension as the most dominant factor associated with preeclampsia. This study concludes that obesity, history of hypertension, and history of preeclampsia are significant risk factors for preeclampsia among pregnant women. Strengthening early detection and routine antenatal care for high-risk pregnancies is necessary to reduce maternal complications associated with preeclampsia.

Diabetes mellitus, as a persistent non-infectious metabolic pathology increasingly prominent in the global epidemiological spectrum, is fundamentally characterized by dysfunctional hyperglycemia rooted in primary disruptions of pancreatic insulin hormone synthesis or peripheral resistance to its biological action, thereby inducing dynamic imbalances in gluconeogenesis and glycolysis pathways; amid the hypothesis that body mass index (BMI) as a measure of central adiposity potentially mediates variability in serum glucose levels, this quantitative observational study with a cross-sectional design rigorously tests the causal relationship between BMI and fasting/random blood glucose concentrations in a cohort of 134 adult subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus affiliated with primary care services at Puskesmas Bongo II, Boalemo Regency, through an inclusive total sampling recruitment strategy, precision anthropometric measurement instruments (height, weight, WHO BMI categorization), and laboratory-validated glucometric validation, with multivariate inferential processing based on the Chi-Square independence test at a Type I error rate of α=0.05 using the latest edition of the SPSS analytical suite; the demographic profile highlights female gender supremacy (90 individuals, 67.2%), the normoweight group (78 cases, 58.2%), concurrent with substantial glycemic elevation prevalence (78 subjects, 58.2%), but the crucial statistical output reveals a p-value of 0.831 (>0.05) that negates any probabilistically meaningful association, thus the substantive conclusion affirms the non-significance of the BMI-glucose relationship in this local context, while implying the dominance of alternative etiopathogenic factors such as hypercaloric macronutrient intake patterns, deficits in aerobic/anaerobic physical activity, non-adherence to multidisciplinary pharmacological protocols (e.g., metformin/oral hypoglycemics), and a comprehensive management paradigm integrating behavioral education, continuous monitoring, and personalized interventions to mitigate long-term cardiovascular risks across the diabetes mellitus spectrum.

Diabetes mellitus, as a persistent non-infectious metabolic pathology increasingly prominent in the global epidemiological spectrum, is fundamentally characterized by dysfunctional hyperglycemia rooted in primary disruptions of pancreatic insulin hormone synthesis or peripheral resistance to its biological action, thereby inducing dynamic imbalances in gluconeogenesis and glycolysis pathways; amid the hypothesis that body mass index (BMI) as a measure of central adiposity potentially mediates variability in serum glucose levels, this quantitative observational study with a cross-sectional design rigorously tests the causal relationship between BMI and fasting/random blood glucose concentrations in a cohort of 134 adult subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus affiliated with primary care services at Puskesmas Bongo II, Boalemo Regency, through an inclusive total sampling recruitment strategy, precision anthropometric measurement instruments (height, weight, WHO BMI categorization), and laboratory-validated glucometric validation, with multivariate inferential processing based on the Chi-Square independence test at a Type I error rate of α=0.05 using the latest edition of the SPSS analytical suite; the demographic profile highlights female gender supremacy (90 individuals, 67.2%), the normoweight group (78 cases, 58.2%), concurrent with substantial glycemic elevation prevalence (78 subjects, 58.2%), but the crucial statistical output reveals a p-value of 0.831 (>0.05) that negates any probabilistically meaningful association, thus the substantive conclusion affirms the non-significance of the BMI-glucose relationship in this local context, while implying the dominance of alternative etiopathogenic factors such as hypercaloric macronutrient intake patterns, deficits in aerobic/anaerobic physical activity, non-adherence to multidisciplinary pharmacological protocols (e.g., metformin/oral hypoglycemics), and a comprehensive management paradigm integrating behavioral education, continuous monitoring, and personalized interventions to mitigate long-term cardiovascular risks across the diabetes mellitus spectrum.

This study examines the relationship between the Human Development Index (HDI) and population size with economic growth in North Sumatra Province during 2010-2025 using multiple linear regression based on secondary data. The results indicate that both variables are jointly associated within the model, although they show different directions when observed individually. Population size tends to move in line with economic growth, while HDI shows an opposite tendency. These findings suggest that improvements in human capital have not yet been fully reflected in productive economic activities in the region.

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a significant global health problem and continues to increase worldwide. Chronic and uncontrolled hyperglycemia is a major risk factor for macrovascular complications such as Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD). Buerger Allen Exercise (BAE) is a recommended physical activity therapy to prevent peripheral arterial disease. Objective: This study aims to determine the effect of Buerger Allen Exercise on the Ankle Brachial Index (ABI) in diabetes mellitus patients. Methods: This study is a Quasi-experimental study with a pre-posttest with control group design. The study population was all Diabetes Mellitus patients at the Kusuma Bangsa Community Health Center, Pekalongan City with a sample of 32 respondents selected using a purposive sampling technique and divided into a control group and an intervention group. Buerger Allen Exercise in the intervention group was carried out for 5 consecutive days with a duration of 15 minutes. Data were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney Test. Results: In the control group, there was no significant difference in the average ABI value of the control group on day 1 and day 5 with a p-value = 0.195. In the intervention group, there was a difference in ABI scores before and after being given Buerger Allen Exercise with a p-value of 0.000. Conclusion: There is an effect of Buerger Allen Exercise on the Ankle Brachial Index value in diabetes mellitus patients at the Kusuma Bangsa Community Health Center.  

Hypertension is a non-communicable disease often referred to as a silent killer because it generally does not present noticeable symptoms. Several risk factors contribute to the development of hypertension, including high body mass index (BMI) and low levels of physical activity. However, data regarding the association between BMI, physical activity, and hypertension at Pakuan Baru Public Health Center, Jambi City, remain limited. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the relationship between body mass index and physical activity with hypertension among adults at Pakuan Baru Public Health Center, Jambi City. This study employed a quantitative approach with a cross-sectional design. The research was conducted at Pakuan Baru Public Health Center, Jambi City, from November 19 to December 6, 2025. The study population consisted of all adult patients with hypertension at Pakuan Baru Public Health Center, totaling 2,797 individuals. A sample of 93 respondents was selected using an accidental sampling technique. Data were collected using observation sheets through measurements of height and weight to calculate BMI, as well as the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ). Data analysis was performed using univariate and bivariate analyses with the chi-square statistical test. The univariate analysis showed that 27 respondents (29.0%) were classified as severely obese, 42 respondents (45.2%) had a low level of physical activity, and 28 respondents (30.1%) were categorized as having stage 2 hypertension at Pakuan Baru Public Health Center, Jambi City. The bivariate analysis revealed a significant relationship between body mass index and physical activity with blood pressure among patients with hypertension (p = 0.000). It is expected that healthcare providers at Pakuan Baru Public Health Center will continue to provide education regarding the importance of controlling body mass index and engaging in regular physical activity, as these factors contribute to increased blood pressure among patients with hypertension.

Latar belakang penelitian ini berakar pada fenomena kemajuan yang tidak merata di antara indikator pembangunan di Sumatera Utara, di mana Indeks Pembangunan Manusia (IPM), meskipun diklasifikasikan dalam kategori “tinggi”, belum secara konsisten berkontribusi pada penurunan tingkat pengangguran. Tujuan utama penelitian ini adalah untuk menguji pengaruh IMB, tingkat kemiskinan, dan tingkat pengangguran terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi di Provinsi Sumatera Utara. Metode yang digunakan adalah pendekatan kuantitatif dengan analisis regresi linier berganda menggunakan data deret waktu dari tahun 2010 hingga 2025 yang bersumber dari BPS. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa secara simultan, IPM, kemiskinan, dan pengangguran secara signifikan mempengaruhi pertumbuhan ekonomi daerah. Secara parsial, IMB memiliki pengaruh positif dan signifikan, menunjukkan bahwa investasi dalam kualitas modal manusia meningkatkan produktivitas ekonomi. Sebaliknya, baik tingkat kemiskinan maupun tingkat pengangguran terbuka menunjukkan pengaruh negatif dan signifikan, yang menyiratkan bahwa peningkatan variabel-variabel ini cenderung menghambat ekspansi ekonomi. Lebih lanjut, variabel independen yang dimasukkan dalam model ini menjelaskan 49,49% variasi pertumbuhan ekonomi, sedangkan proporsi sisanya dijelaskan oleh faktor eksternal di luar cakupan penelitian ini. Hasil ini menyoroti pentingnya penerapan kebijakan yang menyelaraskan pengembangan sumber daya manusia dengan tuntutan pasar tenaga kerja untuk mengatasi masalah pengangguran terdidik.

Public service performance serves as a crucial measure of how effectively government agencies provide services to the public. Rising expectations from the public compel governments to ensure that services are delivered in an efficient, open, responsible, and responsive manner. Within the realm of public administration reform, the standard of public services has emerged as a key issue for governments looking to enhance public confidence and governance. The Indonesian government has created the Public Service Index (Indeks Pelayanan Publik/IPP) as a tool to assess the performance of public services. The IPP functions as an all-encompassing measurement system to evaluate the quality, efficiency, and responsibility associated with public service provision across government entities. This research intends to explore the definition of public service performance, the legal framework that regulates public services in Indonesia, and the metrics employed for calculating the Public Service Index. The study uses a qualitative descriptive method and a literature review approach, evaluating various pertinent books, regulations, and scholarly articles concentrating on public service management and performance evaluation. The results indicate that the Public Service Index plays a vital role in assessing service quality, institutional effectiveness, and the degree of public satisfaction. Additionally, the application of the IPP measurements fosters transparency, bolsters accountability, and encourages ongoing enhancements in public service delivery. Therefore, enhancing public service performance necessitates robust regulatory backing, institutional dedication, and the utilization of clear and quantifiable performance metrics to guarantee enduring improvements in service quality.

Public service quality serves as a crucial metric for assessing how well the government meets the needs and expectations of the community. Within public administration, the effectiveness of public services indicates the government's capability to deliver governance that is open, responsible, and focused on the citizens. In Indonesia, one tool for gauging public service effectiveness is the Community Satisfaction Index (Indeks Kepuasan Masyarakat/IKM). This research seeks to examine how community satisfaction in public services is measured by identifying various service components and the approach used to compute the IKM. A descriptive qualitative research method is employed, utilizing a literature review. Information was gathered from books, academic journals, government regulations, and other scholarly materials relevant to public service quality and community satisfaction. The results reveal that the IKM measurement system offers a comprehensive framework for assessing the performance of public services based on several aspects, including service requirements, processes, completion time, costs, the skills and conduct of service personnel, and available facilities. Additionally, the findings demonstrate that enhancements in service quality, transparency, and the responsiveness of public organizations greatly affect community satisfaction levels. As a result, ongoing assessments of public services through the IKM framework are vital for improving governance effectiveness, boosting service delivery, and reinforcing public confidence in government agencies.

The purpose of this study was to determine and analyze the effect of wage levels, economic growth, and the Human Development Index (HDI) on income inequality through labor absorption in the Districts/Cities of Jambi Province from 2020-2024. The research method used is a quantitative descriptive analysis using panel data regression with the Fixed Effect Model approach.  The analysis method used Eviews 12. The results showed of that partially, income inequality in the Districts/Cities of Jambi Province is significant positive influenced by the wage level variable, while economic growth does not have a significant effect on income inequality. In addition, the Human Development Index (HDI) has a significant negative effect on income inequality. This implies that wage increases are actually followed by in income inequality. Meanwhile, economic growth has not been able to provide a broad income redistribution effect. Conversely, improving the quality of human development proves to be the most effective factor, as it is capable of significant reducing inequalirt levels. Simultaneously, the results show that the variables of wage levels, economic growth, and the Human Development Index (HDI) collectively have a significant influence on income inequality in Districts/Cities of Jambi Province.

Background: Adolescence is a transitional period from childhood to adulthood, with signs of entering adolescence including physical and psychological changes. The adolescent phase is marked by physiological maturation such as the growth of tissues and body organs. This requires adolescents to have sufficient nutritional intake. If the intake is inadequate, it can lead to disturbances in the body's metabolic processes. Nutrient deficiencies, particularly iron (Fe), can cause nutritional anemia. Low hemoglobin levels can occur due to insufficient nutrient intake from food, especially nutrients that support hemoglobin formation. Objective: The objective of this study is to determine the relationship between hemoglobin levels and BMI scores in female adolescents at SMA N 3 Boyolali. Method: The research design was correlational analytic, with a sample of 76 female students at SMA Negeri 3 Boyolali. The sampling technique used random sampling according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. The research instruments included a digital hemoglobinometer, a digital step-on scale, and a microtoa. Data were analyzed using the Spearman Rank test. Results: Bivariate analysis using the Spearman Rank statistical test showed r = 0.343 with a p-value of 0.002 < 0.05, indicating that Ha was accepted. An r of 0.343 is equivalent to 34.3%, indicating a low strength of association. Conclusion: There is a significant relationship between hemoglobin levels and BMI scores in adolescent girls.

The Gender Development Index (GDI) is a key indicator for assessing disparities in human development achievements between women and men. In recent years, Indonesia’s GDI has shown a consistent upward trend, reaching 91.85 in 2024. Nevertheless, this numerical improvement does not fully represent the achievement of substantive gender equality. This article aims to analyze the dynamics of Indonesia’s GDI by positioning it within a comparative Asian context and examining the substantive gaps that persist behind the rising indicators. This study employs a qualitative approach based on secondary data and literature review. The primary data sources include publications from Statistics Indonesia on the Gender Development Index and Gender Inequality Index for the 2020–2024 period, as well as the Global Gender Gap Reports 2024 and 2025 published by the World Economic Forum. Descriptive quantitative analysis is combined with qualitative interpretation and illustrative interview findings from civil society organizations, universities, and provincial and local Offices of Women’s Empowerment and Child Protection in Central Java, Southeast Sulawesi, Grobogan Regency, and Semarang City. The findings indicate that Indonesia’s GDI improvement is largely driven by advances in women’s health and educational attainment. However, substantial gaps remain in the economic dimension, particularly in per capita expenditure and women’s labor market participation, which constrain proportional improvements in women’s Human Development Index. This article underscores the importance of interpreting the GDI as a reflective policy instrument and advocates for structural transformation to ensure that numerical progress translates into genuine gender justice.

Gaya hidup remaja masa kini sangat erat kaitannya dengan penggunaan smartphone, di mana hampir seluruh remaja telah memiliki smartphone pribadi. Penggunaan smartphone yang tidak terkontrol berisiko menimbulkan kecanduan yang dapat berdampak negatif terhadap kualitas hidup remaja. Kondisi ini berdampak pada status gizi yang tidak normal pada remaja, diantaranya kekurangan berat badan (underweight) maupun kelebihan berat badan (overweight). Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui hubungan kecanduan smartphone terhadap Indeks Massa Tubuh. Desain penelitian ini cross sectional dengan sampel 242 remaja usia 15-18 tahun dan menggunaan teknik purposive sampling. Instrumen penelitian yang digunakan adalah Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Version yang sudah diuji validitas dan reliabilitasnya dengan nilai cut off point kuesioner untuk laki-laki >31 dinyatakan kecanduan smartphone sedangkan untuk perempuan >33 dinyatakan kecanduan smartphone, selain itu dilakukan pengukuran IMT berdasarkan berat badan dan tinggi badan. Analisa data yang dilakukan menggunakan uji statistik Chi-Square dengan uji alternatif Fisher Extract melalui SPSS versi 25. Hasil yang diperoleh yaitu p-value (0,014 < 0,05) yang menunjukan terdapat hubungan antara kecanduan smartphone terhadap Indeks Massa Tubuh (IMT).

Kerusakan jalan adalah permasalahan infrastruktur yang berdampak pada keselamatan dan efisiensi lalu lintas. Penelitan ini memiliki tujuan mengevaluasi kondisi lapangan perkerasan ruas jalan Banjaran Muhammad Yamin, Kabupaten Tegal, menggunakan dua metode: Pavement Condition Index (PCI) dan Binamarga. Metode PCI menilai kondisi secara visual dengan indeks numerik, sedangkan Bina Marga menilai jenis dan Tingkat kerusakan serta menentukan urutan prioritas perbaikan. Survei dilakukan pada 30 segmen jalan sepanjang 2,9 km. hasil menunjukan bahwa Sebagian besar segmen tergolong Poor hingga Very Poor berdasarkan PCI, bahkan terdapat segmen yang masuk kategori Failed. Sebaliknya, metode Bina Marga menunjukkan semua segmen cukup untuk pemeliharaan rutin dengan nilai prioritas 8-11. Perbedaan ini menunjukkan bahwa PCI lebih sensitif terhadap kerusakan struktual dan permukaan, sedangkan Bina Marga bersifat konservatif. Disarankan untuk mengombinasikan kedua metode guna memperoleh penilaian kondisi jalan yang lebih akurat dan menjadi dasar perencanaan penanganan yang komprehensif.

Meningkatnya ketergantungan pada sistem komunikasi digital telah memperkuat kebutuhan akan metode yang andal untuk melindungi data sensitif dari akses tidak sah. Studi ini memperkenalkan mekanisme keamanan terintegrasi yang menggabungkan enkripsi ChaCha20 dengan steganografi citra Least Significant Bit (LSB), yang menargetkan perlindungan data berbasis citra digital. ChaCha20, sebuah cipher aliran modern yang dikenal akan kecepatan dan keamanannya, digunakan untuk mengenkripsi pesan teks biasa (plaintext), menghasilkan ciphertext yang sangat aman. Data terenkripsi kemudian disematkan ke dalam citra sampul — khususnya, logo universitas — menggunakan teknik LSB, yang mengubah bit paling tidak signifikan dari nilai piksel untuk menyembunyikan informasi tanpa memengaruhi kualitas citra secara signifikan. Pendekatan dua lapis ini memastikan kerahasiaan dan penyembunyian informasi sensitif. Sistem ini dievaluasi menggunakan metrik objektif seperti Rasio Sinyal terhadap Derau Puncak (PSNR) dan Indeks Kesamaan Struktural (SSIM) untuk menilai fidelitas citra setelah penyisipan data. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa metode ini mempertahankan integritas visual (PSNR > 50 dB) sekaligus memungkinkan ekstraksi data yang akurat. Integrasi ChaCha20 dan steganografi LSB menawarkan solusi yang ringan, aman, dan efektif untuk perlindungan informasi digital, khususnya cocok untuk komunikasi akademis atau kelembagaan di mana gambar logo berfungsi sebagai pembawa konten terenkripsi yang tersembunyi.

Education functions as a central pillar in shaping the quality of human capital, encompassing knowledge, skills, and health, and thus plays a significant role in influencing Indonesia’s Human Development Index (HDI). This study employs a qualitative literature review by examining key theoretical frameworks in the economics of education, such as Becker’s Human Capital Theory and Schultz’s investment model, supported by relevant national empirical data. The findings indicate a very strong relationship between education and HDI improvement. This is reflected in a correlation coefficient of 0.943 between education expenditure and Indonesia’s HDI during the 2004–2023 period. The results suggest that an increase in education spending of IDR 1 trillion has the potential to raise the HDI by approximately 0.002 points. These findings confirm that investment in education not only enhances the quality of human resources but also directly contributes to sustainable national development. Despite the positive trend and the achievement of an HDI score of 75.02 in 2024, several challenges persist, particularly regional disparities, unequal access to education, and quality gaps between urban and rural areas. Therefore, more inclusive education policies, equitable access, and strengthened vocational education and training are essential to ensure that the benefits of human capital development are distributed evenly across all regions of Indonesia.

This study focuses on analyzing the welfare index in the ASEAN region (covering six major countries) by comparing two perspectives: objective welfare (Human Development Index/HDI) and subjective welfare (World Happiness Index). Using a balanced panel dataset from 2015–2023, the research applies different econometric approaches for each model, namely the Random Effect Model (REM) for HDI analysis and the Common Effect Model (CEM) for happiness analysis. Empirical findings indicate a striking welfare paradox across the six sample countries. In the objective dimension (HDI), economic stability (GDP) and governance free from corruption (CPI) are proven to be the main positive and significant drivers, while government expenditure (GovExp) shows no meaningful impact, suggesting budget inefficiency. Conversely, in the subjective welfare model, the Easterlin Paradox emerges, as GDP and the corruption index have no significant effect on the happiness index. The happiness levels in these six countries tend to be more influenced by government expenditure. This study concludes that strong economic fundamentals and clean governance free from corruption are essential to building a high quality of human life, whereas citizens’ life satisfaction is more determined by the direct presence of the state through public spending.

This study investigates the impact of board characteristics on the financial performance of non-financial companies listed in the JII70 index in Indonesia. Motivated by the ongoing debate on the effectiveness of corporate governance mechanisms in enhancing firm outcomes, particularly within Sharia-compliant markets, this study focuses on three key board attributes: board size, board independence, and female representation on the board. Using a quantitative causal approach and panel data from 25 companies over the period 2020–2023, the study employs a fixed effect model to evaluate the relationship between board structure and financial performance measured by Return on Assets (ROA). The results show that board size has a positive and significant effect on firm performance, indicating that larger boards may enhance oversight capacity and provide broader resources beneficial to strategic decision-making. Conversely, board independence and board female representation do not exhibit significant effects on financial performance, suggesting that their roles may be more symbolic or constrained by institutional and contextual factors in the sampled companies. These findings highlight the importance of understanding corporate governance not merely in structural terms, but in relation to functional effectiveness and contextual maturity. The study offers implications for regulators, companies, and governance reform initiatives, particularly regarding strengthening substantive roles of independent and female commissioners in improving firm performance within Sharia-compliant markets.

This study aims to estimate changes in the Indonesian Sharia Stock Index (ISSI) from 2020 to 2025 using the Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) model. The growth of the Islamic stock market in Indonesia has increased rapidly, driven by public awareness of investments that follow sharia principles, as well as changes in macro and microeconomic conditions, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic which has had a significant impact on the financial market. This study relies on monthly ISSI data taken from official sources and analyzed with a quantitative approach using the time series method using EViews version 13 software. Statistical analysis and stationarity tests indicate that the ISSI data exhibits an increasing trend pattern and quite high volatility, so that a differentiation process is necessary to achieve stationarity. Based on the results of model testing and the selection of optimal information criteria, the ARIMA (1,1,1) model was selected as the most appropriate to capture the autocorrelation pattern and produce accurate short-term predictions. Projections indicate a stable growth trend until the end of 2025, with an estimated index of more than 8.3 million. The findings of this study indicate that the ARIMA model is an effective tool for forecasting ISSI movements and can be a strategic consideration for investors, financial institutions, and policymakers in developing sustainable investment strategies in the Indonesian Islamic stock market.