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This study examines how Nicolás Maduro's anti-neoliberal politics in Venezuela triggered a systematic securitization process by the US from 2014 to 2026. Drawing on Securitization Theory (Buzan et al., 1998) and a Neo-Gramscian perspective (Cox, 1981), this study argues that Maduro's anti-neoliberal policies constitute a counter-hegemonic challenge created by the United States. This threat is framed as a threat to democracy, regional security, and ultimately the narco-state, ultimately leading to the military intervention of January 2026. Economic sanctions failed to pressure the regime, exacerbated the humanitarian crisis, and set a dangerous precedent for the norm of state sovereignty in international law, suggesting that this securitization process proved ineffective. By addressing temporal and conceptual gaps in previous research, this study adds to the Security Studies literature. This study also highlights implications for international law, regional stability in Latin America, and the broader debate on securitization practices in contemporary global politics and US foreign policy strategy and international security governance frameworks debates.  

This study aims to analyze the paradox of stunting in Yemen, particularly the disconnect between humanitarian response priorities and children's actual nutritional needs amid the ongoing conflict. Stunting, a form of chronic malnutrition, is a significant public health issue in Yemen, exacerbated by the conflict's disruption of food, healthcare, and sanitation systems. Despite the clear evidence of rising stunting rates, international humanitarian interventions tend to focus on addressing acute crises, such as extreme hunger, while neglecting long-term nutritional needs. Using a qualitative literature review approach, the research synthesizes data from archival documents, reports, and secondary sources to explore the structural causes of stunting and the challenges faced by humanitarian actors in Yemen. The findings reveal that the protracted conflict, economic collapse, and humanitarian blockades have worsened food insecurity and malnutrition. Moreover, the humanitarian response often prioritizes short-term survival over long-term prevention of stunting, resulting in a lack of integrated, multisectoral interventions. The study emphasizes the need for a paradigm shift in humanitarian policies to incorporate long-term development strategies and integrate stunting prevention. This research contributes to the academic understanding of the humanitarian-development nexus and offers recommendations for more holistic interventions.

The floods that struck Medan City between late November and early December 2025 significantly affected the psychosocial wellbeing of children aged 4–7 years living in evacuation shelters. Children in this developmental stage are highly vulnerable to stress, anxiety, and behavioral changes following disaster exposure. This community service program aimed to implement an Integrated Psychosocial Support Model designed to promote emotional recovery among children and strengthen the capacities of parents and shelter facilitators. The methods included play-based psychosocial activities, safe digital literacy education, parental engagement sessions, and capacity-building for local volunteers. The intervention was conducted at two evacuation shelters in Medan Labuhan and Belawan, involving approximately 220 children. The results demonstrated substantial improvements in adaptive behavior indicators—group participation, ability to follow instructions, positive emotional expression, and peer interaction—with an average increase of 1.25 points. Social transformations also emerged, including the establishment of child-friendly spaces, enhanced supportive parenting practices, and the rise of local leaders within the community. These findings indicate that integrated psychosocial support is an effective approach for post-disaster child recovery and can be replicated in similar humanitarian settings.

This research examines the design of simultaneous elections in Indonesia as its main research object, a crucial discourse spurred by the persistent inefficiencies of a separated election model that produced divided governments. The discourse is marked by the shifting jurisprudence of the Constitutional Court (MK). The primary problem addressed is the Court’s jurisprudential inconsistency, which creates significant legal uncertainty for election organizers and political actors. Therefore, the objective of this research is to critically analyze the evolution of the Court's rulings on this matter and their impact on its shifting role into a positive legislator. This study employs a normative-juridical method, focusing on the doctrinal analysis of primary legal materials, particularly the series of relevant Constitutional Court rulings. The analysis reveals an inconsistent jurisprudential journey, starting from an activist stance that imposed a five-ballot simultaneous model through Ruling 14/PUU-XI/2013, with the aim of strengthening the presidential system. Then, in response to the systemic chaos and humanitarian costs of the 2019 election, the Court retreated to an "open legal policy" doctrine in Ruling 55/PUU-XVII/2019, exhibiting judicial self-restraint by deferring the choice of an alternative model to the legislature. Finally, it abandoned this position in a final interventionist decision, Decicion 135/PUU-XXII/2024, which stipulated a specific model separating national and regional elections. The main finding confirms that this latest ruling positions the MK as a positive legislator, significantly overstepping its traditional judicial authority. It is concluded that although the final ruling substantively produces a more rational election design, its inconsistent formation process has fundamentally undermined the principles of legal certainty and the balance of powers, thereby creating a problematic precedent for the future of Indonesia's constitutional governance.

Humanitarian intervention is often seen as an effort to protect civilians from human rights violations, but it often clashes with the principle of state sovereignty in international law. This research evaluates the alignment of humanitarian intervention with the values of Pancasila as an ethical and moral footing in international policy. The research uses a qualitative method with a case study approach; data is obtained from a literature study that includes academic documents, journals, reference books, and diplomatic reports, then analyzed descriptively-analytically to reveal the views of Pancasila in the practice of international law. The results show that although intervention has noble aims, its implementation often collides with the principle of non-intervention and the principle of state sovereignty. The values of Pancasila, especially fair and civilized humanity and social justice, can be used as a moral foundation to assess the legitimacy of intervention, but its application in international norms is still constrained by political interests and power imbalances between states. The conclusion of this study is that Pancasila offers a potential ethical framework for more just humanitarian interventions, but diplomacy and policy advocacy efforts are needed to strengthen the position of developing countries in formulating international norms that respect sovereignty while protecting human rights.

The Tigray conflict and the Ethiopian Government in 2020-2022 were mainly motivated by dissatisfaction with the policies of Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed. TPLF as a representative party of the Tigray ethnic group attacked the government until it received a counterattack that further prolonged the conflict situation. The conflict then sparked international attention, including China. China played a role in bridging the conflict resolution indirectly. This study aims to review the efforts made by China in helping to bridge the conflict resolution. The method used uses a descriptive qualitative approach. The study found that China fully used a quasi-mediation diplomacy strategy in an effort to resolve the conflict. China's efforts are reflected through personal identity and the results of the interactions that were established. China promotes the principle of non-intervention and regional resolution, even providing humanitarian assistance and sustainable development. China is not directly involved in maintaining national interests, both materially and socially, in the form of applicable relations and norms.

This study investigates the profound impact of the protracted humanitarian crisis in the conflict zone of Syam on the mental health of healthcare professionals, employing a systematic meta-analytical approach across 47 independent studies (N = 12,487) published between 2011 and 2023. The findings reveal an alarmingly high prevalence of burnout, reaching 78.3% (95% CI [75.2–81.4]), with emotional exhaustion recorded as the most dominant dimension (M = 3.89; SD = 0.76). Additionally, secondary trauma was identified in 65.7% of all respondents (95% CI [62.4–69.0]), with the primary symptoms manifesting as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) at 44.2% and depression at 39.8%. Meta-regression analysis demonstrated that the duration of exposure to conflict (β = 0.42; p < 0.001) and the intensity of workload (β = 0.38; p < 0.001) served as significant predictors of burnout. Meanwhile, the lack of psychosocial support (OR = 2.34; 95% CI [1.89–2.79]) and critical resource scarcity (OR = 1.98; 95% CI [1.65–2.31]) were strongly correlated with the emergence of secondary trauma among healthcare professionals. Furthermore, diverging from the more individualistic frameworks employed in the studies of Bdaiwi et al. (2020) and Bou-Karroum et al. (2020), this research explores the intricate entanglement of organizational and situational determinants that concurrently shape the mental health landscape of medical personnel operating in the Syam conflict zone. Moreover, the study's original contribution lies in identifying resilience adaptation patterns observed in 34.2% of participants, revealing that endurance capacity was cultivated through collective coping strategies and close peer support. According to the researchers, this study offers a new lens for designing community-based psychological interventions that are both sustainable and contextually grounded for healthcare providers affected by the protracted armed conflict in Syam.

Casework is a process used by humanitarian service agencies to assist individuals in addressing social functioning issues. This process includes several stages: engagement, assessment, planning, intervention, evaluation, and termination. This study examines the application of the casework method with a client named SM, a 30-year-old widow with two children facing economic and social limitations. Through interviews and observations using the BPSS (Bio, Psycho, Social, Spiritual) approach, the practitioner assessed the client’s condition, revealing that SM struggled with economic difficulties and challenges in providing adequate care for her children. In the intervention stage, SM was provided with a program to develop weaving skills, which led to the production of woven mats, curtains, and decorations. Monitoring was conducted to ensure that the client adhered to the program, ultimately increasing SM’s income to Rp 40,000 per day. In the termination stage, the cooperation between the practitioner and the client was concluded as the agreed-upon goals had been achieved. This study demonstrates that with the right approach, individuals facing social and economic limitations can develop their potential and improve their well-being.

The challenges faced by families of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) in Internally Displaced Persons (IDP) camps are exacerbated by the unique context of displacement. In Nigeria, the ongoing humanitarian crisis due to conflicts, natural disasters, and other socio-political factors has led to a significant increase in the number of IDPs, with many seeking refuge in camps across the South East and North Central regions. The study adopted a descriptive survey design to explore challenges faced by families of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) in IDP camps in South East and North Central Nigeria. A sample of 80 participants was drawn using a stratified sampling technique. Data were collected through a validated and reliable questionnaire, capturing demographic details and relevant challenges. Descriptive statistics, including mean, standard deviation, variance, and harmonic mean, were used to summarize findings, while hypotheses were tested using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Among 80 participants, most caregivers were younger than 35 years (67.5%) and unemployed (46.3%). Financial, emotional, and social challenges varied by caregivers’ age and camp duration. Families staying over 12 months reported higher financial challenges (mean = 18.67, SD = 3.98). Emotional challenges were highest for parents aged 46+ years staying 3 months (mean = 21.67). Social challenges followed similar patterns. ANOVA results showed no significant differences in challenges across groups, emphasizing universal difficulties faced by families. The findings emphasize the urgent need for targeted interventions, including increased awareness campaigns, capacity-building programs for caregivers, and improved access to essential services such as therapy, education, and mental health support within IDP camps.

Humanitarian intervention is much debated topic in war and peace in the fields of moral, law, politic, philosophy in the international world. Entering the third millennium, in the context of struggle for universal peace, Pope John Paul II teached the morality of humanitarian intervention in the document Message for the Celebration of the World Day of Peace: “Peace on Earth to Those Whom God Loves” of January 1, 2000. This simple article tries to discuss, for understanding further, three demanding moral criteria for humanitarian intervention in this document, i.e.: legitimate authority, right intention, and last resort.

Intervensi kemanusiaan adalah topik yang banyak diperdebatkan dalam perang dan perdamaian di bidang moral, hukum, politik, filsafat di dunia internasional. Memasuki milenium ketiga, dalam konteks perjuangan untuk perdamaian universal, Paus Yohanes Paulus II mengajarkan moralitas intervensi kemanusiaan dalam dokumen Message for the Celebration of the World Day of Peace: “Peace on Earth to Those Whom God Loves” tanggal 1 Januari 2000. Artikel sederhana ini mencoba untuk membahas, untuk memahami lebih lanjut, tiga kriteria moral yang dituntut dalam intervensi kemanusiaan pada dokumen ini, yaitu: otoritas yang sah, niat yang benar, dan upaya terakhir. Metode yang digunakan dalam artikel ini adalah studi pustaka.

Salah satu kontroversi yang dominan pada dekade terakhir abad ke-20 ialah pertanyaan: “Apa yang komunitas internasional atau negara lain harus lakukan ketika sebuah negara tidak dapat atau tidak mau menghentikan pelanggaran HAM secara masif dan sistematis dalam wilayahnya (contohnya: penindasan sipil di Provinsi Kosovo pada tahun 1999)? Apakah komunitas internasional memiliki kewajiban moral untuk mengintervensi negara itu, yang memiliki kedaulatannya sendiri, melalui intervensi kemanusiaan (humanitarian intervention) untuk mengakhiri pembantaian itu?” Walaupun ada konsensus umum tentang pentingnya intervensi kemanusiaan, tetapi aksi militer ini banyak diperdebatkan dalam bidang moral, hukum, politik, filsafat di dunia internasional. Untuk membahas moralitas intervensi kemanusiaan, kita memerlukan teori “just war” karena “just war” memberikan kerangka terbaik untuk membahas argumen moral yang mendukung dan menentang intervensi kemanusiaan. Dalam teori “just war”, intervensi kemanusiaan hanya dapat dilakukan untuk alasan yang serius; harus ada “just cause” (alasan yang adil). Artikel sederhana ini mencoba mencari “just cause” bagi moralitas intervensi kemanusiaan menurut empat ahli teori perang dan perdamaian, yaitu: Paus Yohanes Paulus II, Konferensi Waligereja Katolik Amerika Serikat (USCCB), Komisi Internasional untuk Intervensi dan Kedaulatan Negara. (ICISS), dan Michael Walzer. Metode yang digunakan dalam artikel ini adalah studi pustaka.

Salah satu kontroversi yang dominan pada dekade terakhir abad ke-20 ialah pertanyaan: “Apa yang komunitas internasional atau negara lain harus lakukan ketika sebuah negara tidak dapat atau tidak mau menghentikan pelanggaran HAM secara masif dan sistematis dalam wilayahnya (contohnya: perang sipil di Liberia pada tahun 1990, penindasan suku Kurdi di Irak Utara sejak tahun 1990, penindasan sipil di Provinsi Kosovo pada tahun 1999)? Apakah komunitas internasional memiliki kewajiban moral untuk mengintervensi negara itu, yang memiliki kedaulatannya sendiri, melalui intervensi kemanusiaan (humanitarian intervention) untuk mengakhiri pembantaian itu?” Walaupun ada konsensus umum tentang pentingnya intervensi kemanusiaan, tetapi aksi militer ini banyak diperdebatkan dalam bidang moral, hukum, politik, filsafat di dunia internasional. Dalam bidang moral, artikel sederhana ini mencoba mencari dasar moral dari intervensi kemanusiaan menurut teori dari Hugo Grotius. Metode yang digunakan dalam artikel ini adalah studi pustaka.

Salah satu kontroversi yang dominan pada dekade terakhir abad ke-20 ialah pertanyaan: “Apa yang harus dilakukan ketika sebuah negara tidak mau atau tidak dapat menghentikan pelanggaran HAM secara masif dan sistematis (misalnya: genosida) dalam wilayahnya?” Ada konsensus umum tentang pentingnya melaksanakan intervensi kemanusiaan untuk menghentikan pembantaian ini. Bagaimana moralitas intervensi kemanusiaan? Artikel ini mencoba mencari moralitas intervensi kemanusiaan menurut teori just war dari Francisco de Vitoria. Metode yang digunakan dalam artikel ini adalah studi pustaka. Berdasarkan teorinya, intervensi kemanusiaan adalah benar secara moral.

Moralitas intervensi kemanusiaan harus didasarkan pada Alkitab. Artikel ini mencoba mengusulkan dasar alkitabiah dari moralitas intervensi kemanusiaan. Metode yang digunakan dalam artikel ini adalah studi pustaka. Dua ajaran Alkitab, satu dari Perjanjian Lama dan satu dari Perjanjian Baru, direfleksikan. Pertama, teks Perjanjian Lama Kejadian 1:26-27 menceritakan martabat dan nilai manusia, sebagai puncak ciptaan Tuhan. Manusia harus menghormatinya. Melindungi hidup manusia adalah alasan yang adil untuk intervensi kemanusiaan. Kedua, dalam intervensi kemanusiaan, ada ketegangan antara “keprihatinan kemanusiaan” dan “kedaulatan bangsa.” Ketegangan ini sejajar dengan ketegangan dalam Perjanjian Baru Luk 6:6-11. Teks ini menceritakan ketegangan antara “berbuat baik” dan “menjaga hukum”. Yesus, Guru Moralitas kita, mengajarkan bahwa berbuat baik dan menyelamatkan hidup (“keprihatinan kemanusiaan” dalam intervensi kemanusiaan) lebih tinggi nilainya daripada mengikuti hukum Sabat (“kedaulatan bangsa”). Kedua teks dapat menjadi dasar bagi moralitas intervensi kemanusiaan.