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The management of ethical drug inventory is a crucial aspect of supporting the smooth delivery of healthcare services in hospitals. Improper management of ethical drugs can lead to stockouts or overstock, which results increased operational costs and the risk of drug expiration. This study aims to analyze the inventory control of ethical drugs at RSUD Inche Abdoel Moeis Samarinda using the Economic Order Quantity (EOQ), Safety Stock, and Reorder Point methods. The data used in this study are the consumption of ethical drugs during 2024, obtained from the hospital’s Pharmacy Installation. The data analysis method involves calculating ordering and holding costs, determining the optimal order quantity using EOQ, and calculating Safety Stock and ROP to maintain drug availability during lead time. The results of this study indicate that the application of the EOQ method provides a more optimal and efficient order quantity compared to previous policies. Furthermore, Safety Stock and ROP calculations assist the hospital in preventing ethical drug shortages and creating a more structured ordering schedule. Thus, the implementation of EOQ, Safety Stock and ROP methods can improve the efficiency of ethical drug inventory management while supporting the continuity of healthcare services at RSUD Inche Abdoel Moeis Samarinda.

Production planning and inventory control are critical aspects of operations management, as they directly influence cost efficiency, resource utilization, and the continuity of the production process. Ineffective planning and inventory decisions may lead to excessive costs, production delays, or imbalances between supply and demand. The complexity of these problems, which often involve multi-period horizons and multi-stage decision-making processes, has encouraged the application of quantitative optimization methods, one of which is dynamic programming. This study aims to analyze and synthesize the application of dynamic programming in production planning and inventory control through a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) approach. The SLR process was conducted by systematically identifying, selecting, and analyzing 15 relevant national journal articles published between 2015 and 2024 and obtained from various recognized scientific databases. The reviewed literature indicates that dynamic programming is effective in supporting optimal decision-making by determining appropriate production quantities and inventory levels, minimizing total production and holding costs, and managing fluctuating demand conditions. In addition, this method helps reduce the risks associated with overstock and stockouts by considering sequential decision structures. However, the findings also reveal several limitations of dynamic programming, including high computational complexity, strong dependence on deterministic data assumptions, and limited flexibility in handling high levels of uncertainty. These constraints suggest the need for further methodological development or integration with other approaches to enhance practical applicability.

This research investigates the application of the Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) method to improve drug inventory management in a primary hospital pharmacy, with a particular focus on reducing storage costs. A descriptive quantitative approach was applied using secondary data from January to December 2024, covering annual demand, purchase price, ordering cost, and holding cost. The analysis concentrated on fast-moving vital essential and moderate vital drugs that are critical for sustaining patient treatment. The study revealed inefficiencies in the hospital's procurement practices, with some medicines simultaneously facing overstock and stockout risks, indicating weak planning. EOQ calculations provided alternative procurement quantities that were smaller but more frequent, resulting in lower storage costs and better stock control. Simulation outcomes demonstrated notable cost savings, particularly for Flamicort, Diazepam, and Ventolin. These findings emphasize the value of integrating EOQ into hospital pharmaceutical logistics to reduce financial losses, strengthen supply chain efficiency, and ensure the continuous availability of essential medicines in primary hospital settings.

This study evaluated drug inventory management in a primary hospital pharmacy using the Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) method. A descriptive quantitative design was applied with secondary data collected from January to December 2024, covering annual demand, purchase price, ordering cost, and holding cost. The analysis revealed inefficiencies, as several drugs simultaneously faced overstock and stock out risks, indicating weaknesses in procurement planning. EOQ calculations suggested lower and more frequent procurement, reducing storage costs and improving stock control. The findings demonstrated that applying EOQ could minimize financial risks, optimize resource allocation, and ensure continuous access to essential medicines. This research highlights the relevance of structured inventory models in supporting hospital efficiency and sustainable pharmaceutical logistics, particularly in resource-limited primary hospitals.

This study aims to analyze the role of inventory management in improving financial efficiency at CV. Sumber Jaya Putra Perkasa. The main problems faced by the company are manual inventory management, technological limitations, dependence on certain suppliers, and suboptimal demand planning, which affect distribution effectiveness and financial efficiency. This study uses a quantitative descriptive approach with data collection techniques through interviews, observation, and documentation. The analysis was conducted on the stock management process, inventory turnover, and its impact on storage costs and operational efficiency. The results show that good inventory management contributes significantly to increased financial efficiency. With proper stock planning, companies can minimize the risk of excess and shortage of goods, reduce storage costs (holding costs), and increase inventory turnover so that working capital can circulate more quickly. However, the inventory management system currently used by CV. Sumber Jaya Putra Perkasa still has limitations, especially in terms of digitization and information integration. This study recommends the implementation of a technology-based inventory management system, a multi-supplier strategy, and the application of demand forecasting methods to improve stock planning accuracy. With this strategy, it is hoped that the company can achieve more optimal financial efficiency and strengthen its competitiveness in the distribution industry.

The existence of management of facilities and infrastructure to serve the entire community in the school through a joint effort to achieve goals both effectively and efficiently. The formulation of the research problem is; How to Manage School Facilities and Infrastructure to Support Student Learning Achievement at MTS Assalam. The aim of the research is to find out how the management of school facilities and infrastructure supports the achievement of student participants at MTS Assalam Penuguan Banyuasin. Qualitative research method, using a descriptive approach. Information is obtained from interviews, hand notes, documents and visual materials such as photos and videos, materials from the internet and other documents. As a result of the research, findings were obtained regarding: The availability of facilities and infrastructure in schools can make it easier for students and teachers in the learning process, if they have adequate facilities and infrastructure, teachers' strategies and skills in teaching and use the facilities and infrastructure appropriately. Complete educational facilities and infrastructure can create better learning conditions. Based on the research results, conclusions from interviews with management informants of facilities and infrastructure at MTS Assalam can be said to support student learning achievement, because at MTS Assalam the infrastructure is good. And the suggestion is that schools need to increase creativity and innovation in maintaining facilities and infrastructure. So doesn't cost too much money or procurement funds for maintenance. For example, holding a class wall cleaning competition. So that student creativity increases, maintenance is maintained and expenses for purchasing wall paint are minimized.

Companies often face various obstacles related to managing raw material inventory to meet demand, one of which is Peuyeum Ketan Istimewa. Working in the food processing industry, of course, raw material inventory management needs to be planned optimally to avoid various risks that can harm the company. The Quantity Discount model is used to take advantage of cost savings provided by suppliers when purchases are made in large quantities, while other efforts that can help manage raw materials in a company are by knowing the safety stock and reorder point of raw materials and also forecasting demand to predict future demand. This study will use the Quantity Discount model which optimizes inventory levels by considering storage costs, ordering costs, and quantity discounts. The calculations carried out are also to find the value of the company's Safety Stock and Reorder Point. The results of this study indicate that the use of the Quantity Discount method can reduce total costs by Rp26,319,267/year, while forecasting using the seasonality method increases the accuracy of demand predictions, thus enabling more efficient inventory management. The implementation of this model is expected to provide a significant contribution to operational efficiency and cost reduction at Peuyeum Ketan Istimewa

In general, some of the community's drinking water needs can be sourced from well water and water that has been treated by the Regional Drinking Water Company (PDAM). However, the increasing demand for drinking water sometimes cannot be met by well water sources or water that has been treated by PDAM. Along with technological advances, accompanied by increasingly busy community activities today tend to choose a more practical way at a relatively low cost in meeting drinking water needs. One of the alternative ways to fulfill drinking water needs is by using mineral water products. Marketing is a process of preparing integrated communication that aims to provide information about goods or services in relation to human needs. The marketing carried out at the Riayadus Samawi Islamic Boarding School is still very simple, namely from word of mouth to the congregation. So that Yarisa Drinking Water has not been sold widely like bottled drinking water in general because the majority of consumers are still worshipers and the neighborhood around the cottage. The purpose of this community service is to contribute thoughts and training, especially to the manager of Yarisa drinking water regarding the importance of analyzing marketing strategies for a company in an effort to market its products so that these products can be accepted by the public and distributed widely. The PKM process carried out at the Riyadus Samawi Ludoyo Blitar Islamic Boarding School consists of three stages, including: first, problem identification with a study carried out by the PKM team, Yarisa drinking water managers, cottage administrators, cottage caregivers, and cottage owners to find out the quality and development of Yarisa drinking water marketing strategies. The second stage is the implementation of PKM by holding a seminar with the theme “Marketing Strategy for Bottled Drinking Water at Riyadus Samawi Islamic Boarding School” and attended by Yarisa drinking water managers and students and board members. The third stage is monitoring and evaluation of whether the bottled drinking water marketing strategy delivered by the PKM team has been implemented in Yarisa drinking water. The results of this PKM are socialization and assistance regarding bottled drinking water marketing strategies and making several marketing and motivational programs so that in the future Yarisa drinking water owned by Riyadus Samawi Islamic Boarding School can be marketed widely.

Batam Port is one of the strategic ports in Indonesia that plays an important role in the flow of goods and passengers and supports regional and international connectivity. As a port with mandatory pilotage waters, pilotage and towing services are vital components in ensuring the safety and efficiency of port operations. The imposition of Non-Tax State Revenue (PNBP) of 5% from these services aims to increase state revenue and the quality of port services. However, the implementation of this policy raises various challenges, such as overlapping levies that increase ship operational costs and low levels of user compliance.This study aims to analyze the legal regulations, implementation, and impact of the imposition and management of PNBP contributions of 5% from pilotage and towing services in Class II Pilotage Waters of Batam Port. The research method used is qualitative with data collection techniques through in-depth interviews, observations, and documentation studies. Research respondents included officials of the Batam Special Harbormaster and Port Authority Office (KSOP), Port Business Entities holding pilotage delegations, shipping companies, and port service user.The results of the study show that the imposition of 5% PNBP is supported by a strong legal basis, but its implementation still faces obstacles such as high operational costs due to overlapping levies and low understanding and compliance of service users. The management of PNBP funds that is not transparent is also an obstacle in achieving the goal of improving port services and infrastructure. To overcome this problem, efforts are needed to harmonize levy policies, increase transparency and accountability in fund management, and provide more effective education and socialization to the maritime community. Suggestions submitted include harmonization of policies between KSOP Batam and the Port Business Entity BP Batam, increasing socialization and education to service users, and reviewing regulations by the government to ensure port efficiency and competitiveness. With these steps, it is hoped that the implementation and management of 5% PNBP can be more efficient, fair, and provide optimal benefits for all stakeholders in Batam Port.  

This research is motivated by several problems that: There are several things that have been identified in relation to the implementation of the national health insurance policy on public health services, such as: In supporting the success of health services and reducing health costs for the community, the government in collaboration with PT. Health Insurance holds a Community Health Insurance (Jamkesmas) program. Social Health Insurance services include first-level outpatient care, advanced outpatient care, inpatient care, drug services, childbirth, advanced diagnostic support services, medical equipment and supplement services, operative and non-operative medical procedures, medical rehabilitation services, intensive care Intensive Care Unit (ICU), hemodialysis (dialysis), and emergency services. The method used is a qualitative descriptive method. The results of the study show that: Based on the results of the analysis, it is known that in the service process, both the Jamkesmas pattern and the JKN pattern, are carried out in accordance with the service procedures, namely: self-esteem, meeting expectations (exceed expectations), improvement and rediscovery, forward-looking (vision), continuous improvement (improving), full attention (care, empathy), finally always holding empowerment (empowerment). The obstacles faced by employees in implementing the Jamkesmas and JKN patterns in public health services in Pangandaran Regency are: (1) access to health center services is still limited to certain diseases; (2) the availability of expert personnel is still minimal, (3) the availability of nurses is still limited; (4) the availability of other professional personnel such as pharmacists is still lacking; (5) inpatient facilities are still lacking and so on, which results in less than optimal service. Efforts made by employees in overcoming obstacles when implementing the Jamkesmas and JKN patterns in public health services in Pangandaran Regency are (1) improving access to health center services; (2) adding expert personnel, (3) adding nurses; (4) adding professional personnel; (5) improving inpatient facilities.

Community Service Empowerment Activities aim at business management, as well as developing investment and economic productivity and Village potential, as well as obtaining profits or net profits to increase the village's original income and develop the maximum benefits of the Village community's economic resources. Another aim is to develop the idea for powdered palm sugar products, namely to help improve the economy of the people of Sindangsari Village in entrepreneurship by utilizing existing natural resources, and provide opportunities for Sindangsari Village to be better known by the wider community for its superior products, as well as helping advance sugar MSMEs. sugar palm in Sindagsari Village. This method of community service and empowerment activities consists of several stages, there are 3 (three) stages in the process of implementing this activity, namely: Trial of making ant sugar and determining packaging, Determining calculations and determining Cost of Production (HPP), and Holding seminars as one of the strategies for conveying the idea of powdered palm sugar products to the public. Sindangsari Village is one of the villages that produces palm sugar with quite good quality. This is our aim to develop entrepreneurial opportunities through the idea strategy of powdered palm sugar in Sindangsari Village. In practice, we utilize palm sugar production that has been molded to make the process easier, as well as symbiotic mutualism activities, where there are mutually beneficial parties, when people who are not palm sugar processors want to try making ant sugar, they can buy palm sugar first from entrepreneurs. Palm sugar

The direct election of a regional head will produce a regional head and deputy regional head who are qualified, competent and have integrity, according to democratic ideals and the will of the people. In comparison with the pattern of electing regional heads through the election of the Regional People's Representative Council, the pattern of electing regional heads directly requires a lot of funds, the regional government must prepare as well as competing candidates as participants. This study examines the Formation of Reserve Funds for the 2024 Simultaneous Regional Head Elections in Pekalongan Regency, using a qualitative method. The author finds that the Regional Regulation concerning the Establishment of Reserve Funds for the 2024 Concurrent Regional Head Elections is urgently needed, because the costs of holding Regional Head Elections are quite large and need to be budgeted for more than one fiscal year, a Reserve Fund is needed, the budgeting of which is allocated for two years.

Multipurpose financing is comprehensive financing where this financing is very much needed by the community where the financing is a consumer financing facility based on a Murabahah contract or multi-service ijarah contract for the purpose of purchasing halal goods and services obtained according to sharia, usually such as building materials, for house renovations, motorbike ownership. , education costs, and home equipment. This research aims to find out a procedure for having multipurpose IB Muamalat financing and to find out the steps taken to minimize the risk of customers defaulting on Muamalat financing. This research aims to describe several things, which include procedures for providing Multipurpose financing, problems in providing Multipurpose financing, and solutions to problems that occur in Multipurpose financing (PMG) at PT. Bank SUMUT Syariah Medan Katamso Branch Office. This research uses a descriptive method. The data source used is secondary data. The type of data used is qualitative data with the documentation used is a flowchart of procedures for granting Multipurpose Credit, and direct interviews by holding questions and answers to the head of the marketing division at PT. Bank SUMUT Syariah Katamso Branch Office. Based on the results of the analysis from this research, it can be seen that the procedure for providing Multipurpose Financing to PT. Bank SUMUT Syariah Medan Katamso branch office goes through several stages that have been determined by the bank. The stages in granting Multipurpose Credit are application/submission of financing, investigation and analysis of financing, financing decisions, rejection and approval of financing, binding of collateral and realization of financing

The community service activity was carried out by the East Java UPNV KKNT-T team in Klampis Ngasem Village with the background from the results of the Forum Group Discussion for MSMEs in Klampis Ngasem Village including: lack of knowledge regarding Cost of Production, lack of knowledge regarding classification and cost calculation fixed and variable costs in accordance with Generally Accepted Accounting Principles both manually andexcel. The purpose of holding this activity is that MSME actors in Klampis Ngasem Village have knowledge and understanding regarding the calculation of the Cost of Production  so that they are able to determine a good selling price and get the expected profit. The methods used in this community service activity are observation, problem-solving approaches, training, and mentoring. The results of the implementation of this service are as follows: exposure, training, and assistance regarding fixed costs and variable costs have been carried out so that they are able to carry out the principles of calculating  in accordance with Generally Accepted Accounting Principles.

Recording of financial reports is a form of bookkeeping both manually and digitally for all financial activities in every business that is being carried out.  Bookkeeping is the recording of financial transactions carried out during the business. Recording of financial reports is very important for MSME actors.  One of the benefits of recording financial statements through simple bookkeeping for MSMEs is being able to find out the progress of the business or business being run so that they can control the costs incurred in operating the business and can find out the profit or loss earned while the business is running.  The method used in this activity is the counseling method which is contained in socialization activities regarding procedures for recording financial reports through simple bookkeeping for MSMEs.  The result of this activity is to provide new insights and knowledge for MSME actors in the Blitar Village regarding the importance of recording financial reports through simple bookkeeping and the stages in carrying out simple bookkeeping.  After holding this socialization activity, it is hoped that it can provide benefits for MSME actors in the Blitar Village to make financial recording reports so that they can minimize losses in the businesses they run.

Penelitian bertujuan untuk menekan pengeluaran secara berlebih holding cost pada bahan baku bambu di CV Rajasa Mas jaya menggunakan metode Material Requirement Planning (MRP). Jenis penelitian yang digunakan berupa penelitian kuantitatif dengan pendekatan deskriptif. Metode yang digunakan menggunakan perhitungan Least Unit Cost (LUC), Least Total Cost (LTC) dan Lot For Lot (LFL). Biaya holding cost pemesanan menggunakan perhitungan estimasi sebesar Rp. 37.500.00.- menjadi Rp. 30.000.000.- sehingga terjadi penghematan biaya holding cost pemesanan sebesar 23 % dari perhitungan estimasi perusahaan. Penghematan holding cost pemesanan dihitung menggunakan software POM for windows yang semula pemesanan sebanyak 750 ball menjadi 600 ball di setiap bulannya. Holding cost penyimpanan sebesar Rp. 550.000 / bulannya jika dihitung menggunakan metode Least Unit Cost menjadi Rp. 551.276.- dan Least Total Cost Rp. 400.800.- . Dalam metode perhitungan paling efektif menggunakan metode Least Total  Cost atau LTC