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Demam Berdarah Dengue (DBD) merupakan salah satu penyakit menular yang masih menjadi masalah kesehatan masyarakat Indonesia. Data nasional Kementerian Kesehatan RI tahun 2024 mencatat 257.271 kasus dengan 1.461 kematian, sedangkan hingga 23 Juni 2025 dilaporkan 78.646 kasus dan 346 kematian. Penggunaan larvasida sintetis dapat menimbulkan resistensi dan dampak negatif terhadap lingkungan. diperlukan alternatif larvasida yang berasal dari bahan alami, contohnya serai dapur (Cymbopogon citratus) yang diketahui mengandung senyawa aktif seperti sitronelal, geraniol, flavonoid, saponin, dan tanin. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efektivitas ekstrak serai dapur (Cymbopogon citratus) terhadap mortalitas larva Aedes aegypti. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian eksperimental laboratorik dengan rancangan post-test only control group design. Larva Aedes aegypti instar III–IV dibagi menjadi lima perlakuan yaitu ekstrak serai dapur konsentrasi 10%, 20% dan 30%, kontrol positif (Abate), serta kontrol negatif. Setiap kelompok terdiri atas empat kali pengulangan dengan 25 larva setiap pengulangan. Pengamatan mortalitas larva dilakukan pada 1 jam, 3 jam, 6 jam, dan 24 jam setelah perlakuan. Data dianalisis menggunakan uji Kruskal-Wallis dan uji Mann-Whitney. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa mortalitas larva meningkat seiring dengan peningkatan konsentrasi ekstrak dan lamanya waktu paparan. Pada pengamatan 24 jam, seluruh konsentrasi ekstrak menunjukkan mortalitas sebesar 100%, sedangkan kontrol negatif sebesar 2%. Analisis statistik menunjukkan terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan pada mortalitas larva Aedes aegypti antar kelompok perlakuan (p<0,05). Berdasarkan Hasil Penelitian, dapat disimpulkan ekstrak serai dapur (Cymbopogon citratus) efektif terhadap mortalitas larva Aedes aegypti sebagai larvasida nabati dalam pengendalian vektor DBD.

Prasman (Peperomia pellucida) merupakan tanaman obat yang diketahui mengandung berbagai senyawa metabolit sekunder seperti alkaloid, flavonoid, saponin, tanin, dan terpenoid yang berpotensi memiliki aktivitas biologis. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui tingkat toksisitas ekstrak metanol batang prasman terhadap mortalitas larva udang (Artemia salina L.) menggunakan metode Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT). Penelitian dilakukan secara eksperimental dengan memberikan ekstrak metanol batang prasman pada berbagai konsentrasi, yaitu 10, 100, 500, 1000, 5000, dan 10000 ppm serta kontrol. Parameter yang diamati adalah persentase mortalitas larva setelah 24 jam perlakuan. Data dianalisis menggunakan metode interpolasi dan analisis probit untuk menentukan nilai LC₅₀. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa peningkatan konsentrasi ekstrak menyebabkan peningkatan mortalitas larva secara bertahap hingga mencapai 100% pada konsentrasi 10.000 ppm. Perhitungan LC₅₀ dengan metode interpolasi menghasilkan nilai 680,2 ppm pada pengujian pertama dan 529,66 ppm pada pengujian duplo. Analisis probit pada pengujian duplo menghasilkan nilai LC₅₀ sebesar 198,97 ppm. Nilai LC₅₀ yang berada di bawah 1000 ppm menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak metanol batang prasman bersifat toksik terhadap larva Artemia salina dengan kategori moderat atau racun sedang. Aktivitas toksik tersebut diduga berasal dari kandungan metabolit sekunder yang terdapat dalam batang prasman seperti Flavonoid, saponin, tanin dan minyak atsirinya. Dengan demikian, ekstrak metanol batang prasman berpotensi sebagai sumber senyawa bioaktif yang dapat dikembangkan lebih lanjut dalam bidang farmasi, khususnya sebagai kandidat antikanker, antimikroba, dan bioinsektisida alami.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkarakterisasi tingkat toksisitas ekstrak etanol 90% daun trembesi (Samanea saman) terhadap larva udang (Artemia salina) menggunakan metode Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) dengan pendekatan Reed-Muench dan analisis probit. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian eksperimental dengan rancangan post-test only control group design. Larva Artemia salina digunakan sebagai organisme uji karena memiliki sensitivitas tinggi terhadap senyawa toksik dan sering digunakan sebagai indikator awal aktivitas bioaktif. Ekstrak diuji pada berbagai konsentrasi bertingkat untuk mengamati persentase mortalitas larva setelah 24 jam perlakuan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa peningkatan konsentrasi ekstrak berbanding lurus dengan peningkatan jumlah kematian larva, yang mengindikasikan adanya hubungan dosis-respons yang jelas. Nilai LC₅₀ yang diperoleh dengan metode Reed-Muench adalah sebesar 567,02 ppm, sedangkan dengan analisis probit diperoleh nilai LC₅₀ sebesar 581,0319 ppm. Perbedaan nilai ini disebabkan oleh perbedaan pendekatan analisis, di mana metode probit dinilai lebih akurat karena melibatkan transformasi statistik yang lebih kompleks. Berdasarkan klasifikasi toksisitas BSLT, nilai LC₅₀ sebesar 581,0319 ppm termasuk dalam kategori sangat toksik (LC₅₀ < 30 ppm). Tingginya tingkat toksisitas ekstrak diduga berkaitan dengan kandungan metabolit sekunder seperti flavonoid, saponin, dan tanin yang memiliki aktivitas sitotoksik. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak etanol 90% daun trembesi memiliki potensi bioaktivitas yang tinggi dan berpeluang untuk dikembangkan lebih lanjut sebagai sumber senyawa bioaktif dalam bidang farmasi maupun bioteknologi.

Nutritional problems among adolescents are increasingly associated with unhealthy dietary habits and low physical activity, contributing to the rising prevalence of overweight. According to the 2023 Indonesian Health Survey, overweight prevalence among adolescents ranges from 12% to 16.2%. This study aimed to develop Zea Coffee Tab, a functional beverage made from Robusta coffee and corn silk containing bioactive compounds, including caffeine and flavonoids, which may support metabolism and body fat oxidation. An experimental method with a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) was employed. The evaluated parameters included organoleptic tests (hedonic and hedonic quality) involving 30 semi-trained panelists, proximate analysis, and identification of bioactive compounds. Data were analyzed using the Kruskal–Wallis, Mann–Whitney, One-Way ANOVA, and Duncan’s multiple range tests. Three formulations were tested: F1 (30% Robusta coffee:70% corn silk), F2 (50%:50%), and F3 (70%:30%). The findings showed that F3 was the most preferred formulation, with an acceptance score categorized as “very much liked.” The product contained energy ranging from 319.20–324.26 kcal/100 g, protein 5.12–5.34%, fat 0.48–0.58%, carbohydrates 73.85–74.51%, moisture 9.12–9.66%, ash 2.10–2.32%, caffeine 182.45–205.86 mg/100 g, and flavonoids 4.28–6.03 mg/100 g. Zea Coffee Tab has the potential to serve as a healthy functional beverage for overweight adolescents. Further studies on shelf life and clinical effectiveness are recommended to support product commercialization.

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disease characterized by elevated blood glucose levels due to impaired insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Uncontrolled diabetes can lead to various complications and decreased quality of life. Moringa oleifera leaves contain bioactive compounds, including flavonoids, vitamins A, C, and E, as well as selenium, which possess antioxidant properties and are believed to help reduce blood glucose levels. This study aims to determine the effect of Moringa leaf decoction on reducing blood glucose levels in patients with diabetes mellitus in Padaleu Village, Kambu District, Kendari City. The study employs a quantitative pre-experimental design using a one-group pretest-posttest approach. The population consists of 35 diabetes mellitus patients, with 17 respondents selected through purposive sampling. Blood glucose levels are measured before and after the administration of Moringa leaf decoction using a glucometer and observation sheets. Respondents receive 200 ml of Moringa leaf decoction daily for five consecutive days. Data analysis is conducted using paired statistical tests to determine differences in blood glucose levels before and after the intervention. The findings of this study are expected to provide scientific evidence regarding the effectiveness of Moringa leaf decoction as a non-pharmacological therapy for controlling blood glucose levels among diabetes mellitus patients. Furthermore, the results may contribute to nursing science development and serve as a reference for healthcare providers and future researchers in implementing complementary therapies for diabetes management.

Rumbia fruit contains various bioactive secondary metabolites, particularly flavonoids, which are recognized for their antioxidant properties. These compounds contribute to the prevention of oxidative damage by scavenging and neutralizing free radicals. To enhance its practicality and ease of application, the fruit pulp extract was incorporated into a cream formulation. This study aimed to develop a topical cream containing rumbia fruit pulp extract and to evaluate its physicochemical characteristics. The antioxidant activity of the formulated cream was assessed using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay. The results demonstrated that the extract could be successfully formulated into a stable cream preparation. Furthermore, the formulated cream complied with the quality requirements for topical creams, as evidenced by satisfactory organoleptic properties, homogeneity, pH value, spreadability, and adhesiveness. Antioxidant evaluation revealed a color transition from purple to yellow during the DPPH assay, indicating the ability of the extract to scavenge free radicals and exhibit antioxidant activity.

A chronic metabolic disease characterized by elevated blood glucose levels due to insulin resistance or impaired insulin secretion is classified as type 2 diabetes mellitus. The prevalence of diabetes continues to rise each year and has become one of the major challenges in global health due to its potential to cause serious complications, such as cardiovascular disease, kidney failure, neuropathy, and vision impairment. In addition to pharmacological therapy, the use of herbal plants is increasingly being developed as a complementary therapy because they are considered safer, more readily available, and contain bioactive compounds with potential antidiabetic properties. This review article aims to assess the effectiveness of several herbal plants namely cinnamon (Cinnamomum cassia), fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum), bitter melon (Momordica charantia), and moringa (Moringa oleifera) in aiding the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus based on various research findings. This study employs a literature review method by collecting and analyzing various national and international scientific publications related to the antidiabetic activity of these four plants. The review results indicate that all plants have potential as adjunct therapies for diabetes because they contain active compounds such as flavonoids, polyphenols, cinnamaldehyde, charantin, quercetin, trigonelline, and saponins, which can help reduce blood glucose levels, optimize cellular response to insulin, increase GLUT4 activity, and help minimize oxidative damage. Based on the study results, moringa and cinnamon plants demonstrated the most consistent effectiveness in contributing to blood sugar control in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Thus, these herbal plants have the potential to be used as complementary therapies in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus; however, their use must still adhere to proper dosing and should not replace primary medical therapy.

A chronic metabolic disease characterized by elevated blood glucose levels due to insulin resistance or impaired insulin secretion is classified as type 2 diabetes mellitus. The prevalence of diabetes continues to rise each year and has become one of the major challenges in global health due to its potential to cause serious complications, such as cardiovascular disease, kidney failure, neuropathy, and vision impairment. In addition to pharmacological therapy, the use of herbal plants is increasingly being developed as a complementary therapy because they are considered safer, more readily available, and contain bioactive compounds with potential antidiabetic properties. This review article aims to assess the effectiveness of several herbal plants namely cinnamon (Cinnamomum cassia), fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum), bitter melon (Momordica charantia), and moringa (Moringa oleifera) in aiding the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus based on various research findings. This study employs a literature review method by collecting and analyzing various national and international scientific publications related to the antidiabetic activity of these four plants. The review results indicate that all plants have potential as adjunct therapies for diabetes because they contain active compounds such as flavonoids, polyphenols, cinnamaldehyde, charantin, quercetin, trigonelline, and saponins, which can help reduce blood glucose levels, optimize cellular response to insulin, increase GLUT4 activity, and help minimize oxidative damage. Based on the study results, moringa and cinnamon plants demonstrated the most consistent effectiveness in contributing to blood sugar control in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Thus, these herbal plants have the potential to be used as complementary therapies in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus; however, their use must still adhere to proper dosing and should not replace primary medical therapy.

Dental caries is an oral health problem associated with the activity of Streptococcus mutans. Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) contains bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, tannins, and alkaloids with antibacterial potential. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of water hyacinth extract against the growth of Streptococcus mutans. The research method used was an in vitro experimental study with a post test only group design. A total of 24 samples were divided into four treatment groups with extract concentrations of 6.25%, 12.5%, 25%, and 50%. Antibacterial activity was tested using the disc diffusion method on Mueller Hinton Agar media. Data were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests. The results showed that water hyacinth extract inhibited the growth of Streptococcus mutans. The largest inhibition zone was observed at 50% concentration, while the smallest was found at 6.25% concentration. Kruskal-Wallis analysis showed significant differences among groups (p<0.05). In conclusion, water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) extract has antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans.

Breast cancer remains a major global health challenge, with treatment effectiveness often limited by drug resistance and the toxic side effects of chemotherapy on normal cells. The exploration of bioactive compounds from natural sources through a medicinal chemistry approach offers a promising alternative strategy. This study aims to examine the molecular mechanisms of action and Structure-Activity Relationships (SAR) of various natural compound scaffolds as potential breast anticancer agents. The method employed was a systematic narrative literature review of 15 recent scientific articles evaluating computational parameters, including molecular docking, as well as in vitro and in vivo activities. The results indicate that polyphenols, flavonoids such as quercetin and EGCG, and curcumin possess strong cytotoxic activity and high binding affinity toward cancer-related target macromolecules. SAR analysis demonstrates that key structural features, including the number and position of free phenolic hydroxyl groups, the presence of gallate ester groups, and conjugated diketone systems, play a crucial role in determining ligand receptor complex stability. These interactions are supported by hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic interactions, and favorable steric compatibility within receptor binding sites. Computational findings further suggest that structural optimization can enhance ligand selectivity and improve pharmacokinetic properties. This study concludes that natural phytochemical scaffolds have significant potential as lead compounds and provide a rational basis for Computer-Aided Drug Design in developing more potent, selective, multi-target, and safer breast anticancer therapies.

Cutaneous fungal infections caused by Malassezia furfur remain a significant health concern in tropical regions, highlighting the need for safe and effective alternative therapies. Moringa oleifera L. leaves are reported to contain various secondary metabolites, including flavonoids, tannins, and saponins, which exhibit potential antifungal activity. This study aimed to develop a topical suspension formulation of Moringa oleifera leaf extract and to evaluate the effect of varying extract concentrations on the physical characteristics of the preparation. An experimental method was employed using four formulations: F0 as the control, and F1, F2, and F3 containing 9%, 10%, and 11% extract, respectively. Evaluation parameters included organoleptic properties, homogeneity, pH, viscosity, and adhesiveness, as well as stability testing using a cycling test method for 12 days. The results demonstrated that all formulations exhibited good organoleptic characteristics, homogeneity, and viscosity. The pH values remained within the acceptable range for skin preparations, although slight fluctuations were observed during storage. Adhesiveness also showed variations across several testing cycles. Overall, the formulations met acceptable physical quality criteria and demonstrated potential for further development as topical suspensions; however, formulation optimization is still required to enhance stability during storage.

Dengue fever remains a major global health challenge, particularly in tropical regions, due to the high transmission of Dengue virus by Aedes aegypti and the limited sustainability of current control strategies. Artocarpus odoratissimus, an endemic Bornean plant, contains diverse secondary metabolites with potential pharmacological activities; however, a systematic synthesis of its biomedical relevance to Dengue is still lacking. This study aimed to systematically evaluate the biomedical potential of A. odoratissimus in Dengue prevention and control through a systematic literature review. This study employed a systematic literature review method following the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Literature searches were conducted in Scopus, ScienceDirect, SpringerLink, PubMed, Google Scholar, Garuda, SINTA, and other relevant scientific databases for publications from January 2016 to February 2026. A total of 303 records were identified, and after duplicate removal, title and abstract screening, and full-text eligibility assessment, 23 studies were included for narrative synthesis. The findings revealed that A. odoratissimus contains major bioactive compounds, including flavonoids, phenolics, arylbenzofurans, stilbenoids, and prenylated chalcones, which demonstrate antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and potential antiviral activities based on in vitro and molecular docking studies. Fruit peel, seeds, and stem bark exhibited the strongest biological evidence, particularly in reducing oxidative stress, inhibiting inflammatory mediators, and potentially interacting with Dengue viral target proteins. Furthermore, several species within the Artocarpus genus showed larvicidal and ovicidal activities against Aedes aegypti, highlighting the potential development of A. odoratissimus as a plant-based biolarvicide candidate.

Dengue fever remains a major global health challenge, particularly in tropical regions, due to the high transmission of Dengue virus by Aedes aegypti and the limited sustainability of current control strategies. Artocarpus odoratissimus, an endemic Bornean plant, contains diverse secondary metabolites with potential pharmacological activities; however, a systematic synthesis of its biomedical relevance to Dengue is still lacking. This study aimed to systematically evaluate the biomedical potential of A. odoratissimus in Dengue prevention and control through a systematic literature review. This study employed a systematic literature review method following the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Literature searches were conducted in Scopus, ScienceDirect, SpringerLink, PubMed, Google Scholar, Garuda, SINTA, and other relevant scientific databases for publications from January 2016 to February 2026. A total of 303 records were identified, and after duplicate removal, title and abstract screening, and full-text eligibility assessment, 23 studies were included for narrative synthesis. The findings revealed that A. odoratissimus contains major bioactive compounds, including flavonoids, phenolics, arylbenzofurans, stilbenoids, and prenylated chalcones, which demonstrate antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and potential antiviral activities based on in vitro and molecular docking studies. Fruit peel, seeds, and stem bark exhibited the strongest biological evidence, particularly in reducing oxidative stress, inhibiting inflammatory mediators, and potentially interacting with Dengue viral target proteins. Furthermore, several species within the Artocarpus genus showed larvicidal and ovicidal activities against Aedes aegypti, highlighting the potential development of A. odoratissimus as a plant-based biolarvicide candidate.

Cutaneous fungal infections caused by Malassezia furfur remain a significant health concern in tropical regions, highlighting the need for safe and effective alternative therapies. Moringa oleifera L. leaves are reported to contain various secondary metabolites, including flavonoids, tannins, and saponins, which exhibit potential antifungal activity. This study aimed to develop a topical suspension formulation of Moringa oleifera leaf extract and to evaluate the effect of varying extract concentrations on the physical characteristics of the preparation. An experimental method was employed using four formulations: F0 as the control, and F1, F2, and F3 containing 9%, 10%, and 11% extract, respectively. Evaluation parameters included organoleptic properties, homogeneity, pH, viscosity, and adhesiveness, as well as stability testing using a cycling test method for 12 days. The results demonstrated that all formulations exhibited good organoleptic characteristics, homogeneity, and viscosity. The pH values remained within the acceptable range for skin preparations, although slight fluctuations were observed during storage. Adhesiveness also showed variations across several testing cycles. Overall, the formulations met acceptable physical quality criteria and demonstrated potential for further development as topical suspensions; however, formulation optimization is still required to enhance stability during storage.

Background: Acne vulgaris is one of the most common skin problems and is closely associated with the activity of Propionibacterium acnes. Long-term use of antibiotics may lead to bacterial resistance; therefore, alternative antibacterial agents derived from natural products are needed. White rice (Oryza sativa L.) is known to contain bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, tannins, and saponins, which potentially exhibit antibacterial activity. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of ethanol extract of white rice against the growth of Propionibacterium acnes. Methods: This research was conducted as a laboratory experimental study using a post-test only control group design. The ethanol extract of white rice was prepared by maceration using 70% ethanol. Antibacterial activity was evaluated using the disc diffusion method with extract concentrations of 100%, 50%, 25%, 12.5%, and 6.25%. Clindamycin was used as a positive control, while sterile distilled water served as a negative control. The parameter observed was the diameter of the inhibition zone. Result: The results of phytochemical screening showed that the ethanol extract of white rice (Oryza sativa L.) contains flavonoids, alkaloids, and terpenoids. Antibacterial activity test showed that the ethanol extract of white rice at concentrations of 100%, 50%, and 25% was able to inhibit the growth of Propionibacterium acnes by forming an inhibition zone, while at concentrations of 12.5% and 6.25% no inhibition zone was formed. The highest inhibition zone diameter was found at a concentration of 100%. The ethanol extract of white rice at concentrations of 100% (7.65 mm), 50% (6.77 mm), and 25% (6.15 mm) was able to inhibit the growth of Propionibacterium acnes, and was classified as having moderate inhibition. In contrast, at concentrations of 12.5% and 6.25%, the ethanol extract of white rice did not show any inhibitory activity detected in vitro using the disc diffusion method. The results of statistical analysis showed a p value <0.001, which means there was a significant difference in the diameter of the inhibition zone between the treatment groups. Conclusion: In conclusion, the ethanol extract of white rice exhibits antibacterial activity against Propionibacterium acnes in a concentration-dependent manner; however, its inhibitory effect remains lower than that of clindamycin.

The use of synthetic dyes in the textile industry has caused various environmental problems due to waste that is difficult to degrade and has the potential to contaminate water and soil. Therefore, the development of environmentally friendly natural dyes is an important alternative to be explored. One potential but underutilized source of natural dye is kirinyuh weed (Chromolaena odorata L.), which is known to contain natural pigment compounds such as tannins and flavonoids. This study aims to analyze the dyeing quality of primissima cotton fabric using kirinyuh leaf extract with variations of alum and ferrous mordants through a mordanting process. The research employed an experimental method, including hot extraction of kirinyuh leaves, dyeing of primissima cotton fabric, and mordanting using alum and ferrous salts. The evaluation of dyeing quality focused on washing color fastness and light color fastness tests based on standard textile testing methods. The results indicate that the type of mordant significantly affects the resulting color quality. Alum mordant produced relatively lighter colors with good washing fastness, while ferrous mordant resulted in darker shades with similarly good washing fastness. However, color fastness to light showed relatively lower values, particularly in fabrics treated with alum mordant. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that kirinyuh leaf extract has the potential to be used as a natural dye for primissima cotton fabric, although further optimization is required to improve color resistance to light exposure.

  Red dragon fruit contains bioactive compounds such as vitamin C, flavonoids, and polyphenols that have antioxidant potential and possess natural pigments that can be used as cosmetic colorants. This study aims to formulate and evaluate a blush-on powder preparation from dragon fruit pulp extract as an alternative natural colorant. The evaluation includes organoleptic testing, homogeneity, pH, irritation, spreadability, fineness, moisture content, and antioxidant activity. The results showed that the formulation met most of the requirements, exhibiting a pink color, a smooth texture, no odor, homogeneity, a pH of 6 suitable for the skin, no irritation, even spreadability within 4 applications, a fineness degree of 97.6%, and a moisture content of 6.91%. Antioxidant activity showed an IC₅₀ value of 0.3036 ppm (very strong), although the relative inhibition percentage was low (18.35%). Thus, dragon fruit extract has the potential as a natural ingredient in blush-on powder that provides both color and antioxidant benefits.

Health issues among the elderly are often related to declining bodily functions, digestive disorders, and specific nutritional needs for easily digestible foods. The 60-and-older age group is at high risk for gastrointestinal disorders due to low fiber intake. Therefore, alternative foods are needed that are soft in texture, neutral in taste, safe, and nutritious. One potential solution is the development of food products based on tempeh gembus with the addition of banana hearts, which are rich in fiber, soft in texture, and readily available. This study employed an experimental method using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) to test three formulation variations (F1, F2, F3). The nutritional content of formulation F1 includes energy 111.575 kcal, carbohydrates 20.185 g, protein 6.91 g, fat 0.355 g, and fiber 6.67 g. Formula F2 contains 88.225 kcal of energy, 14.095 g of carbohydrates, 7.72 g of protein, 0.205 g of fat, 7.3 g of fiber, and 0.0015% flavonoids. Formula F3 has 107.015 kcal of energy, 7.995 g of protein, 0.295 g of fat, 6.88 g of fiber, and 0.0021% flavonoids. In conclusion, the best tempeh with added banana hearts is Formula F2, with its nutritional content, fiber, flavonoids, and BAL >10⁸ CFU/g, which has the potential to serve as a functional food and probiotic source to help improve digestive health in the elderly. Further testing is recommended directly on elderly groups, along with product shelf-life testing.

Sweet orange peel (Citrus x aurantium L.) is an agricultural by-product rich in bioactive compounds including flavonoids, phenolics, terpenoids, and vitamin C with antioxidant and moisturizing potential. This study aimed to formulate and evaluate a body lotion using 15% ethanol extract of sweet orange peel obtained by maceration with 96% ethanol. Evaluations included organoleptic, homogeneity, pH, adhesion, spreadability, viscosity, irritation, cycling test, cream type, and DPPH antioxidant activity assessments. The preparation was semisolid, yellow, with a characteristic herbal aroma, homogeneous, pH 8, adhesion time of 4.10 seconds, spreadability of 9.9–11.1 cm, and acceptable viscosity. The preparation caused no skin irritation, remained stable through six cycling test cycles, and formed an oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion. Antioxidant activity showed an IC₅₀ of 284.6 ppm (weak category) compared to vitamin C as positive control (IC₅₀ 4.2 ppm). It was concluded that ethanol extract of sweet orange peel can be formulated into a stable and safe body lotion, though further optimization is needed to enhance its antioxidant activity.

Dengue remains a major vector-borne disease worldwide, and the increasing resistance of Aedes aegypti to synthetic insecticides has encouraged the exploration of environmentally friendly botanical larvicides. This study aimed to systematically evaluate scientific evidence regarding the larvicidal potential of endemic Kalimantan plants against Aedes aegypti and to identify priority candidates for future research. A systematic literature review was conducted following the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Literature searches were performed across Scopus, PubMed, ScienceDirect, SpringerLink, Web of Science, MDPI, Wiley Online Library, Garuda, SINTA, and Google Scholar for studies published between January 2016 and January 2026. A total of 925 records were identified, and after duplicate removal, screening, and eligibility assessment, 88 studies were included in the final synthesis. The results showed that botanical larvicides rich in alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, phenolics, limonoids, and sulfur compounds demonstrated significant larvicidal activity against Aedes aegypti. However, no direct larvicidal studies were identified for endemic Kalimantan species, including Fibraurea tinctoria, Arcangelisia flava, Dacrydium beccarii, Agathis borneensis, and Scorodocarpus borneensis. These findings highlight substantial evidence gaps and indicate that Kalimantan biodiversity represents a promising source of novel larvicidal agents for sustainable dengue vector control.