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Diarrhea remains a leading cause of mortality among toddlers in Indonesia, with a prevalence reaching 4,9%. In addition to pharmacological management through LINTAS DIARE, non-pharmacological therapies such as baby massage are increasingly being implemented as supportive interventions that families can perform to accelerate recovery. This study aims to examine the effectiveness of baby massage as a complementary therapy in reducing the frequency and intensity of diarrhea in toddlers. The method used involved identifying relevant articles from Google Scholar and Semantic Scholar databases using appropriate keywords. Based on the 6 articles obtained, baby massage significantly (p = 0,000) reduces the frequency and intensity of diarrhea through vagus nerve stimulation, which optimizes intestinal peristalsis and nutrient absorption. Beyond improving defecation patterns, this therapy is proven to significantly increase infant weight, accelerate motor development through central nervous system stimulation, and enhance sleep quality and comfort.

School snacks are one of the food sources commonly consumed by elementary school children; however, they are at risk of microbiological contamination if not properly managed. One of the pathogenic bacteria that can contaminate food is Salmonella, which can cause diarrheal disease. This study aimed to analyze hygiene and sanitation factors of food handlers on Salmonella bacterial contamination in pentol snacks at elementary schools in Palang District, Tuban Regency. This study used an observational analytic design with a cross-sectional approach. The sample consisted of 20 pentol vendors and 20 pentol snack samples. Data were collected through observation using a hygiene and sanitation checklist and laboratory examination to detect the presence of Salmonella bacteria. Data analysis was initially planned using the Chi-square test; however, due to homogeneous results, the analysis was conducted descriptively. The results showed that most vendors had good hygiene and sanitation (85%) and sufficient (15%). Laboratory examination results showed that all pentol snack samples (100%) were negative for Salmonella bacteria. In conclusion, pentol snacks at elementary schools in Palang District were microbiologically safe from Salmonella contamination.

Introduction: Dengue fever is a viral infection transmitted through the bite of infected female Aedes aegypti mosquito, caused by four dengue virus serotypes (DEN-1 to DEN-4), with clinical manifestations ranging from asymptomatic to severe disease and may be accompanied by warning sign. Concurrent infections, such as acute diarrhea, may worsen outcomes, particularly in children. Case Report: A nine-month-old female presented with a five-day history of intermittent fever and watery diarrhea. Additional symptoms included vomiting, lethargy, and decreased appetite. Physical examination showed a moderately ill appearance and sunken eyes. Laboratory findings revealed positive dengue IgM, negative dengue IgG, thrombocytopenia (22,000/µL), and hematocrit of 37%. The patient was diagnosed with dengue fever with warning sign and acute diarrhea. Management included intravenous crystalloid fluids, antipyretics, antibiotics, H2 receptor antagonists, and zinc supplementation. Conclusion: Dengue with warning sign and concurrent acute diarrhea in children increases the risk of morbidity and mortality. Early and appropriate management is essential to prevent disease progression and improve clinical outcomes.

Diarrhea is a condition characterized by increased frequency of bowel movements (BAB) of ≥3 times/day with a more liquid consistency. Diarrhea can be caused by infectious or non-infectious agents. Diarrhea can occur acutely, lasting less than 2 weeks, or chronically, lasting more than 2 weeks. The prevalence of diarrhea in toddlers is 12.3% and in infants is 10.6%.3 Based on data from the Medan City Health Office, the incidence of diarrhea in 2023 is estimated to be 66,802 cases across all ages and 32,324 cases in toddlers, with almost half of diarrhea sufferers being children. The Medan City Health Office reported the incidence of diarrhea in toddlers was 2,894 cases and adults 14,112 cases, or approximately 20.5%. Parents are one of the closest people and act as caregivers for children, so they have a crucial role in controlling diarrhea in children, including early management and prevention. Good parental knowledge, attitudes, and behavior regarding the management and prevention of diarrhea can reduce diarrhea morbidity and mortality in children.

Entamoeba histolytica is an intestinal protozoan that can cause diarrhea through fecal–oral transmission due to the consumption of food or water contaminated with parasitic cysts. Based on data from the Badan Pusat Statistik in 2017–2019, Simpang Keramat District, particularly Paya Leupah Village, still had limited access to clean water and low ownership of permanent sanitary latrines, which may increase the risk of environmental contamination. This study aimed to analyze the characteristics of dug wells and the risk factors associated with Entamoeba histolytica contamination in community well water. An observational analytic study with a cross-sectional design was conducted on 50 dug wells selected using purposive sampling. Data were obtained through field observations and laboratory examinations of well water samples. The results showed that most wells had distances to septic tanks that did not meet health standards (58%) and inadequate well floor conditions (82%), while the majority of wells had depths that fulfilled the recommended standard (76%). All well water samples tested negative for Entamoeba histolytica cysts; therefore, the association between risk factors and contamination could not be determined.

The use of medicinal plants has been an important part of people's lives since the time of our ancestors. Before the advent of modern medicine, people used various types of plants to treat mild to severe illnesses, such as fever, cough, wounds, digestive disorders, and skin diseases. Inventory of medicinal plants plays a very important role in exploring the potential of existing natural resources, especially as an effort to support the development of traditional medicine. The purpose of this study is to identify the types of medicinal plants used by local communities in traditional medicine. The method used in this study is a descriptive method through direct surveys at the research location. The findings obtained in the field concluded that all types of plants mentioned in this study are very beneficial for the people of Duhiadaa District, because they can help in treating various types of diseases experienced by the community. The types of diseases that can be treated include hypertension, gout, stomach acid, cholesterol, kidney disease, diabetes, inflammation, cancer, wounds, diarrhea and digestive disorders.

Surveillance for diarrhea at the district level in Indonesia is still affected by the fragmented nature of the District Health Information System (DHIS) and Early Warning and Response System (EWARS), inconsistent reporting, patchy data interoperability, and the resulting public health delays. Although there are systems in place like the DHIS and EWARS, the persistent use of hybrid systems that combine manual and digital data entry, as well as the different skill levels of users, continues to produce issues of incompleteness, untimely reporting, and inaccurate data. The present study investigated the deficiencies in surveillance reporting of diarrhea cases, the surveillance data to determine the degree of integration and also investigated the health workers perceptions of the barriers to effective reporting. A mixed methods approach was adopted in this study where we investigated quantitatively the DHIS and routine diarrhea reports submitted for the entire year of 2023, and combined that with qualitative, in-depth interviews with the relevant surveillance officers, program managers, and district staff. The quantitative analysis indicated gaps in reporting about 55% in terms of completeness, and consistency of reporting and also significant differences were found between the manual register, DHIS, and EWARS whereby the integration of these systems was found to be low. The qualitative analysis pointed to the combination of disconnected workflows, limited cross-system interoperability, inadequate system training, excessive workloads, and weak organizational feedback, as the main barriers to effective reporting. The combination of these two datasets illustrates the fact that both system deficiencies and organizational factors are primary drivers of the reporting. Closing the gaps will require system level changes in the interoperability of reporting systems, simplified reporting workflows, training, reporting, and reporting feedback loops.

Background: Clean and Healthy Living Behavior in Indonesia includes household.. In Indonesia, the level of knowledge and handwashing behavior of is still relatively low, an indication can be seen from the high prevalence of diarrhea. Research Objective: to determine the Relationship of Information Sources to Knowledge and Behavior of Adolescents About Clean Living in Nunkurus Village, East Kupang District. Research Method: This type of research uses Quasi Experiment One Group PreTest-PostTest Non Control Group, namely research with one subject who is given treatment or intervention before and after treatment. The population in this study is the community in this case adolescents in Nunkurus Village, East Kupang District, totaling 45 people. Sampling uses a total sampling technique. There are 3 research instruments used in this study including: respondent characteristic questionnaire, PHBS knowledge and health promotion educational video about PHBS. Data analysis using univariate in percentage and bivariate using Willcoxon Test. Results: the results of the study revealed the level of knowledge of the community before health promotion regarding PHBS, of the 45 respondents studied as many as 2 respondents (4.4%) had insufficient knowledge, 14 respondents (31.1%) had sufficient knowledge, and 29 respondents (64.4%) had good knowledge. From the results of the study, it was known that the level of knowledge of the community after health promotion regarding PHBS, of the 45 respondents studied as many as 17 respondents (37.8%) had good knowledge, 20 respondents (44.4%) had sufficient knowledge, and 8 respondents (17.8%) had insufficient knowledge. This is demonstrated by the results of the Wilcoxon ρ test (Asymp. Sig. 2-tailed) = 0.000 <0.05, indicating a relationship.

Food safety is an important issue in the prevention of food-borne diseases because contaminated food can cause diseases such as diarrhea, typhoid fever, and food poisoning. Snack food vendors, as direct food handlers, have an important role in maintaining food hygiene and sanitation. Research Objective: To know the description of the sanitary hygiene behavior of snack food vendors in Jakabaring Sport City, Palembang City in 2025. Research Methods: This type of research is descriptive research. The population in this study is all snack food traders around the Jakabaring Sport City lake, Palembang City. The sample in this study was 36 people. The data collection tool is the questionnaire sheet. Data analysis was carriedout by univariate analysis. Research Results: The results of this study show that the characteristics of respondents based on gender are male (25.0%) and female (75.0%), young age < 47 years old (41.5%) and old age ≥ 47 years old (51.8%), the last education of elementary and junior high school is (52.8%) and high school-college (47.2%). Respondents' knowledge was not good (66.7%) and good (33.3%),respondents' attitudes were negative (36.1%) and positive (63.9%), respondents' actions were not good (55.6%) and good (44.4%). Conclusion: Although most traders have a positive attitude towards sanitation hygiene, the low knowledge and inappropriate actions indicate the need for regular education and supervision efforts to improve sanitation hygiene behavior among snack food traders.  

Aceh Tamiang Regency is an area with a high risk of annual flooding. This emergency condition often triggers a surge in environment-related diseases such as skin diseases, respiratory infections, and diarrhea. The success of managing health crises heavily depends on pharmaceutical logistics management, especially the availability of essential medicines and ease of access for refugees at evacuation points. This study aims to analyze the extent of medicine availability at community health centers and health posts, as well as to evaluate the barriers to medicine accessibility for flood victims in Aceh Tamiang Regency. This study uses a qualitative/quantitative descriptive method (choose one) with a case study approach. Primary data were collected through in-depth interviews with pharmaceutical logistics officers and surveys of flood survivors. Secondary data were obtained from the drug stock reports of the Aceh Tamiang District Health Office. Analysis was conducted on variables such as drug types, stock amounts (Buffer Stock), and distribution channels during the emergency response period. The results of the study indicate that the availability of drugs in the initial disaster phase tends to be (state the prediction, e.g., sufficient/limited). However, accessibility is often hindered by damaged road infrastructure and uneven distribution to remote posts. There is an urgent need to strengthen the logistics early warning system so that the types of medicines available match the disease patterns that emerge after floods. Although medicine stocks are generally available in central pharmacy warehouses, geographical constraints and distribution coordination are the main factors hindering accessibility. It is recommended that local governments map out alternative distribution routes and provide disaster-specific buffer stock of medicines at the sub-district level.

Diarrhea and Tuberculosis (TB) remain significant public health problems in Indonesia, including Rembang Regency. This study aims to analyze the spatial distribution and temporal changes of Diarrhea and TB cases in Rembang Regency during 2023–2024 using a Geographic Information Sistem (GIS) approach. A descriptive-analytic method was applied using secondary data, including administrative boundary shapefiles, disease case data, and health facility data at the sub-district level. Spatial processing and analysis were conducted using QGIS to produce thematic maps and compare disease distribution patterns between years. The results indicate that Diarrhea and TB cases were unevenly distributed across sub-districts and formed distinct spatial patterns. Case changes between 2023 and 2024 varied spatially, reflecting dynamic disease trends. The integration of disease maps with health facility distribution shows that areas with high case numbers were not always supported by adequate health facilities. The implementation of GIS-based maps into a web platform enhances accessibility and supports spatial-based public health decision-making.

The prevalence of correct handwashing behavior with soap in Aceh Province is 36%. School-age children are the time to instill PHBS values ​​and have the potential to be agents of change to promote PHBS both in the school environment, family, and society. The impact of lazy handwashing with soap can cause various diseases such as diarrhea, flu, hepatitis A, and impetigo (a contagious infection that usually occurs in children who rarely wash their hands, this disease is characterized by red skin which then develops into small blisters). The purpose of this study is to determine the effectiveness of mini posters as a health promotion media on handwashing behavior with soap in elementary school students. The research method is one group pretest posttest design. The sampling technique is total sampling, while the number of samples in this study was 80 students from grades 5 and 6 of elementary school. The results of the study obtained before the intervention of mini posters washing hands with soap behavior of elementary school students 77.5% of students did not wash their hands with soap after urinating and defecating. After the intervention of mini posters washing hands with soap behavior of elementary school students 87.5% did wash their hands with soap. There is an effect of mini poster intervention on increasing handwashing behavior in elementary school students with a p value of 0.000 < 0.05. The results show that mini posters are a reference for the effectiveness of health promotion in preventing infectious diseases in elementary school children by implementing a handwashing program with soap in the school environment

The age of 4-6 years is an age that is vulnerable to disease because it is at this age that children's motoric starts to be active. Without realizing it, what children do is often close to germs that can cause diseases such as flu, cough, diarrhea. Hand washing is the process of mechanically removing dirt and dust from the skin surface and reducing the number of microorganisms. The purpose of hand washing is to eliminate the number of microorganisms. This activity is carried out through the means of joint learning activities in the form of face-to-face in groups, given counseling, including: material and practice of wet hand washing with running water and soap and dry hand washing with a hand sanitaizer. The results of this activity were analyzed using a fun learning method. The data used is numerical data from the observation of hand washing skills checklist. From the test results there is an effect of providing counseling on hand washing techniques on the hand washing skills of kindergarten students. The habit of washing hands using soap from an early age, it is hoped that later they will become a generation that is aware of the importance of cleanliness, not only personal hygiene, but also environmental hygiene. Not only that, with this simple thing that is done regularly and purposefully, children will later learn to do other habits correctly. One way to prevent children from getting sick is by washing hands. This handwashing habit should be instilled since.

 Communicable diseases remain one of the leading public health burdens in Indonesia, particularly in densely populated residential areas and communities with inadequate sanitation. Poor housing conditions including insufficient ventilation, overcrowding, excessive humidity, inadequate lighting, and improper waste and wastewater management have been shown to increase the risk of respiratory infections, diarrhea, and other environment-related diseases. This literature review aims to identify effective environmental health strategies for preventing communicable diseases by synthesizing findings from 11 scientific articles published between 2014 and 2025. The review shows that basic sanitation, indoor air quality, waste management, and the implementation of the Community-Based Total Sanitation (STBM) program are key determinants in reducing disease incidence. Additionally, successful interventions depend heavily on clean and healthy living behaviors (PHBS) and active community participation. These findings highlight the importance of a comprehensive approach that integrates physical environmental improvements, health education, and community empowerment to create healthy settlements and sustainably reduce the risk of communicable diseases.

Diarrhea is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in children under five, particularly in developing countries like Indonesia. To reduce the incidence of diarrhea, the government has implemented a policy to prevent it by administering rotavirus vaccination. To determine the relationship between rotavirus vaccination and the incidence of diarrhea in infants in Sadai sub-district, the working area of UPT Puskesmas Sei Panas, Batam City in 2024. This study was a quantitative study with a cross-sectional approach to 72 infants who received rotavirus vaccination.The implementation time starts on October 23 to November 06, 2024. Sampling using cluster random sampling technique. Measurement tools using questionnaires and observation sheets. Analysis of the data used is the chi square test. The study obtained rotavirus vaccination as many as 40 infants (55.6%), the incidence of moderate diarrhea as many as 37 infants (51.4%). Chi-Square test results showed the value of p value = 2.167. Because of the value (p value 2.167 > 0.05), this relationship is not statistically significant. There is no significant relationship between rotavirus vaccination and the incidence of diarrhea in infants in Sadai Village working area of UPT Puskesmas Sei Panas Batam City in 2024.

Leaves of Etlingera walang (Blume) RMSm have been empirically used in traditional medicine to relieve stomach disorders and are known to contain secondary metabolites with potential antimicrobial properties. Salmonella typhi infection can cause typhoid fever with symptoms such as diarrhea and abdominal pain, while Candida tropicalis is a fungus that can infect the gastrointestinal tract and lead to digestive disturbances. This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial and antifungal activities of the ethanolic extract of E. walang leaves against S. typhi and C. tropicalis. The antimicrobial assay was carried out using the disk diffusion method at extract concentrations of 25%, 50%, and 100%, with chloramphenicol and ketoconazole as positive controls, and DMSO as the negative control. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and tannins. However, the results showed that the extract did not produce inhibition zones against either test microorganism. Extract evaluation indicated a moisture content of 12.23%, total ash 13.39% (above the standard), acid-insoluble ash 1.25%, total plate count 1.8 × 10 ⁴ , and mold and yeast count 1.0 × 10 ³. The findings suggest that although the ethanolic extract of E. walang leaves contains secondary metabolites and is traditionally used for stomach ailments, it does not exhibit antimicrobial activity against S. typhi or C. tropicalis.

Typhoid fever is a significant health issue caused by the Salmonella Typhi bacteria, leading to symptoms such as fever, abdominal pain, diarrhea, muscle pain, and serious complications if not treated promptly. A common challenge faced by society is limited access to medical professionals, especially in remote areas, and delays in recognizing symptoms. To address this problem, this study designs and implements a web-based expert system using the Certainty Factor (CF) method, which helps diagnose typhoid fever quickly and accurately. The Certainty Factor method is used to calculate the certainty level of the symptoms experienced by the patient, providing a diagnosis result in the form of early-stage typhoid, mild typhoid, or severe typhoid. The system was developed using PHP programming language and MySQL database, and tested at RSUD Djoelham Binjai City. The research data was obtained from patients at RSUD Djoelham Binjai with a case study on patient number 22. The processing of symptoms through Certainty Factor calculation showed that the patient is most likely to have severe typhoid with a certainty value of 0.9443 or 94.43%. This result proves that the Certainty Factor method can be used to assist in providing an accurate early diagnosis of typhoid fever with a high degree of accuracy.

The low level of understanding among elementary school students regarding common diseases and their prevention can increase the risk of both communicable and non-communicable diseases from an early age. Therefore, effective health education efforts are essential to instill healthy habits in children. This community service activity aimed to improve the knowledge of elementary school students in the working area of Labuhan Sumbawa Public Health Center about common diseases and preventive measures through an interactive educational approach. The methods used included health counseling with visual media, engaging educational games, and small group discussions to encourage active participation. The activity was conducted in June 2025, involving 30 students from two elementary schools selected purposively. The educational content focused on dengue fever, diarrhea, influenza, helminthiasis, and acute respiratory infections (ARI), along with prevention strategies such as maintaining personal hygiene, consuming nutritious food, and the importance of immunization. Evaluation was carried out through pre-test and post-test assessments to measure the improvement in students’ understanding. The results showed a significant increase in students’ knowledge of the delivered material. Additionally, students demonstrated high enthusiasm and active involvement during the sessions, particularly in the educational games. These findings indicate that an interactive educational approach is effective in enhancing students’ understanding of disease prevention. This program is expected to serve as a model for sustainable health education in other elementary schools to prevent diseases from an early age and support the implementation of clean and healthy living behaviors within the school environment

Batang Bungo River faces severe pollution from domestic waste and illegal gold mining, which has led to an increase in skin diseases and diarrhea among residents of Tanjung Gedang, exacerbated by poor physical-chemical water quality, including low pH and high levels of Total Suspended Solids (TSS) and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), all of which foster the growth of pathogenic microorganisme. This study aimed to identify bacteria and fungi present in Batang Bungo River water, characterizing their colony morphology and microscopic structures to understand the impact of pollution on microbial communities. The methodology involved serial dilution of water samples, followed by inoculation onto Nutrient Agar (NA) media using the pour plate technique, and incubation at 37°C for 24-48 hours. Macroscopic observations of colonies (color, shape, texture) were performed, and representative colonies were stained with crystal violet for microscopic observation at 1000x magnification to identify cellular and hyphal structures. The results indicated the presence of various microorganisms, including Gram-positive bacteria, filamentous fungi, and possibly protozoa, with colonies exhibiting characteristics such as off-white color, rough surfaces, and irregular edges. Microscopic examination after crystal violet staining revealed rod-shaped (bacilli), spherical (cocci) structures, and branched filamentous structures resembling hyphae, consistent with a mixture of bacteria and filamentous fungi. The identification of pathogens like Clostridium, Dermatophilus, and Escherichia coli in previous studies, coupled with the poor water quality, confirms significant microbiological and chemical contamination. Crystal violet proved effective as a stain for microscopic identification of microorganism structures. In conclusion, the water quality of Batang Bungo River is highly concerning and requires serious attention for monitoring and management to safeguard public health and the river ecosystem.  

Indonesia is recognized as one of the world’s richest countries in terms of biodiversity, including a wide variety of traditional medicinal plants. One of the lesser-known yet promising local species is matoa (Pometia pinnata J.R. Forst & G. Forst), whose leaves have been traditionally used by local communities to treat various ailments, including diarrhea and seizures. This study aims to investigate the pharmacological effects of matoa leaf extract, with a particular focus on its anticonvulsant activity, while also reviewing its potential chemical constituents as a basis for herbal medicine development. The research was conducted using a combination of literature review and experimental testing on mice (Mus musculus) induced with strychnine to trigger seizures. Key observed parameters included seizure onset time and survival duration (dead time) following the administration of either synthetic drugs or matoa leaf extract. The results demonstrated that the matoa leaf extract exhibited significant anticonvulsant effects, as indicated by prolonged seizure onset and increased survival time in test animals. These pharmacological effects are presumed to be related to the presence of active compounds such as flavonoids, tannins, and alkaloids, which may contribute to the stabilization of the central nervous system. Compared to conventional synthetic anticonvulsants, matoa leaf extract may offer a safer, plant-based alternative with potentially fewer side effects. The findings of this study provide valuable scientific evidence supporting the potential of Pometia pinnata leaves in the development of Indonesian herbal phytopharmaceuticals. Furthermore, they highlight the importance of further research, including preclinical and clinical trials, to validate efficacy, determine optimal dosages, and ensure safety for human use.