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Mental health disorders, particularly depression and anxiety, remain major contributors to the global burden of disease and disability. Socioeconomic inequality, including differences in Gross National Income (GNI) per capita, is considered an important factor influencing mental health outcomes. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between GNI per capita and the prevalence of depression and anxiety disorders globally using data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2023 database. A descriptive ecological study design was conducted using secondary data from 187 countries and regions. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Spearman correlation tests, and regional comparative analysis with ANOVA. The results showed substantial disparities in mental health burden and income distribution across regions. Africa had the highest average prevalence of depression, while Asia showed the greatest variability in anxiety disorders. A significant negative correlation was found between depression prevalence and income levels (r = -0.213; p = 0.003), indicating higher depression rates in lower-income countries. However, anxiety showed a weak and insignificant relationship with income (r = -0.079; p = 0.281). These findings emphasize the need to reduce socioeconomic inequalities and strengthen mental health systems through integrated healthcare services and multisectoral policies.

Medical students need to take the Competence test as Doctor Profession Program (UKMPPD) to be passed and earned their medical profession. Exams are one of the most common stressors experienced by medical students and the body will respond to these stressors in the form of feelings of depression or anxiety. Anxiety and depression itself can affect student performance during exam preparation. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between anxiety and depression on the preparation of the Professional Doctoral Program Competency Test (UKMPPD) for students of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Pattimura. The method used is quantitative analysis with cross sectional research design and total sampling technique. The sample is all the student population of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Pattimura who meet the inclusion and exclusion criteria, totaling 90 respondents. The results showed that the majority of respondents experienced mild anxiety symptoms, which is 37% during the CBT exam and 34% during the OSCE exam. The majority of respondents also did not experience depression, which is 68% during the CBT and 70% during the OSCE and the majority had an optimal level of preparation for UKMPPD, which is 63% during the CBT and 64% during the OSCE. Data analysis using the chi square test showed a significant relationship between anxiety symptom and the level of preparation for UKMPPD both CBT (p=0.030) and OSCE (p=0.012). There was no significant relationship between depression symptom and the level of preparation for UKMPPD for both CBT (p=0.123) and OSCE (p=0.07). It can be concluded that there is a significant relationship between anxiety and preparation for UKMPPD, but there is no significant relationship between depression and preparation for UKMPPD.

Postpartum depression is a postpartum mental health disorder that significantly impacts maternal well-being, infant development, and family functioning. The high prevalence of postpartum depression in Indonesia is due to limited access to health services, low mental health literacy, and social stigma in the community. This indicates a significant gap between the need for maternal mental health services and the availability of existing interventions, making education a crucial component in efforts to prevent postpartum depression early. This study aims to analyze the prevention of postpartum depression in postpartum mothers through telenursing-based education and screening using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) in the community. A descriptive case study design was used, involving one respondent, a 25-year-old primigravida mother residing in the Bantul area. The intervention was implemented online via WhatsApp and video calls, including structured health education on postpartum psychological changes, adaptive coping strategies, and the importance of social support. The intervention also included daily remote monitoring of the respondent's condition via the WhatsApp mobile application. The EPDS was administered as a pre-test and post-test to evaluate changes in the respondent's psychological condition. The findings showed a significant decrease in the EPDS score from 16 (moderate depression) to 6 (minimal depression), indicating significant psychological improvement. These results imply that integrating EPDS screening, structured health education, and daily monitoring is an effective and accessible community-based approach to preventing postpartum depression, particularly for mothers with limited mobility and access to health services.

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) represents a significant global health challenge, with a trend of steadily rising prevalence, including in Indonesia. Patients with CKD undergoing routine hemodialysis face multidimensional challenges that impact their quality of life. This literature review aims to outline and synthesize factors associated with the quality of life of CKD patients undergoing hemodialysis in Indonesia. A systematic literature review method using the PRISMA approach was employed, involving searches across Google Scholar, PubMed, Garuda, and DOAJ databases. Inclusion criteria covered articles with a cross-sectional analytical observational design involving patients with advanced-stage CKD undergoing hemodialysis, published within the last ten years, and utilizing valid and reliable quality-of-life instruments (WHOQOL-BREF, KDQOL-SF, KDQOL-36). A total of 21 national and international articles were selected through a systematic process, and their methodological quality was assessed via mapping and scoring stages. The results highlight various aspects consistently and strongly associated with the quality of life of CKD patients, including: (1) clinical factors such as the duration of hemodialysis and comorbidities; (2) psychosocial factors such as anxiety, depression, family support, motivation, and fatigue; and (3) sociodemographic factors such as education level and economic status. Depression emerged as the most dominant predictor with the highest odds ratio (OR=10.131), followed by the duration of hemodialysis (OR=8.380) and comorbidities (OR=5.044). It is concluded that the quality of life of CKD patients is multidimensional and influenced by the interaction of clinical, psychological, and social factors. Integrated interventions—encompassing routine psychological screening, the strengthening of family support, and comorbidity management—are essential to improving the quality of life for CKD patients in Indonesia.

Flooding is one of the most frequent disasters in DKI Jakarta and contributes not only to physical and economic losses but also to the emergence of various psychological problems among affected communities. This study aims to analyze the psychological impacts of post-flood disasters, particularly among vulnerable groups such as children and the elderly, and to examine the effects of repeated flood exposure on mental health conditions. This study employs a literature review method with a qualitative descriptive approach through the identification and synthesis of relevant scientific sources. Data analysis was conducted using content analysis to identify patterns, relationships, and trends in research findings. The results indicate that flooding is associated with psychological disorders such as stress, anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), with varying levels of severity. Repeated exposure to flooding has been shown to increase individuals’ vulnerability to mental health problems and reduce psychological well-being. However, protective factors such as social support, religiosity, emotional regulation abilities, and adaptive coping strategies play a significant role in strengthening resilience and accelerating psychological recovery. The findings highlight the importance of a holistic disaster management approach that integrates mental health services, strengthens community capacity, and enhances preparedness education to improve the psychological resilience of flood-affected communities.

The practice of bullying is an act of exercising dominance to inflict harm upon others through verbal abuse, physical violence, or psychological pressure, which ultimately leaves the victim in a state of depression and chronic helplessness. This concept is derived from the English term "bull," representing an animal that strikes out unpredictably. In an etymological sense, it refers to individuals who target the vulnerable. Perpetrators, known as bullies, operate under the assumption that they possess the power to control their victims, who feel permanently intimidated and weak. The primary goal of this particular initiative is to equip students with a deep awareness regarding the necessity of helping one another and fostering genuine care within their community. Furthermore, it seeks to prevent the occurrence of bullying behaviors, considering that such toxic actions result in detrimental impacts that affect not only the victims and the perpetrators but also the entire social fabric of the institution.

Bullying among adolescents is an aggressive behavior carried out intentionally, repeatedly, and involving an imbalance of power between the perpetrator and the victim. This phenomenon is an important issue because it can affect adolescents’ psychological well-being, social relationships, and academic achievement in both the short and long term. This study uses a literature review method by collecting and analyzing recent national and international studies regarding the causes, forms, and impacts of bullying. The findings indicate that bullying is influenced by internal factors, such as low empathy, poor self-control, negative self-concept, and the desire for social recognition. In addition, external factors also contribute, including parenting styles, peer influence, unfavorable school climate, and the development of social media that increases the risk of cyberbullying. The impacts of bullying are experienced not only by victims, who may suffer from low self-esteem, anxiety, depression, and social withdrawal, but also by perpetrators, who are at risk of developing persistent aggressive behavior and reduced empathy. Therefore, cooperation among families, schools, and communities is needed to prevent and address bullying effectively.

This study aims to analyze the impact of bullying on adolescents’ mental health through a literature review. The method used is a literature review, which involves the collection and analysis of various relevant scientific articles published in the last five years.  Data were obtained from journals and related scientific works, then systematically analyzed to identify patterns of association between bullying and adolescents’ mental health. The results of the review indicate that the majority of studies reveal a negative impact of bullying on mental health, such as the emergence of anxiety, depression, stress, low self-esteem, and difficulties in social interaction. However, some studies found that this relationship was not statistically significant, suggesting the role of other factors, such as social support, family circumstances, and an individual’s ability to cope with stress. In addition to affecting victims, bullying also impacts perpetrators and bystanders, making it a complex phenomenon. Therefore, comprehensive prevention and intervention efforts are needed through collaboration between schools, families, and the community.

Mindfulness intervention therapy is a psychotherapy that can be used to reduce depressive symptoms. This study aims to determine whether mindfulness therapy contributes to reducing the level of depression in patients cancer at the Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta. The research design used was the experimental design of the one group pretest-posttest design. The total number of samples used for the population was 30 people who met the criteria for depression. Relevant data was collecterd through clinical interviews, observations and psychological test. The Beck Depression Inventory II (BD-II) questionnaire was used to collect data for this study. According to the Wilcoxon analysis, the results were statistically significant p = 0.000, indicating a large effect size in reducing depressive symptoms with mindfulness therapy. These results are supported by improved patients understanding of depression and mindfulness concepts, as well as enhanced abilities in adapting emotional coping strategies. The results of qualitative analysis showed that subjek felt more happy, be positive, not hopeless, effective communication skills and be able to resolve their problems. This research can make a significant contribution to efforts to prevent and treat depression in cancer patients, improving their quality of life through increasing mindfulness.

Social media has become a primary means of communication for adolescents in the digital era, yet excessive use can create complex impacts on their academic, social, and psychological well-being. The positive effects include expanding cross-regional friendships, improving communication skills, strengthening social relationships, and increasing learning motivation through peer interaction and support. Conversely, the negative effects include declining academic performance due to reduced focus, neglect of responsibilities, weakened language skills caused by the dominance of informal language, a higher risk of digital crimes such as fraud and identity theft, as well as mental-health issues including anxiety, depression, social-comparison pressure, and cyberbullying. To minimize these risks, preventive efforts are needed, such as enhancing digital literacy for both adolescents and parents, promoting ethical and safe online behavior, regulating screen time, strengthening parental guidance, implementing digital-wellness policies in schools, providing counseling services, developing more youth-friendly platforms, and enforcing government regulations on online safety. This study emphasizes that the wise, safe, and productive use of social media can only be achieved through collaborative efforts involving adolescents, families, schools, communities, platform providers, and the government.

Anxiety disorders are common mental health problems among adolescents, particularly high school students who face academic demands, social pressure, and emotional changes. Family support, sleep quality, and academic stress are considered factors related to students’ anxiety levels. This study aimed to examine the relationship between family support, sleep quality, academic stress, and anxiety disorders among students of SMAN 1 Sumbawa Besar. An analytical study with a cross-sectional design was conducted involving 114 students selected through stratified random sampling. Data were collected using the Perceived Social Support–Family (PSS-Fa), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Educational Stress Scale for Adolescence (ESSA), and Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS-42). Bivariate analysis was performed using the chi-square test, while multivariate analysis employed binary logistic regression. Bivariate results indicated significant associations between family support, sleep quality, academic stress, and anxiety disorders (p < 0.05). However, multivariate analysis revealed that only family support and sleep quality were significantly associated with anxiety disorders, while academic stress was not significant after controlling for other variables. These findings suggest that anxiety prevention efforts should prioritize strengthening family support and improving sleep quality, alongside academic stress management within the school environment.

This study aims to examine the relationship between family support and depression levels among the elderly in Pejuang Village, Bekasi City, through a descriptive-narrative literature review. The review analyzed relevant scientific articles discussing family support, social support, and depression in older adults. Literature was selected based on the suitability of the elderly population, the presence of family or social support variables, and the measurement of depressive symptoms or depression levels. The analysis compared each article’s objectives, research design, respondent characteristics, instruments, findings, and conclusions. The results indicate that most studies found a relationship between family support or social support and depression among the elderly. Adequate family support, including emotional, instrumental, informational, and appraisal support, helps older adults feel cared for, valued, secure, and better able to adapt to the aging process. Preliminary findings at the Elderly Posyandu in Pejuang Village also show variations in family support and depression levels among elderly participants. Conversely, limited family support may increase loneliness, psychological distress, and depressive symptoms. Therefore, family support functions as a protective factor in reducing depression risk among older adults. Strengthening the involvement of families, health workers, and elderly posyandu cadres is necessary as a promotive and preventive strategy to maintain psychological well-being through education, early detection, and sustainable community-based assistance for vulnerable elderly groups living in community and family environments.

Polygamy remains a controversial issue in Indonesia, involving legal, religious, and social dimensions. This study aims to analyze the social, psychological, and economic impacts of polygamy on wives and children. Using a qualitative library research approach, the study examines primary sources, including Law Number 1 of 1974 concerning Marriage and the Compilation of Islamic Law, as well as relevant scientific literature and journal articles. The findings indicate that although Indonesian law permits polygamy under strict conditions, such as the wife's consent and the husband's ability to act fairly, these requirements are often difficult to fulfill in practice. Psychologically, wives frequently experience jealousy, emotional stress, depression, and feelings of injustice. Economically, polygamy may lead to the division of family resources, reducing the welfare of wives and children. Children may also experience emotional difficulties due to limited parental attention, conflicts among siblings, and social stigma. These impacts can affect family harmony and child development. Therefore, stronger legal supervision and public education are needed to ensure the protection of women's and children's rights and to minimize the negative consequences of irresponsible polygamous practices.

Bullying is a common occurrence in schools and public settings, often affecting children. However, this issue often goes unnoticed because it is considered commonplace, despite the significant impact it can have on victims. This study aims to determine the impact of bullying on a child's personality and educational process. The impact of bullying on children who are victims of bullying is that victims experience physical and non-physical violence. These include frequent social isolation, a lack of close friends, poor relationships with parents, and declining mental health. The worst impact for children who are victims of bullying is depression and even suicide. This can lead to prolonged trauma for children who are victims of bullying. Furthermore, a child who is a victim of bullying will also experience learning and academic difficulties. One action that can be taken for a child who is a perpetrator or victim of bullying is to provide affection, trust, involve them in positive activities, and educate them about the negative impacts of bullying. Therefore, collaboration between schools, teachers, and parents is needed to address bullying against children.

Mental health among university students has become a critical concern in higher education, particulary as students are required to cope with increasing academic demands, social pressures,and the growing complexity of campus life. At this stage, students are in an early transitional period that requires them to adapt to various changes, both academically and psychosocially. Under thes circumstances, psychological factor play a significant role in helping student maintain mental balance, one of which is emotional intelligence. This study aims to explore and understand the relationship between emotional intelligence and students’ mental health through a literature review approach. The method employed in this study is a qualitative descriptive literature review of 18 national and international scholarly articles published between 2021 and 2025, focusing on topics related to emotional intelligence, academic stress, emotion regulation, and student mental health. The findings indicate that emotional intelligence demonstrates a strong and consistent association with various aspects of students’ mental health, including levels of academic stress, anxiety, depression, academic, burnout, resilience, adjustment abilities, and psychological well being. Students with higher levels of emotional intelligence tend to be more capable of recognizing and understanding their emotions,as well as managing them adaptively when facing academic and social pressures. These abilities contribute to reducing the risk of excessive psychological distress. Furthermore, emotional intelligence functions as a protective factor that support the development of effective coping strategies and healty interpersonal relationship. Therefore, fostering emotional intelligence, through promotive and preventive programs within higher education instituions has the potential to become a strategic effort in enhacing and sustaining students’mental health over the long term.

Regular physical activity is known to play an important role in maintaining overall health, including improving immune system function and mental health. Lack of physical activity remains a public health issue, making it important to understand the impact of physical activity on the immune system and mental health. This study aimed to review the effect of regular physical activity on the immune system and mental health using a literature review method. The literature sources were obtained from publications within the last five years using databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, and ScienceDirect. The articles were then screened and selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, resulting in nine relevant articles for analysis. The selection results indicate that regular physical activity can increase the mobilization and activity of immune cells such as lymphocytes, neutrophils, and natural killer cells, and also modify the adaptive immune system through changes in T cells and B cells. In addition, physical activity also improves mental health through neurobiological mechanisms such as increased endorphin, dopamine, and serotonin levels, which can reduce stress, anxiety, and depression, as well as improve sleep quality and psychological well-being. Therefore, regular physical activity has a positive effect on the immune system and mental health and can be used as a promotive and preventive strategy to maintain overall health.

Preoperative anxiety can lead to increased blood pressure, accelerated heart rate, and bleeding. One of the non-pharmacological interventions that can be provided is dhikr therapy, particularly tahlil dhikr (repeated recitation of La ilaha illallah). This study aims to determine the effect of tahlil dhikr on reducing anxiety in preoperative patients. This research is a quantitative study with a quasi-experimental design, using a one-group pretest-posttest approach. Data collection was conducted from May 22 to May 27, 2025, at Meuraxa Hospital. The population in this study consisted of 270 patients scheduled for surgery at Meuraxa Hospital, Banda Aceh, with a sample of 73 respondents selected through random sampling. The research instruments used were the Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) for Tahlil Dhikr Therapy and the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale 21 (DASS-21) questionnaire, which had a Cronbach’s Alpha score between 0.6 – 0.7 and was considered reliable with a result > 0.6. The results showed a decrease in the intensity of anxiety after the administration of tahlil dhikr. Data analysis using the Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test showed a p-value = 0.000 (≤ 0.05), indicating a significant effect of tahlil dhikr on reducing preoperative anxiety among patients at Meuraxa Hospital, Banda Aceh. The study recommends the integration of tahlil dhikr as an alternative method for reducing anxiety in preoperative patients.

Non-hemorrhagic cerebrovascular disease (CVD) results from blood flow obstruction in the brain due to thrombus or embolus formation, often leading to balance disorders that affect standing and walking. This loss of motor function increases the risk of falls and fractures, which are major complications. Additionally, reduced physical activity can lead to depression. Active exercise has been shown to improve motor function in CVD patients, with nurses playing a key role in supporting these exercises. One effective intervention is the bridging exercise (BE), used for lumbopelvic stabilization, which enhances muscle strength and coordination. BE is particularly beneficial for improving balance in post-CVD patients with hemiplegia. This case study examines the effects of evidence-based bridging exercise (EBP) on balance in three hospitalized non-hemorrhagic CVD patients. Over eight 15-minute sessions, balance was assessed using the Berg Balance Scale (BBS). All patients showed significant balance improvement, with an average BBS score increase of 40 points. These results highlight the effectiveness of non-pharmacological bridging exercises in enhancing balance in CVD patients and recommend BE as a routine therapy to continue at home after discharge.

Emotional mental health in adolescents is an important focus because this age group is highly vulnerable to academic and social pressures, as well as the demands of personal development. Emotional problems such as anxiety, stress, and depression that are not recognized early on can interfere with concentration, social relationships, and psychological well-being. This study aims to review the literature related to the early detection of emotional mental disorders in adolescents, so that it can serve as a basis for the development of prevention and intervention strategies. The method used is a literature review, analyzing a number of recent research articles discussing risk factors, symptoms, and early screening methods using instruments such as the Self Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ) and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). The results of the study show that the most common symptoms include anxiety, fatigue, concentration disorders, and relationship problems with peers in adolescents, as well as academic pressure in students. Early screening has been proven to help identify individuals at risk so that intervention can be carried out more quickly. The use of technology, such as web-based expert systems, can also speed up the screening process and improve the accuracy of assessments. It is recommended that educational institutions and health services be more active in conducting mental health screening, providing promotional education, and designing preventive programs. Further research should use analytical or experimental designs to explore risk factors and the effectiveness of interventions in greater depth.

Online gambling is a form of addictive behavior that often begins with simple experimentation. Early wins tend to encourage individuals to continue gambling with increasingly larger stakes, driven by the belief that higher bets will lead to greater profits. Along with the rapid advancement of digital technology, online gambling has become more accessible to various groups, including university students, through convenient and flexible online platforms. Although it is often perceived as a form of entertainment, online gambling has significant negative impacts. This study aims to analyze the effects of online gambling on students’ mental health. The research uses a qualitative approach, with data collected through observations and interviews involving respondents who engage in online gambling activities. The findings reveal that online gambling has detrimental effects on students’ psychological well-being, including increased levels of stress, anxiety, depression, and sleep disturbances. Furthermore, it contributes to decreased concentration, reduced learning motivation, and declining academic performance. Therefore, stronger preventive measures and educational efforts are necessary to minimize the negative impacts of online gambling among university students.