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This study examines sarcastic implicatures in the 2024 United States presidential debate between Joe Biden and Donald Trump, with a particular focus on Donald Trump’s utterances. The study aims to identify the forms and types of sarcastic implicatures employed in political discourse during the debate. A qualitative descriptive method with a pragmatic approach was used to analyze how implied meanings are constructed and interpreted within the context of political communication. The data consisted of debate transcripts and video recordings broadcast by CNN, selected based on utterances containing elements of sarcasm. Data analysis was conducted through four stages: identification, classification, coding, and interpretation. The findings reveal that sarcastic implicatures are realized in two main forms, namely indirect non-literal utterances and direct non-literal utterances. In addition, several types of sarcastic implicatures were identified, including undermining, mockery, insult, criticism, and threat. The most dominant type was undermining, which was used to weaken the image and credibility of political opponents. These findings indicate that sarcastic implicatures function as an effective rhetorical strategy in political communication to influence public opinion, shape audience perceptions, and strengthen the speaker’s political position in televised political debates.

This study examines the systemic transformation of Japan’s refugee and immigration policy from 2021 to 2025, exploring how humanitarian paradigms have been superseded by state security considerations. The research aims to analyze how Japan constructs refugees as an existential threat to legitimize its restrictive reception regime, synthesizing Realism and Constructivism to explore the intersection of securitization, national interest, and identity. Methodologically, this paper employs a qualitative interpretive case study by integrating Ruth Wodak’s Discourse-Historical Approach (DHA) and Interpretive Process Tracing (IPT) to examine government texts, policy documents, and parliamentary debates. The findings reveal a profound policy asymmetry driven by intersubjective threat framing and institutionalized topoi (abuse, threat, law and order). Ukrainian displaced persons are positively categorized as evacuees (hinanmin) to align with G7 geopolitics, whereas traditional asylum seekers are pejoratively labeled as "repeated applicants" and framed as threats to public order, social harmony (wa), and ethnic homogeneity (tan’itsu minzoku). This discursive construction successfully legitimizes extraordinary measures within the 2023 amendment of the Immigration Control and Refugee Recognition Act (ICRRA), including the abolition of automatic deportation suspensions and the expansion of a surveillance state via alternative monitoring (kanri sochi). Ultimately, this study demonstrates that international norm compliance is deeply mediated by domestic cultural appropriateness (nihonjinron). It implies the necessity for future ethnographic research on grassroots impacts and suggests transparent asylum evaluation metrics aligned with non-refoulement principles.

Indonesia is a country rich in cultural diversity, one of which is Javanese culture which is full of philosophical values ​​and symbolic meanings in every practice, including in the traditional wedding procession. One of the important rituals in Javanese traditional weddings is the Panggih Manten ritual, which represents the meeting between the bride and groom with various symbols of life, hope and blessings. Along with the development of the times and the flow of modernization, people's understanding of the philosophical meaning of the ritual has shifted. Some people still carry out this tradition as a hereditary custom without understanding the values ​​contained in it, even giving rise to debates regarding its suitability with Islamic teachings. This study aims to analyze the practice of the Panggih Manten ritual in Javanese traditional wedding traditions and review its suitability with the 'Urf argument in Islamic law. The research method used is qualitative with a juridical-normative approach, while the research location was carried out in Pengkol village, Mantingan District. The results of the study show that the Panggih Manten ritual is basically acceptable in Islamic law as long as it does not conflict with the principles of sharia. Based on analysis from the perspective of al-'urf, several aspects of the Panggih Manten ritual, such as muter asem (the act of making offerings), and the belief in disasters, contain elements that are inconsistent with Islamic law and could potentially lead to idolatry, thus being categorized as al-'urf al-fāsid. Therefore, the Panggih Manten tradition can be preserved through reinterpretation of its meaning and the elimination of elements that contradict Islamic teachings, thus aligning it with Islamic principles.

The policy plan to integrate parking fees into the Vehicle Registration Certificate (STNK), scheduled for nationwide implementation in 2027, has generated debate regarding contractual validity and fiscal justice. From the perspective of Islamic Economic Law, the transformation from a conventional pay-per-use retribution system to an annual prepaid system raises issues related to mutual consent (an-taradin) and the certainty of service benefits. This study aims to analyze the 2027 subscription parking policy using the framework of Maslahah Mursalah and the principle of distributive economic justice to assess its legitimacy as an instrument of public welfare. This research uses a normative legal method with conceptual and statutory approaches. Literature data are analyzed qualitatively through deductive reasoning to derive legal conclusions from general principles of Islamic economics in relation to contemporary fiscal policy. The findings indicate that the policy contains elements of Maslahah Mursalah, particularly in improving bureaucratic efficiency and preventing state revenue leakage (sadd adz-dzari'ah). However, from the perspective of distributive justice, the policy may contain elements of dzulm (injustice) if it is not supported by fair tariff segmentation. Without guaranteed service availability for all payers, mandatory annual parking fees risk being categorized as akl al-amwal bi al-bathil (unlawful appropriation of wealth). Therefore, a zoning-based tariff system is recommended to ensure fairness between obligations and benefits.

This study analyzes the juridical issues related to the implementation of criminal sanctions below the statutory minimum, as reflected in Cassation Decision Number 7853/K/Pid.Sus/2024. The focus of this research centers on the tension between the rigid provisions of Article 111 paragraph (1) of Law No. 35 of 2009 concerning narcotics and the reality of judicial practice, which often deviates from these provisions. This phenomenon raises debates regarding the extent to which the principle of legality can be compromised in pursuit of justice without undermining the pillar of legal certainty within Indonesia’s criminal justice system. Using a normative legal research method with a statutory and case study approach, this study qualitatively analyzes judges’ considerations. The findings indicate that, although the policy of imposing sentences below the minimum carries the risk of creating legal uncertainty, the Supreme Court in this case reinterpreted the principle of legality. Judges tend to prioritize proportionality and substantive justice to avoid purely mechanical punishment. The study concludes that, while judicial discretion represents a concrete expression of judicial independence, such practice requires clearer normative parameters. Without explicit regulation, deviations from the statutory minimum risk widening disparities in judicial decisions. Therefore, standardized sentencing guidelines are necessary to preserve legal integrity while maintaining a sense of justice for defendants.

The Lapindo Brantas case is the largest environmental disaster in Indonesia, causing significant environmental damage and widespread economic and social impacts on the surrounding community. This incident sparked debate about corporate legal responsibility for the damage that occurred. This study aims to thoroughly evaluate the responsibility of the Lapindo Brantas corporation using the responsibility theory approach and Law Number 32 of 2009 concerning Environmental Protection and Management. The methods used are normative with case studies and legislative analysis to understand the mechanism of corporate legal responsibility in the context of environmental disasters. The findings of this study indicate that corporations can be held criminally liable for environmental damage, and in the case of Lapindo Brantas, the company bears legal responsibility in accordance with the principle of strict liability as stipulated in Law Number 32 of 2009. This study emphasizes the urgency of applying the principle of corporate responsibility as an important part of environmental law enforcement in Indonesia.

Detention is one of the most coercive measures in the criminal justice process and is intended to ensure the effectiveness of criminal proceedings. In many legal systems, public prosecutors are granted authority to order detention against suspects or defendants under specific legal requirements. However, the practical effectiveness of detention by public prosecutors in achieving procedural objectives and safeguarding legal rights remains a subject of debate. This study aims to examine the effectiveness of detention carried out by public prosecutors against perpetrators of criminal acts, focusing on its legal basis, implementation, and impact on the criminal justice process. Using a normative juridical approach supported by qualitative analysis of legislation, legal doctrines, and relevant case studies, this research evaluates whether prosecutorial detention fulfills principles of legality, necessity, proportionality, and human rights protection. The findings indicate that while detention by public prosecutors can enhance procedural efficiency and prevent obstruction of justice, its effectiveness is often constrained by inconsistencies in application, weak judicial oversight, and potential risks of arbitrary detention. This study concludes that strengthening legal safeguards, standardizing detention criteria, and enhancing accountability mechanisms are essential to ensure that detention by public prosecutors remains both effective and compliant with the rule of law.

This article analyzes the application of the hierarchy of norms in the decisions of the Constitutional Court concerning Law Number 17 of 2023 on Health using the perspective of Hans Kelsen’s Stufenbau theory. The enactment of the Health Law has generated significant legal debate and several constitutional review petitions submitted to the Constitutional Court, raising questions about the consistency between statutory norms and constitutional principles. This study aims to examine how the Constitutional Court applies the principle of hierarchical norms in reviewing the constitutionality of the Health Law and to assess the relevance of Stufenbau theory in explaining the interpretation of legal norms in constitutional adjudication. This research employs a normative juridical method using statute, conceptual, and case approaches. Primary legal materials consist of the 1945 Constitution, Law Number 17 of 2023 on Health, and relevant Constitutional Court decisions, supported by secondary legal materials from academic literature and legal studies. The findings show that the Constitutional Court consistently positions the 1945 Constitution as the highest norm within the Indonesian legal system and uses the hierarchy of norms as the basis for evaluating the validity of statutory provisions. The Court maintains the legal force of the Health Law when no normative conflict with the Constitution is identified, while in certain cases it provides constitutional interpretation to ensure the compatibility of statutory norms with constitutional principles. This study demonstrates that Stufenbau theory remains relevant as an analytical framework for understanding the hierarchical structure of legal norms and the operation of constitutional review within the Indonesian legal system.

The enactment of Law Number 1 of 2023 concerning the Criminal Code introduces the criminalization of cohabitation under Article 412, sparking public debate regarding state intervention in private spheres. This research aims to analyze the challenges faced by law enforcement in implementing cohabitation regulations within Indonesia’s pluralistic society. Utilizing a normative judicial research method with statute and conceptual approaches, this study examines secondary legal data including the New Criminal Code and various legal doctrines. The findings indicate that while Article 412 is designed as an absolute complaint-based offense to balance institutional marriage protection with individual privacy, its implementation faces substantial sociological hurdles. These challenges include potential conflicts with living law such as customary and religious norms, risks of over-criminalization, and the threat of social vigilantism due to public misinterpretation. This research implies that law enforcement must prioritize restorative justice and intensive socialization to prevent human rights violations and maintain social harmony in a diverse cultural landscape.

The rapid expansion of the digital economy has significantly accelerated the growth of technology startups while simultaneously increasing market concentration among dominant digital platforms. This condition has intensified the implementation of anti-monopoly policies as a regulatory instrument to maintain fair competition. Amid the ongoing global economic crisis extending into 2025, debates have emerged regarding whether anti-monopoly policies foster or hinder innovation among technology startups. This study aims to examine the impact of anti-monopoly policies on technology startup innovation within the context of the global economic crisis. The research adopts a qualitative approach using a narrative literature review and policy analysis. The data are derived from academic journal articles, scholarly books, and official reports issued by international organizations and competition authorities published within the last five years. The analysis is conducted through a descriptive-analytical method by synthesizing key findings related to anti-monopoly policy, technological innovation, digital market dynamics, and global economic conditions. The findings indicate that anti-monopoly policies can create a more equitable competitive environment for technology startups by limiting market dominance and abusive practices by large firms. However, during periods of global economic crisis, the effectiveness of such policies largely depends on regulatory design, consistency of enforcement, and the state’s capacity to balance competition protection with innovation incentives. Overly restrictive policies may suppress investment and startup growth, whereas adaptive and market-responsive regulations can enhance the resilience of technology startup innovation. This study contributes theoretical and policy insights for developing competition law frameworks that are more responsive to the challenges of the digital economy and global economic uncertainty.

The policy of involving expatriates in the board of directors of State-Owned Enterprises (SOEs) has become a debated issue, particularly regarding its implications for corporate governance and national workforce interests. The main problem discussed in this article is how the policy of expatriate involvement in the board of directors of PT Garuda Indonesia is viewed from the perspective of Good Corporate Governance (GCG). This study aims to analyze the suitability of the policy with GCG principles and its implications for corporate governance and company performance. The research method used is a literature review by examining laws and regulations, academic journals, policy reports, and other relevant secondary sources. The analysis is conducted based on five main GCG principles, namely transparency, accountability, responsibility, independence, and fairness. The results show that the involvement of expatriates in the board of directors of PT Garuda Indonesia has the potential to strengthen corporate governance through the adoption of global managerial standards, improvement of institutional credibility, and acceleration of organizational transformation and efficiency. However, this policy also faces challenges, especially related to transparency in the selection process and the assurance of knowledge transfer to local human resources. It can be concluded that the expatriate involvement policy will provide optimal benefits if it is implemented consistently with GCG principles and accompanied by a strong commitment to strengthening local managerial capacity.

An employment relationship is a relationship between a worker and an employer or entrepreneur involving work, wages, and orders. One outcome of this employment relationship is termination of employment. To create a just and prosperous society based on Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution, the government has enacted laws concerning termination of employment, such as Law No. 13 of 2003 concerning Manpower, Law No. 11 of 2020 concerning Job Creation, and Government Regulation No. 35 of 2021 concerning Fixed-Term Employment Agreements, Outsourcing, Working and Rest Hours, and Termination of Employment. This research uses a normative legal method, namely examining the law as it exists or should exist, or the law in books. The research was conducted by analyzing applicable laws and regulations, using library materials or secondary data covering primary, secondary, and tertiary law. Termination of employment is the right of both parties, namely workers and employers. Both parties can terminate the employment relationship according to their respective situations or conditions. This issue often generates debate because each party has different perspectives and arguments regarding termination of employment. As a result, the amount of compensation workers receive in practice also varies. Comparing Law No. 13 of 2003, Law No. 11 of 2020, and Government Regulation No. 35 of 2021 concerning termination of employment, it is clear that the Employee Rights Act No. 13 of 2003 provides more compensation than the Job Creation Law. Therefore, in practice, many companies, including PT Kuoni Indonesia, seek ways to reduce their compensation obligations under the pretext of negotiating with employees.

The enactment of Law Number 1 of 2023 concerning the Criminal Code brought fundamental changes to the regulation of the crime of adultery in Indonesia. The expansion of the scope of criminalization, including regulations regarding extramarital relationships, has given rise to debate regarding its compliance with the principles of the formation of laws and regulations and its impact on criminal law enforcement. This study aims to analyze the provisions of the adultery article in the new Criminal Code from the perspective of the principles of the formation of laws and regulations and assess its implications for the effectiveness of the criminal justice system. This study uses a normative legal research method with a legislative and conceptual approach. Legal materials were obtained through literature studies and analyzed qualitatively and juridically. The results show that the regulation of the crime of adultery in the new Criminal Code has a clear normative purpose, but still leaves issues regarding the clarity of formulation, legal certainty, and potential human rights violations. Furthermore, the application of the adultery article has the potential to create obstacles in law enforcement practices, particularly related to evidence, caseload, and the legitimacy of the criminal justice system. Therefore, further evaluation is needed to ensure that these regulations align with the principles of sound legislative development and ensure legal justice.

Political participation is an important aspect in a democratic state structure, as well as a characteristic feature of political modernization. Political participation influences the legitimacy of society regarding the running of a government. One way of implementing political participation is through General Elections (Pemilu). The aim of this research is to determine the influence of presidential candidate debate broadcasts on multi-platform broadcast media on the political participation of FISIP UMJ student class of 2020. This research has an independent variable, namely presidential candidate debate broadcasts with the dimensions of frequency, attention and duration, and has a dependent variable, namely providing voting rights in elections, lobbying with officials, becoming a member of a political party. This research method uses a survey method by distributing questionnaires online to respondents via Google Form which aims to collect data from a sample of 2020 FISIP UMJ students who actively watch presidential candidate debates and know about political participation, with a total of 66 respondents selected. The data collection tool uses a questionnaire using a Likert Scale. The results of this research show that the presidential debate broadcast has an influence on political participation, which has a value of 0.736 or 73.6%, which means that the presidential debate broadcast influences political participation by 73.6% and the rest is influenced by other factors.

This study is motivated by the emergence of public controversy surrounding the alleged sexual harassment case involving the preacher Gus Elham, which has sparked widespread debate about ethical boundaries in da’wah activities. This phenomenon reflects a moral and social crisis in contemporary da’wah practices, particularly in relation to power relations, child protection, and the moral responsibility of religious figures as public role models. This study aims to analyze violations of da’wah ethics in this case from moral and social perspectives, as well as to identify its impact on public trust in preachers and religious institutions. The method used is a descriptive qualitative approach through the analysis of online news, public statements, social media posts, interview recordings, and da’wah-related content associated with the case. The findings indicate that the actions in question not only violated norms of decency but also revealed a failure to understand principles of child protection and ethics of da’wah based on akhlakul karimah. Socially, the case demonstrates a moral crisis affecting religious authority and an increase in public skepticism toward religious figures. The implications of this study emphasize the importance of formulating stricter da’wah codes of ethics, strengthening ethical literacy among preachers, and integrating child protection values into da’wah practice to prevent similar cases from recurring.

The execution of mortgage rights on land is a crucial element in the property security legal system in Indonesia, which allows creditors to obtain debt repayment if the debtor defaults. However, the implementation of parate executie as a non-litigious mechanism based on Law Number 4 of 1996 concerning Mortgage Rights has sparked constitutional debates, particularly regarding the debtor's right to fair legal protection. This study analyzes the legal considerations of the Constitutional Court in Decision No. 10/PUU-XIX/2021, which rejected the constitutional review of the mortgage execution norms, and evaluates the legal execution procedures post-decision. Using the normative legal research method, this article examines the approach of contractual freedom, the principle of justice, and the protection of property rights in the context of creditor-debtor relationships. The study results show that the Court views parate executie as constitutionally valid, as long as it is carried out with the principles of transparency, proportionality, and the availability of legal recourse for the debtor. Therefore, legal protection within the mortgage system is not eliminated, but must be implemented through accountable and just practices. These findings provide an important normative basis for policymakers and economic actors in ensuring that the execution of guarantees runs effectively while still upholding the constitutional rights of the parties involved.

Notarial deeds as authentic instruments hold a crucial role in Indonesia’s civil law evidence system, providing perfect proof under Article 1868 of the Civil Code. However, in practice, such deeds are often denied by one party in court, raising debates about the certainty of their evidentiary power. This study examines the legal consequences of denying a notarial deed for the parties in litigation and the assurance of legal certainty for those holding such deeds. Using R. Soeroso’s Theory of Legal Consequences and Jan Michael Otto’s Theory of Legal Certainty, this normative juridical research employs statutory, conceptual, analytical, and case approaches, with literature-based data collection and interpretative legal analysis. The findings reveal that denial of a notarial deed may create new legal relationships, alter good-faith relations into disputes, and result in sanctions imposed by court rulings. Meanwhile, legal certainty remains guaranteed, as authentic deed regulations are clear, binding, and enforceable, serving as a guideline in resolving disputes and upholding sanctions.  

This research discusses the phenomenon of social organizations (ormas) in Indonesia from a legal perspective and the challenges of democracy. The freedom of association guarantyd by Article 28E paragraph (3) of the 1945 Constitution serves as the legal basis for the existence of social organizations, which are further regulated by Law Number 17 of 2013 and Law Number 16 of 2017. Regulatory changes, particularly the government's authority to dissolve mass organizations without judicial process, have sparked a debate between the need to maintain public order and the guaranty of the principle of due process of law. The research method used is normative juridical with a legislative and conceptual approach, supported by a literature study from primary and secondary legal materials. The study results show that although mass organizations have great potential in strengthening democracy, challenges such as identity politics, radicalism, lack of funding transparency, and state power abuse against mass organizations still pose major obstacles. Therefore, balanced legal regulations, transparent oversight, and enhanced democratic literacy are needed to ensure that the role of social organizations remains in line with the principles of the rule of law and Pancasila democracy.  

This study investigates the effectiveness of virtual debate platforms in enhancing English as a Second Language (ESL) learners’ critical thinking, speaking fluency, and argumentation skills. The research was conducted using a quasi-experimental design with intermediate-level ESL students as participants. Data were collected through critical thinking tests, speaking fluency rubrics, and argumentation rubrics, complemented by qualitative analysis of recorded debates. The results indicate significant improvements in students’ critical thinking abilities, fluency in spoken English, and the quality of their arguments, including structure, relevance of evidence, and coherence. Furthermore, virtual debates fostered higher levels of student engagement compared to traditional classroom discussions. These findings underscore the pedagogical potential of integrating technology-based debate activities into ESL instruction, providing interactive and collaborative learning opportunities that address the limitations of conventional teaching methods. The study concludes with recommendations for incorporating virtual debates into ESL curricula and suggests future research on the use of emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI) and virtual reality (VR) to further enhance language learning experiences.

The deployment of TNI soldiers has caused controversy because it is considered to strengthen militarism in civilian institutions. The Attorney General's Office, TNI, and the Chief of Police have spoken out regarding the deployment of TNI soldiers to guard the Attorney General's Office Complex, as well as all High Prosecutors' Offices and District Prosecutors' Offices throughout Indonesia. This policy has attracted criticism from academics, observers, and civil society organizations, who argue that the involvement of the military in civilian institutions risks undermining democratic principles and civilian supremacy. The debate reflects Indonesia’s historical context, where the military once played a dual role in both defense and civilian governance, raising concerns that such practices may resurface. The deployment of TNI soldiers in the Prosecutor’s Office security system is an order from the TNI Commander as a form of cooperation with the Attorney General's Office. The order is explicitly stated in the TNI Commander’s Telegram Number TR/442/2025 dated May 6, 2025. Furthermore, this cooperation is formalized through a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) between the TNI and the Indonesian Prosecutor’s Office, namely Memorandum Number NK/6/IV/2023/TNI dated April 6, 2023. The MoU outlines eight areas of collaboration, including: (1) education and training; (2) exchange of information for law enforcement purposes; (3) assignment of TNI soldiers within the Prosecutor’s Office environment; and (4) assignment of prosecutors as supervisors at the TNI General Auditorate. These points are intended to strengthen coordination, improve institutional capacity, and foster synergy in law enforcement and security.