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This article discusses innovations in cash waqf management through the integration of digital technology with the SatuWakaf.id platform developed by the Indonesian Waqf Board (BWI). The urgency of this research is driven by the need for a transformation in waqf governance to optimize the potential of the Sharia economy in the era of disruption. This study employs a literature review method with a qualitative approach to examine the role of digitalization in enhancing efficiency, transparency, and public participation in waqf. The findings indicate that digital waqf provides ease of access, transaction flexibility, and transparency through a real-time reporting system that is accountably accessible to donors (wakif). Furthermore, the integration of technologies such as QRIS, e-wallets, and internet-based systems effectively addresses various constraints of conventional waqf management, including limited reach and complex administration. However, significant challenges remain, such as low public literacy, limited technological competence among waqf managers (nazir), and cyber security risks surrounding digital transactions. Consequently, the optimization of digital waqf requires strong synergy between human resource development, adaptive regulatory strengthening, and the development of inclusive technological infrastructure to ensure that national waqf potential is fully utilized for the welfare of the community.

Tangerang City has the most applications in Indonesia, with 222 applications. All of these applications are supported by more than 100 servers located in the data center of the Tangerang City Communication and Information Agency. The large number of servers and applications that are managed brings up new problems in the midst of increasing complex cyber threats, especially in government data centers. One of them is how to monitor and respond quickly when there is an attack on the existing system. The implementation of a cyber security system based on Wazuh, Shuffle, and YARA is able to monitor threats in realtime and automate responses against attacks. Wazuh acts as a log-based monitoring and detection platform and behavior analysis, Shuffle is used to automate incident response through integrated workflow, and YARA is applied for signature-based malware identification. The PPDIOO (Prepare, Plan, Design, Implement, Operate, Optimize) method used in this research is used as a framework in designing and evaluating the system. From the research conducted, it is expected that Wazuh successfully monitors anomalies that occur on the server which will then be forwarded to Shuffle to automate the next steps to be taken. YARA integrated with Wazuh also successfully detects and quarantines malicious files that enter the server automatically based on the available signature list.

Perang siber adalah suatu kondisi konflik dengan menggunakan perkembangan teknologi informasi dan komunikas dimana menjadi sebuah fenomena sosial dalam relasi internasional yang menjadi masalah serius bagi bangsa-bangsa di dunia dalam membangun stabilitas internasional. Mmenghadapi variasi bentuk perang siber, dibutuhkan adanya proses pembangunan nasional berbasis keamanan siber/cyber security sebagaimana telah dilakukan oleh beberapa bangsa-bangsa di dunia. Perang siber sesungguhnya merupakan bentuk dari perang dunia ketiga yang sudah terjadi. Kekosongan dalam literatur hukum internasional membuat model serangan siber semakin menunjukkan kesiapannya untuk terlibat dalam konflik bersenjata. Konflik siber, yang melibatkan serangan terhadap sistem komputer dan jaringan digital, menimbulkan pertanyaan kompleks mengenai bagaimana prinsip-prinsip hukum humaniter yang ada dapat diterapkan dalam konteks konflik ini. Menggunakan metode penelitian yuridis normatif (legal  study  research) yang bersifat kualitatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan, konseptual dan kasus dari bahan primer dan sekunder. Tantangan HHi dalam mengatur konflik siber mulai dari definisi, pelacakan pelaku, perlindungan masyarakat, sampai penyesuaian hukum dengan teknologi baru. Diperlukan pembaruan hukum, peningkatan kerja sama antar negara, dan penguatan cara penegakan hukum agar perlindungan kemanusiaan tetap terjaga di zaman digital. HHI dapat diterapkan pada konflik siber tetapi perlu adaptasi melalui instrumen baru atau interpretasi progresif sebagaimana Kasus Rusia-Ukraina yang menjadi bukti urgensi penyesuaian hukum.

Digital transformation in the banking sector has introduced numerous conveniences in financial transactions, yet simultaneously opened opportunities for increasingly sophisticated and damaging new forms of crime. This article comprehensively analyzes criminal policy in combating digital banking crime in Indonesia, exploring the legal, technological, and institutional challenges faced, and formulating effective prevention strategies. Through systematic literature review and critical policy analysis, this research demonstrates that digital banking crime in Indonesia has experienced significant increases both in quantity and complexity of modus operandi, encompassing phishing, skimming, hacking, social engineering, banking trojan malware, and various technology-based fraud schemes. Financial losses amount to trillions of rupiah annually, excluding the psychological impact on victims and erosion of public trust in digital banking systems. Research findings identify fundamental challenges in combating digital banking crime, including limitations in legal frameworks that have not fully accommodated technological developments, gaps in law enforcement capacity for cyber investigation, complexity of evidence in digital cases, complicated cross-border jurisdiction, rapid evolution of crime modi outpacing regulatory adaptation, and low digital security literacy among banking service users. Policy analysis shows that penal approaches through criminalization and law enforcement, while important, are insufficient without comprehensive non-penal strategies.

The rapid growth of e-business in the digital transformation era has brought significant cybersecurity challenges. This study aims to analyze holistic defense strategies to comprehensively protect e-business assets and operations. Utilizing a systematic literature review of 50 reputable scientific publications (2020–2024), the study identifies five key pillars of cybersecurity strategy: (1) multi-layered security architecture, (2) AI-powered threat detection, (3) Zero Trust security model, (4) continuous security monitoring, and (5) human-centric security culture. The integrated implementation of these pillars has been shown to reduce cybersecurity risks by up to 78% and accelerate threat detection by 89%. These findings highlight the importance of integrating advanced technologies, mature processes, and strong security awareness to establish a resilient cybersecurity ecosystem for e-business.

Rapid developments in information technology have opened up opportunities for new threats to national security, one of which is hacking of information systems. Cyber attacks not only cause economic losses and disrupt public services, but also pose a serious threat to Indonesia's digital sovereignty. In this context, state intelligence has a strategic role as the front line in detecting, analyzing, and countering various forms of threats to the country's strategic information systems. However, strengthening the function of state intelligence in dealing with hacking crimes still faces various obstacles, ranging from regulatory aspects that are not yet adaptive, weak inter-agency coordination, to limitations in technology and human resources. This study aims to examine the extent of the effectiveness of strengthening state intelligence in countering information system hacking, as well as to formulate the urgency of updating national legal policies that support the formation of a strong, integrated, and professional cyber intelligence system. Using a normative legal research method supported by a conceptual and case approach, this study concludes that strengthening state intelligence requires regulatory reform, institutional integration, and investment in technology and human resources in order to maintain national sovereignty in the digital age.

Data communication and computer networking training at TCK Learning Centre Hong Kong is organized to address the need for increased technology literacy among Indonesian migrant workers in the face of digital globalization challenges. This activity is designed in a hybrid format (online and offline) with an approach that integrates theory and practical applications. The goal of this event is to enhance participants' understanding of basic networking concepts, technical skills in configuration and troubleshooting, as well as their analytical abilities in addressing data communication challenges. The implementation method includes material presentation, case studies, interactive discussions, and evaluation through questionnaires. The results of the activity show that the participants' understanding level is very good, with the majority stating that the material presented is easy to understand and of high quality. This activity is also in line with the targets of Sustainable Development Goals (SDG), namely quality education and decent work. This training not only empowers participants individually but also strengthens the image of TCK Learning Centre as a strategic partner in the development of a skilled ICT-based workforce.

The rapid development of information technology has had a significant impact on the pattern of collecting, processing, and storing personal data in the digital era. However, this progress is also accompanied by an increasing threat of cybercrime, one of which is phishing attacks. Phishing is a digital fraud mode that aims to obtain personal data illegally through social engineering and manipulation of electronic systems. This study aims to analyze the form of legal protection for phishing victims in the perspective of Law Number 27 of 2022 concerning Personal Data Protection (UU PDP). Using normative legal methods and conceptual approaches, this study examines the role of state authorities such as the National Cyber and Crypto Agency (BSSN) and the Directorate of Cyber Crime (Dittipidsiber) of the National Police Criminal Investigation Unit in the procedures for handling and prosecuting phishing. The results of the study show that although the PDP Law has provided a clear legal framework, its implementation still faces challenges in technical aspects, institutional coordination, and public digital literacy. Therefore, strong synergy is needed between regulation, supervision, and public education to realize effective and sustainable personal data protection in the digital era.

Misuse of accounts linked to telephone numbers has become a serious issue in the realm of cybercrime. This often happens when a user's telephone number is inactive or has entered a grace period, and is then resold by the provider to a third party. This creates an opening for hackers to access accounts associated with that number, including banking and e-commerce accounts. By utilizing the information obtained, hackers can carry out illegal transactions that harm genuine users. This article was created to analysis the mechanisms of abuse in the context of cybercrime, as well as the psychological and financial impacts experienced by victims. The results of this case analysis show that a lack of awareness of cyber security and personal data protection increases the risk of misuse, making it important for users to implement stricter security measures.

Exploitation is an activity carried out to gain benefits by harming others arbitrarily without responsibility. Exploitation is a threat in the field of Cyber Security that not only poses risks but also jeopardizes an individual's security and privacy. According to data from the Institute of Internal Auditors, financial losses due to cybercrime exploitation worldwide reached 8 trillion US dollars in 2023. In Cyber Security, one exploitation technique involves using Remote Access methods to take over access rights and enable remote system control. Based on this issue, the author conducts research on Remote Access using three different target models based on the Windows operating system. These three targets will demonstrate how vulnerabilities in an operating system can be exploited to gain Remote Access. The method for testing Remote Access involves identifying the vulnerabilities available in the target system. The study employs three techniques: exploiting the ms17-010 vulnerability, utilizing the SmbGhost vulnerability, and using a backdoor. The results show that all three approaches successfully penetrated the target system and made modifications.

The objective of this community service initiative is to enhance the awareness and competencies of village officials in Ngunut Village regarding cyber security threats. Through counseling and mentoring sessions, participants were educated on the principles of cyber security, the categories of cyber attacks, and the preventive measures that can be implemented. Evaluation findings demonstrated a substantial enhancement in participants' knowledge and attitudes towards cybersecurity. It is anticipated that this initiative will serve as a model for other villages, contributing to the development of secure and sustainable communities in the digital era.

This research aims to understand the impact of the integration between artificial intelligence (AI) technologies and cyber security on administrative decisions in three aspects: (1) decision-making speed, (2) decision accuracy, and (3) decision effectiveness. A sample of 150 employees was drawn, and a survey was used to gather the required information. Data analysis was conducted using the statistical program SPSS 25, employing various statistical methods such as mean, standard deviation, correlation coefficient, and simple linear regression. The research concluded with several findings, the most important being: The integration of AI technologies and cyber security leads to improved speed, accuracy, and effectiveness of administrative decisions, The researcher recommended that institutions adopt AI technologies to enhance their cyber security systems, particularly in areas like machine learning and big data analysis.

In the increasingly developing digital era, cyber law regulation has become a crucial element in maintaining security and order in cyberspace. Indonesia, as a country with rapid technological growth, faces major challenges in responding to global threats in the cyber sector. This study aims to analyze the readiness of cyber law regulation in Indonesia by comparing it to the regulations implemented in the European Union and the United States. A qualitative approach is used with descriptive and normative analysis methods to examine the applicable cyber law policies. The results of the study show that Indonesia still has many limitations in cyber law enforcement, especially in terms of data protection, cybercrime, and coordination mechanisms between related institutions. On the other hand, the European Union already has a comprehensive General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), while the United States applies a sectoral approach with different regulations in each field. This study suggests the need for regulatory reform that is more adaptive and responsive to global threats, as well as increased international cooperation in cyber law enforcement. Thus, Indonesia can be better prepared to face increasingly complex cyber challenges.

This study aims to address the challenges and propose solutions for the Optimization of Blockchain-Based Cybersecurity Systems to Enhance Resilience Against Ransomware Attacks using a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) approach. Blockchain is increasingly recognized as a transformative technology in cybersecurity due to its decentralized structure, transparency, and robustness in securing data. Despite these advantages, its widespread adoption is hindered by several challenges, including scalability, interoperability, high energy consumption, and limited access to representative ransomware datasets. This research highlights that integrating blockchain with advanced technologies such as data analytics, machine learning, and Explainable AI (XAI) can significantly enhance its effectiveness in combating ransomware.The findings reveal that Graph Convolutional Neural Networks (GCN) enable real-time detection of ransomware patterns in network traffic with an accuracy of up to 95%. Furthermore, Layer-2 solutions like the Lightning Network and sharding effectively alleviate the load on main blockchains, thereby increasing transaction throughput. Efficient consensus mechanisms, including Proof of Stake (PoS) and Delegated Proof of Stake (DPoS), address energy consumption issues, making blockchain more adaptable to IoT and resource-constrained environments. These approaches have proven successful in enabling early detection, mitigation, and prevention of ransomware in IoT systems, cloud infrastructures, and smart grid networks. The implications of this study underscore the potential of blockchain as a critical component of proactive and adaptive cybersecurity systems. However, overcoming existing challenges requires further development of hybrid frameworks that integrate blockchain with data analytics and machine learning technologies. In addition, efforts should focus on standardizing global security protocols to enhance interoperability and creating robust, diverse ransomware datasets to support more accurate detection systems. Future research should also explore methods to minimize latency and improve blockchain efficiency in real-time cybersecurity applications.

There are various types of cybersecurity threat in the globe, one of which is an insider threat. Because the current vulnerability generates an insider threat, SMEs suffer. In this situation, the company suffers a loss of profit and trust. Because of the speed and intensity of cybersecurity, particularly internal threats, SMEs must conduct regular vulnerability assessments. Insider threats to cyber security are a major issue in today's environment. Insider threats come in a variety of flavours, one of which is the unintended insider threat, or UIsT. This type of threat is a real one, and it is important to understand who and how they can become an insider threat.

This research explores the impact of digitalization on Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) using a systematic literature review (SLR) approach based on the PRISMA method. The data collection process began with the identification of relevant scientific articles using the keywords "digitalization," "MSMEs," and "digital transformation," through leading academic databases, such as Scopus, Google Scholar, and JSTOR. The initial search identified 278 articles, of which 35 met the predetermined inclusion criteria. A thorough analysis of these 35 articles revealed that digitalization plays a pivotal role in fostering innovation within the MSME sector, offering benefits such as enhanced operational efficiency, expanded market access, and strengthened social, economic, and environmental sustainability. However, the implementation of digitalization in MSMEs is encumbered by several challenges, including limited resources, uneven digital infrastructure, and cyber security threats. The study underscores the significance of the government's role in establishing regulatory frameworks, offering financial incentives, and fortifying infrastructure to facilitate the sustainable digital transformation of MSMEs. This research provides strategic insights for policymakers, practitioners, and academics, offering guidance on the successful adoption of digitalization in the MSME sector.

In the current digital era, cybersecurity of data and information systems. The threat of  attacks, or , is a form of threat that continues to grow along with advances in technology. This research aims to learn about cybersecurity strategies in dealing with . The method used in this research is a literature review. This journal was prepared based on an analysis of research results from various journals accessed through secondary data sources, namely the Google Scholar database, and e-resources from Springer, Cambridge, and Taylor and Francis. The research results show that implementing technology such as encryption, multifactor authentication, and user training, are some of the effective steps that have been proven to reduce risk. However, challenges in implementing this strategy remain, both from a technical and non-technical perspective, which require special attention from researchers and practitioners in the field of cyber security.

The advancement of digital technology has brought about significant progress across various sectors, while simultaneously introducing new risks, particularly in the realm of cybersecurity. Cybersecurity has become a critical concern for companies, including energy giants like Pertamina. In the context of Indonesia, adherence to cybersecurity within Pertamina must align with relevant legal frameworks, such as the 1945 Constitution (UUD 1945). This research aims to explore optimal approaches to implementing cybersecurity within Pertamina, with a focus on the legal underpinnings of the 1945 Constitution. Key attention is directed towards Article 27, paragraph (3) of the Constitution, which guarantees universal access to education, including information security training for employees—a crucial element in thwarting cyber threats. Furthermore, Article 28, paragraph (1) of the 1945 Constitution, safeguarding freedom of association, can be interpreted to endorse collaboration between Pertamina and external entities, like cybersecurity institutions and regulatory bodies, to bolster cyber defense capabilities. Integration of cutting-edge security technology is paramount, aligning with the principles outlined in Article 33, paragraph (2) of the 1945 Constitution, emphasizing the preservation of natural resources. This extends to safeguarding Pertamina's data and digital infrastructure through measures like encryption technology, robust network security protocols, and effective intrusion detection systems. By heeding the legal foundations provided by the 1945 Constitution, the implementation of cybersecurity at Pertamina must be comprehensive, encompassing employee education, technological upgrades, and collaborative efforts with external stakeholders. Such measures aim to mitigate cyber risks, safeguard operational interests, and shield sensitive information from evolving threats in today's digital landscape. Additionally, Law Number 11 of 2008 plays a crucial role in governing information technology and electronic transactions in Indonesia. This legislation grants legal validity to electronic documents, signatures, and transactions, while also ensuring information security and user privacy. It imposes criminal penalties for illicit activities in the realm of information technology, fostering a secure environment for electronic transactions and upholding user rights in the digital age.

In an era of rapid digital transformation, Indonesia faces major challenges in ensuring security, privacy and compliance are maintained. With increasing cyber threats in the country, BSSN and the Government must be more careful about potential large-scale security breaches and must prioritize building strong defense mechanisms to protect Indonesia's digital assets. Therefore, Cyber Security is the main pillar for the progress and sustainability of Indonesia's digital transformation. Then, legal provisions were issued in the form of Criminal Code Legislation and ITE Law no. 11 of 2008. The research method used in writing this article uses a qualitative method with a literature study approach. This research aims to provide an explanation regarding the compilation of national values originating from the 1945 Indonesian Constitution (UUD 1945) and the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia (NKRI) regarding security management. Specifically, this research examines the role of security management in dealing with cybercrime and strengthening digital defenses. It is hoped that the results of this research can be used as a reference for further research in increasing readers' insight and knowledge regarding the theme of this article.

In the constantly advancing era of digitalisation, ensuring cyber security has become essential in preserving the integrity, confidentiality, and accessibility of organisational data. The primary focus of this research is to emphasise the importance of cybersecurity awareness in safeguarding systems and information. The 1945 Constitution serves as the primary governing document for the government and legal system. The 1945 Constitution enacts legislation that ensures freedom of expression, a pertinent principle in cyber security. This research aimed to examine the role of security management in enhancing cyber security by applying principles in accordance with the 1945 Constitution. This research identified the factors affecting cyber security awareness and proposed strategies to enhance user awareness through a comprehensive literature review and examined recent findings. Security management is essential for guaranteeing the security of IT systems and infrastructure. Based on a literature review, this study determined the role of security management in assisting organisations in identifying, managing, and addressing security threats effectively. In addition, the hypothesised findings concluded that advancing cyber security in Indonesia is a fundamental aspect of state sovereignty, as stated in the 1945 Constitution and the principle of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia (NKRI). These findings demonstrated the significance of comprehending cyber security for users and organisations and the necessity of international cooperation in the realm of national security in cyber. By gaining a more comprehensive comprehension of the function of security management, it is anticipated that organisations can enhance security protocols and mitigate security vulnerabilities as they confront the challenges of the present digital age.