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This study analyzes junior high school students' errors in solving mathematics problems involving integers. This study was conducted through a systematic literature review of 12 related research articles published between 2021 and 2026. The analysis shows that students' errors in integers include contextual, procedural, and technical (calculation) errors. The most common conceptualization errors were found in the understanding of positive and negative signs and the rules for mixed operations. The main causes of errors are a lack of in-depth conceptual understanding, the habit of memorizing without understanding, and a lack of practice using concrete media. Internal factors such as learning motivation and external factors such as learning methods and media also contribute. This study recommends that the mathematics learning process emphasize meaningful conceptual understanding, the use of concrete media, and learning strategies that engage students' mathematical connection skills. Thus, difficulties in learning integers can be minimized sustainably.

The syntax is a grammar that can decipher the relationship of language elements to form sentences. The function of syntax is as a container in a syntactic structure that contains certain categories. It can be called subject (S), Predicate (P), Object (O), Complement (COMP), and Adverb (ADV). Phrase analysis in short story texts in Indonesian language books for fourth-grade elementary school independence curriculum. This analysis is a qualitative descriptive analysis of the short story text in the Indonesian language book for the fourth grade of the Independent Curriculum. Phrases are syntactic units cobining of two or more words and do not have clauses that occupy one function. Many do not understand how to divide groups of phrases and the causes of errors. Therefore, this research to classify phrases based on their types, and the causes of phrase errors in short stories texts in Indonesian language books for fourth-grade elementary school independence curriculum. Listening and then recording is a technique that can be done when data collection. The results of this study indicate that there are noun phrases, verb phrases, adjective phrases, numeral phrases, and errors in the use of phrases in short stories sentences. This analysis is expected to better understand and be able to develop the use of phrases in short stories.

The purpose of this research is : (1) to describes the error of Indonesian language in exposition text by the students at class X, (2) causes of error, and (3) the effort which is done by the teacher and student to solve the error. This research is a qualitative descriptive research with a sample student text SMAIT Ummul Quro Bogor kelas X IPA 1  dan X IPA 3. The sampling technique used was purposive sampling. Data collection techniques used were in-depth interviews and document analysis. Data analysis technique used is the interactive analytical model that includes four components, namely data collection, data reduction, data presentation, and verification. The conclusions of this study are as follows. Firstly, the linguistic elements of language errors that often occur in the student text is divided into four errors : spelling error, diction, sentence, and paragraph. Secondly, language errors that often occur in a student text exposition caused by several factors, among others: is inadequate of language mastery, lack of examples by the teachers, the influence of foreign language, lack of writing peactice, and lack of writing time. Thirdly, the efforts have been made to minimize errors include: improving students' language mastery, having more practices in writing, implementing appropriate correction technique, and implementing a process approach to teaching writing.