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Tax avoidance practices remain a crucial issue due to their potential to erode state revenue and hinder national development financing. This study aims to analyze and evaluate the effect of fixed capital intensity, Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) performance, and political connections on tax avoidance practices. The research method used is quantitative with a panel data analysis approach under the selected Random Effect Model (REM) estimation. The research population covers all companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) for the 2023–2024 period. Through the purposive sampling method, a final sample of 259 companies was obtained, resulting in 518 observation data over two years. The partial empirical results demonstrate that fixed capital intensity has a significant negative effect on tax avoidance. Conversely, both ESG performance and political connections are proven to have a significant positive effect on tax avoidance. Simultaneously, the three independent variables significantly influence corporate tax avoidance actions, contributing an Adjusted R-squared value of 10.43%. The practical implication of this study emphasizes the urgent need for tax authorities to increase oversight on companies indicated to be utilizing ESG reporting as a greenwashing strategy or leveraging political protection to avoid taxes. For corporate management, these findings serve as an evaluation to align sustainability commitments with ethical fiscal compliance.

This study aims to examine the influence of capital intensity,  Return on Assets (ROA), liquidity, and company size on the Cash Effective Tax Rate (CETR) as a proxy for tax avoidance in energy sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for the 2020–2024 period. This study uses a quantitative approach with secondary data in the form of annual financial statements. The sample was determined using a purposive sampling technique and obtained 16 companies during five years of observation, resulting in 80 observation data. Data analysis was carried out using multiple linear regression with the help of SPSS 29 software. The analysis stage began with a classical assumption test, then continued with multiple linear regression analysis, as well as hypothesis testing. The results showed that partially capital intensity and ROA had a significant effect on CETR, while liquidity and company size had no significant effect on CETR. Simultaneously, all independent variables had a significant effect on CETR, with a determination coefficient value of 25%.

This study is based on the increasingly rapid development of the knowledge-based economy, where human capital is now regarded as one of the important assets in creating a company’s competitive advantage, especially in the energy and oil and gas sectors in Indonesia. This study aims to determine the effect of human capital and labor intensity on corporate financial performance, which is proxied by Return on Assets (ROA) during the 2021–2024 period. The research method used is a quantitative approach with multiple linear regression analysis. The research data were obtained from sample companies selected using a purposive sampling technique. The results of the study show that human capital, proxied by Value Added Human Capital (VAHU), has a positive and significant effect on corporate financial performance. These findings indicate that good human resource management is capable of increasing the company’s profitability level. On the other hand, labor intensity is proven to have a negative and significant effect on financial performance. This indicates that a high level of company dependence on labor, without being balanced by operational efficiency, can reduce the company’s ability to generate profits. In addition, simultaneously both variables are able to explain 74.5% of the variation in Return on Assets (ROA), so it can be concluded that human capital and labor intensity have a considerable contribution to corporate financial performance. Based on these results, companies need to prioritize improving the quality and competence of the workforce rather than merely focusing on increasing the number of employees. This step is important to maintain the stability of corporate financial performance in the post-pandemic era. In addition, companies also need to effectively control labor costs so that a decline in net profit margins can be avoided.

This study aims to examine the factors influencing tax avoidance, with debt (leverage) acting as a mediating variable. The independent variables include internal audit compliance, sales level, capital intensity, firm political connections, and corporate social responsibility (CSR). The sample consists of 306 manufacturing firms from the consumer goods, basic materials, and industrial sub-sectors listed on the Indonesian Stock Exchange during the 2019–2021 period, selected using purposive sampling.The study employs multiple linear regression and robust regression to compare results across each year of observation. The findings indicate that capital intensity and political connections of the board of directors have a significant effect on tax avoidance, particularly when leverage (Debt to Asset Ratio) serves as a mediating variable. This suggests that firms with high capital intensity and strong political connections tend to use debt strategically to reduce their tax burden. In contrast, internal audit compliance, political connections of the board of commissioners, and sales levels do not show a significant impact on tax avoidance under either regression method. Overall, the results highlight the importance of monitoring leverage usage and political connections to prevent excessive tax avoidance practices.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of liquidity, asset efficiency, and capital structure on profitability in pharmaceutical manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange, using Return on Invested Capital (ROIC) as an investment-based profitability indicator. This research employs secondary data from the annual financial statements of pharmaceutical manufacturing companies over a specific period, with multiple linear regression analysis and robust models to ensure model feasibility. The results indicate that liquidity has no effect on profitability. Asset efficiency has a significant negative effect, reflecting the characteristics of the pharmaceutical industry with its high asset intensity. Capital structure has a significant positive effect on profitability, suggesting that measured use of debt can enhance the company’s return on investment. These findings provide theoretical contributions by enriching the literature on investment-based profitability determinants and practical implications for corporate management, investors, and stakeholders in understanding internal factors that influence the financial performance of pharmaceutical companies in Indonesia.

State finances rely heavily on tax revenues, yet tax avoidance remains a persistent obstacle that can reduce government income. This practice is commonly associated with internal corporate conditions. Therefore, this research examines how profitability, leverage, firm size, and capital intensity relate to tax avoidance behavior. Employing a descriptive design with a Systematic Literature Review (SLR), the study evaluates ten empirical articles published between 2021 and 2025 in Sinta and Scopus indexed journals. The analysis indicates that the influence of these internal factors varies across studies. Profitability and leverage demonstrate contradictory effects, as strong earnings and higher debt may stimulate aggressive tax planning through tax shields, but may also restrain avoidance to preserve corporate image. Firm size likewise presents inconsistent results due to regulatory and public attention. In contrast, capital intensity generally shows minimal influence because investments in fixed assets are directed toward operational efficiency. These findings provide valuable considerations for policymakers to strengthen tax deduction regulations and encourage responsible corporate tax compliance.

Tobacco is a leading commodity that forms the foundation of the rural economy, but its cultivation faces challenges in the form of labour intensity, significant capital requirements, and farmers' lack of understanding of systematic cost structures. This study aims to analyse the production cost structure and evaluate the economic efficiency of tobacco farming managed by the Batu Daun Farmer Group in Batuan Village, Sumenep Regency. The research method used a qualitative descriptive approach with data collection through in-depth interviews with the head of the farmer group, field observations, and analysis of financial documents as secondary data. The analysis focused on identifying fixed and variable costs, as well as evaluating economic performance using the Break Even Point (BEP) and Revenue-Cost Ratio (R/C) indicators. The results showed that the total production cost was IDR 28,597,500 (fixed costs of IDR 3,450,000 and variable costs of IDR 25,147,500) for the production of 2,800 kg of tobacco with a gross income of IDR 70,000,000. The R/C ratio value of 2.44 (>1) indicates that the business is operating efficiently and profitably, while the BEP of 215.4 kg shows that actual production far exceeds the break-even point, meaning that the business is in an economically safe zone. The results of the study conclude that the tobacco farming business of the Batu Daun Farmer Group is economically viable and efficient.

Company value is an important indicator that reflects company performance and investor perceptions of future business prospects and sustainability. Various strategic decisions made by management, such as capital intensity management, investment decisions, and tax aggressiveness policies, play a significant role in shaping company value. This study aims to examine and analyze the effect of capital intensity, investment decisions, and tax aggressiveness on company value through a literature review approach. The method used is a literature review by examining various relevant national and international scientific articles obtained from academic databases such as Google Scholar, Publish or Perish, and SINTA. The results of the study show that capital intensity has a positive effect on company value because it reflects long-term production capacity and operational efficiency. Investment decisions have also been proven to have a positive effect on company value because they signal management's optimism about future growth prospects. Meanwhile, tax aggressiveness can increase company value through tax savings and increased cash flow, but it has the potential to cause reputational and governance risks if done excessively. Overall, the reviewed literature shows that these three variables have an impact on company value, with the caveat that optimal and transparent management is necessary. This study is expected to serve as a reference for further research and as a consideration for company management and investors in making strategic decisions.

This study aims to analyze the role of financial factors in encouraging corporate tax aggressiveness using a literature review approach. Taxes are a major source of government revenue, making tax aggressiveness an important issue in accounting and taxation research. This study applies the Systematic Literature review (SLR) method by examining previous studies related to leverage, capital intensity, and profitability in influencing tax aggressiveness. Data were obtained from scientific articles indexed in academic databases such as Sinta 2 and Scopus published between 2020 and 2024. The results show that leverage in several studies has a positive effect on tax aggressiveness because interest expenses can reduce taxable income. Capital intensity shows mixed findings, including positive, negative, and insignificant effects on tax aggressiveness. Profitability also presents inconsistent results across studies. Overall, financial factors have varying roles in influencing corporate tax aggressiveness, and factors such as leverage, capital intensity, and profitability play a very important role in determining how much a company engages in tax avoidance practices.

Unemployment is a socio-economic problem that can threaten the stability of the Indonesian economy. This study analyzes the effect of minimum wages, exports, foreign investment, and the human development index (HDI) on the unemployment raefrom 1990 to 2023. Using the Ordinary Least Square (OLS) multiple linear regression estimation method, to correct bias in the estimation, the Newey-West HAC standard errors approach is used. Minimum wages and foreign investment have a significant negative effect on the open unemployment rate, confirming that wage increases can boost productivity, foreign investment creates direct jobs through the construction of production facilities and economic multiplier effects in supporting sectors. The most surprising finding of the HDI which has a positive effect and exports which are proven to be insignificant on the unemployment rate, this shows that human capital formation is not in line with existing job opportunities due to rapid technological changes, as well as export-increasing policies which focus more on capital intensity. The study provides important implications for policymakers, maintaining and optimizing minimum wage increases and foreign investment in a measurable manner because they have proven effective in reducing unemployment rates. Reorienting export strategies policy from capital-intensive to labor-intensive, increasing the human development index adjusted to technological developments, especially in the business and industrial world.