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This study examines the use of dysphemistic language in selected songs from Sabrina Carpenter’s Man’s Best Friend album. The research aims to identify the dysphemistic expressions found in the lyrics and to analyze how these expressions are linguistically constructed to convey emotional intensity and communicative meaning. The study applies a qualitative descriptive approach. The data consist of dysphemistic expressions collected from the selected song lyrics and classified according to the dysphemism categories proposed by Keith Allan and Kate Burridge. The analysis focuses on identifying the types of dysphemism and examining their function as a language strategy within the lyrical context. The findings indicate that dysphemistic expressions appear consistently in the lyrics and contribute to the expression of emotional tension and interpersonal conflict. These expressions also function as a stylistic device that shapes the tone and communicative impact of the songs. The study highlights the role of dysphemistic language as part of the expressive and stylistic resources used in contemporary pop music lyrics.

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a structural or functional abnormality of the kidneys that lasts ≥3 months with the criteria of eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m² or the presence of kidney damage such as albuminuria and urinary abnormalities (Kidney International, 2024). CKD patients, especially those treated in intensive care units, often experience gastrointestinal disorders such as increased volume of gastric residues. Giving enteral nutrition to patients with NGT can increase the volume of gastric residue which is at risk of causing complications. One of the non-pharmacological interventions that can be carried out is abdominal massage, which is a light massage technique in the abdominal area that can stimulate intestinal peristalsis and improve gastrointestinal motility. The purpose of this case study was to determine the effect of  giving abdominal massage on reducing the volume of gastric residue in CKD patients in the ICU. This scientific paper uses a case study design using abdominal mass therapy. The number of respondents was 3 people, the intervention was carried out for 3 days with a time of 10-15 minutes. The application of abdominal massage therapy in the three respondents showed a decrease in the volume of gastric residue after admixture was carried out  for three consecutive days with an average decrease in the volume of gastric residue, which was 50 cc - 75 cc. Abdominal massage is a safe and effective nonpharmacological nursing intervention to help reduce gastric residue volume and support enteral nutrient tolerance in CKD patients in the ICU.

This study examines the negotiation of self-loss through the denial defence mechanism in Rosé’s album Rosie (2024) using a Freudian psychoanalytic approach. Popular music is positioned as a cultural text that articulates psychological conflict and emotional vulnerability, particularly within toxic romantic relationships. Employing qualitative textual analysis and close reading, this research focuses on three selected songs namely Number One Girl, Toxic Till the End, and Stay a Little Longer to explore how denial operates as an ego defence in managing emotional pain and relational trauma. The findings reveal that denial functions through three interrelated forms: affective denial, cognitive denial, and symbolic denial. Rather than serving merely as a temporary protective mechanism, denial operates continuously to sustain emotional attachment, delay confrontation with loss, and gradually erode the subject’s autonomy and identity. This process results in a negotiated form of self-loss, in which the subject remains psychologically functional while experiencing progressive fragmentation of the self. By reading the album as a coherent psychological narrative rather than isolated songs, this study contributes a novel conceptual framework for understanding the dynamics of self-loss and denial in popular music, while extending psychoanalytic approaches to the analysis of contemporary female musical texts and affective trauma.

Nephrotic syndrome (NS) is a kidney disorder characterized by massive proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, edema, and hypercholesterolemia, most commonly occurring in children. This disease can be caused by various conditions, such as minimal change disease, FSGS, or lupus nephritis. This case report discusses a 16-year-old boy who experienced nephrotic syndrome with symptoms of swelling throughout his body, accompanied by decreased appetite and a productive cough. The patient presented with complaints of swelling throughout his body that began 7 days after hospitalization and was accompanied by coughing and shortness of breath. A physical examination revealed massive edema, abdominal hypertympany, and shifting dullness. Laboratory tests revealed proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, and decreased serum albumin. Other supporting tests confirmed nephrotic syndrome. The patient received medication therapy including diuretics, corticosteroids in the form of methylprednisolone, and albumin. Nephrotic syndrome in children can develop gradually and requires management that includes steroids, diuretics, and close monitoring of kidney function and electrolytes. Early detection and appropriate treatment can help improve the patient's prognosis.

One of the various salted egg products with smoking methods is smoked salted eggs which have a distinctive aroma and taste. This study aims to determine the effect of smoking and storage time  and its  interaction on  smoked salted  eggs  with on  physical  and  chemical  properties, total microbes as well. This research is experimental by using ducks eggs and a mixture of coconut shells and fibers, and rice husks as smoke fuel. The experimental design used is Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with a 3x5 factorial pattern. As the first factor (P) is the smoking time which consists of P0= 0 hours, P1= 12 hours, P2= 15 hours while the second factor (H) is the storage time which consists of H0= 0 days, H1=7 days, H2= 14 days, H3= 21 days, and H4= 28 days. The variables observed were egg weight, albumen and yolk pH, moisture content, protein, and total microbial colony of smoked salted eggs. The results of the study were that the smoking time of 15 hours resulted in the lowest weight of smoked salted eggs (56.13g), while the storage time decreased the pH of albumen. Smoked salted duck eggs have a moisture content of 58.435-67.149%. The length of smoking increases the protein level. Salted duck eggs with a smoking time of 15 hours have the highest protein content, which is 15.39%. however, the duration of smoking and storage did not affect the total microbes of smoked salted eggs and there was no interaction between the duration of smoking and the duration of storage on the physical, chemical and total microbial properties.

This study examines the words structure of two selected songs, “Kekal” and “Di Akhir Perang”, from Nadin Amizah’s album Untuk Dunia, Cinta, dan Kotornya, with a focus on identifying and interpreting the functions of open class words and closed class words within the lyrical composition. The background of this research lies in the growing interest in understanding how contemporary Indonesian songwriters construct meaning through linguistic choices that contribute to the emotional depth of their works. The objective of this study is to analyze how open class words such as nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs contribute to semantic imagery, while closed class words such as pronouns, conjunctions, prepositions, and aspects establish grammatical cohesion and narrative continuity. Using qualitative descriptive methods, the lyrics were segmented, categorized, and interpreted based on linguistic theory to reveal the semantic and grammatical roles of each word class. The findings show that open class words dominate the emotional and metaphorical landscape of the songs, functioning as carriers of imagery, personal vulnerability, and symbolic representation of healing, love, and existential reflection. Meanwhile, closed class words serve as structural anchors that link ideas, mark relationships between clauses, and maintain narrative fluidity, particularly in expressing inner conflict and the resolution of emotional war depicted in the lyrics. The study concludes that Nadin Amizah’s lyricism is not only aesthetically expressive but also linguistically strategic, revealing a deliberate interplay between lexical creativity and grammatical precision. These findings imply that linguistic analysis can enrich the appreciation of contemporary Indonesian music and open new perspectives for future studies in stylistics, discourse analysis, and cultural semantics.

The presence of Albumin, Microalbumin and Alpha-Feto Protein increase activity in third trimester. The aims of this study is to determine the Implication of Albumin, Microalbumin and Alpha-Feto Protein Variation in preeclamptic pregnant women in the third trimester of pregnancy. Forty (40) consenting pregnant women were recruited from St. Philomina Catholic Hospital, Edo State, Nigeria. Blood samples was spun in a bucket centrifuge at 2500 RPM (rounds per minute) for 10 minutes after which plasma was collected  and stored frozen in plain sample bottles and was analyzed for liver enzymes (albumin, Microalbumin and Alpha-fetoprotein) levels  by fluorescence immunoassay  method. . Data obtained from this study were analysed using Graph Pad Prism 9. Results generated were expressed as mean ± SEM and a P-value of ≤ 0.05 were considered statistically significant. The present study showed that there was statistically significant increase in Albumin, Micro albumin were observed in preeclamptic women compared to normotensive pregnant women, indicating various underlying pathophysiological processes such as liver dysfunction. These findings suggest albumin and Micro albumin are implicated as potential biomarkers in identifying and monitoring preeclampsia. However, levels of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) did not show significant differences between preeclamptic and normotensive women.

Liver cirrhosis is a chronic disease characterized by progressive fibrosis, altered liver architecture, and the formation of regenerative nodules. Although it develops slowly, cirrhosis often leads to serious complications such as ascites, variceal bleeding, jaundice, and hepatic encephalopathy. According to the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019, cirrhosis is among the leading causes of death worldwide, with more than 1.4 million deaths annually. In Indonesia, the prevalence of cirrhosis is reported at 0.4% (Riskesdas, 2021) and shows an increasing trend over the years. This case study aims to describe the application of comprehensive nursing care in a patient diagnosed with liver cirrhosis using the nursing process approach. The research design was a case study conducted on Mr. R, who was admitted to Dahlia Ward at RSUD dr. Soeselo, Tegal. Data collection was carried out through interviews, observations, physical examinations, and medical record reviews. The results revealed that the main nursing problems identified were ineffective peripheral perfusion, ineffective breathing pattern, and knowledge deficit. Nursing interventions provided included positioning the patient in semi-fowler, monitoring vital signs, educating the patient about low-sodium diet and fluid restriction, and collaborating in the administration of diuretics and albumin. After three days of nursing care, the evaluation indicated clinical improvement, evidenced by reduced edema, decreased shortness of breath, and increased patient understanding of his disease and treatment plan. In conclusion, nursing care with a comprehensive process approach has a significant positive impact on the condition of patients with liver cirrhosis. Nurses play an essential role in assessment, planning, implementation, evaluation, and providing health education to prevent complications and improve patients’ quality of life.

This study aims to identify and analyze the types of figurative language found in the song lyrics of Boygenius’s album “The Record.” The research specifically seeks to determine the various figurative language devices present in selected tracks and to interpret the meanings behind these expressions using Leech’s theory of meaning. By focusing on figurative language, the study aims to enhance the understanding of how artistic language in indie music conveys complex emotions and themes, enriching both literary appreciation and linguistic analysis. The data source for this research consists of the lyrics from four selected songs: “Emily I’m Sorry,” “True Blue,” “Cool About It,” and “Not Strong Enough” from Boygenius’s album “The Record.” Data collection was conducted through an observation and note-taking technique: the researcher listened to the songs on Spotify and obtained the lyrics from www.genius.com. The method of analysis employed a descriptive qualitative approach, with the researcher identifying and categorizing instances of figurative language in the lyrics. The study was guided by the framework of Knickerbocker and Reninger for figurative language types and Leech’s theory for interpreting the meanings, which include conceptual, connotative, social, affective, reflected, collocative, and thematic meanings. The study's results revealed a total of 36 instances of figurative language across the selected songs, encompassing similes, metaphors, personification, synecdoche, metonymy, hyperbole, irony, and paradox. Of these, 36 examples were analyzed in detail to explore their meanings. The findings demonstrate that Boygenius’s lyrics utilize a diverse range of figurative language,

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a major global health issue that can lead to serious complications and long-term medical care. This study aims to identify key clinical factors associated with CKD status using binary logistic regression analysis. The dataset, obtained from Kaggle, contains 400 patient records with various clinical and demographic attributes. The dependent variable is CKD status (positive or negative), while the independent variables include age, blood pressure, hemoglobin level, urine albumin level, and serum creatinine. Initial analysis involved descriptive statistics and multicollinearity checks, followed by model estimation and evaluation using likelihood ratio and Wald tests. The final model identified four significant predictors: blood pressure, hemoglobin, urine albumin, and serum creatinine. The model achieved a high classification accuracy of 95.50% and an Area Under the ROC Curve (AUC) of 98.78%, indicating excellent predictive performance. These results highlight the importance of these clinical indicators in early CKD detection and support their use in risk assessment models for kidney disease screening Keywords: Chronic Kidney Disease, Binary Logistic Regression, Likelihood Ratio Test, Wald Test, Classification Accuracy

This research is carried out to study the types and meanings of compound words found in Kendrick Lamar’s song lyrics on the GNX album. The main goal is to identify how the compound words are formed and to understand their meanings. This study uses a qualitative descriptive method. The theory from McCarthy (2002) is used to group the compound words into three types: noun compounds, verb compounds, and adjective compounds. To analyze the meanings, the study uses Booij’s (2007) theory, which explains two kinds of meaning in compounds: endocentric and exocentric. The data for this research are taken from all twelve songs on the album. The results show that the lyrics include all three types of compound words. The meanings found in the compounds include both endocentric and exocentric types. These findings are explained using simple written descriptions to give a clear understanding of the compounds found in the lyrics. The analysis shows that the lyrics contain many uncommon compound words, which shows the use of creative and modern language.

The undergraduate thesis entitled “Conceptual Metaphors in the Album Folklore by Taylor Swift” aims to analyze the conceptual metaphors in the Folklore album and analyze what are the meanings of the conceptual metaphors found. Metaphors are widely used in human life to create easier understanding of the form of communication. Metaphors are not merely ornamentals but they also take the roles of fundamental cognitive tools that develop how human beings understand and explore the world. This study was conducted by using a qualitative method. The Album Folklore was used as the data source. The data were collected using documentation technique analyzed through a descriptive-qualitative approach. The theory used for this study was Conceptual Metaphor Theory by George Lakoff and Mark Johnson. The findings show that there are three types of conceptual metaphor in the album. Firstly, five structural metaphors were found in the album specifically in the songs namely “The Last Great American Dynasty”, “Mirrorball”, “This Is Me Trying”, “Illicit Affair”, and “Betty”. Secondly, five orientational metaphors were found in the album, specifically in the songs namely “Cardigan”, “The Last Great American Dynasty”, “Exile ft. Bon Iver”, and “Epiphany”. Thirdly, five ontological metaphors were found in the album specifically in the songs namely “Cardigan”, “The Last Great American Dynasty”, “Exile. Ft. Bon Iver”, “Mirrorball”, and “Invisible String”.    

Raprock United Bali is an important music community that plays a significant role in preserving and promoting the rap rock genre in Bali. Since its formation in 2015, this community has served as a platform for musicians and rap rock enthusiasts to create, collaborate, and maintain the genre's presence amid shifting musical preferences within society. This study aims to analyze the role of Raprock United Bali within the cultural, social, economic, educational, and legal ecosystems, as well as the community's strategies for addressing various challenges. Using a descriptive qualitative method, data was collected through interviews with community members and literature analysis. The research findings indicate that Raprock United Bali has a strong cultural ecosystem through regular activities such as RAPROCK NIGHT and the production of the compilation album “ROKIN RAPROCK,” supported by local sponsors. In the social ecosystem, this community strengthens solidarity among members and builds connections with audiences through music events that also impact the local economy. Additionally, the community contributes to knowledge transfer and musical skill development, making it an informal educational platform for its members. Awareness of copyright protection and licensing regulations is also a crucial aspect of the community's legal sustainability. In conclusion, Raprock United Bali is not only a driving force in the music scene but also creates a significant impact on Bali's cultural ecosystem and society, making it an inspiring model for other art communities in Indonesia.

This research explores the use of conceptual metaphors in Taylor Swift’s album The Tortured Poets Department, focusing on how metaphorical language is used to express emotional depth and personal experiences. Applying Conceptual Metaphor Theory by Lakoff and Johnson (1980), the study classifies metaphorical expressions into three types: structural, orientational, and ontological. Using a descriptive qualitative approach, data were collected from the official lyrics of 16 songs in the album. The analysis shows that conceptual metaphors are employed consistently to depict abstract ideas such as heartbreak, vulnerability, self-perception, and emotional transformation. Structural metaphors are used to map personal experiences through familiar frameworks, orientational metaphors describe emotional states using spatial direction, and ontological metaphors give physical form to intangible feelings. Through metaphor, Swift constructs vivid imagery that allows listeners to relate to complex emotions in a concrete and meaningful way.  

This study explores the use of referential expressions in six selected songs from NIKI Zefanya’s 2024 album Buzz. Using a qualitative descriptive method and Halliday and Hasan’s theory of reference, the research aims to identify the types of referential expressions used in the lyrics and analyze their contribution to meaning and emotional impact. The findings reveal a total of 74 referential expressions, consisting of 53 personal references, 9 demonstrative references, and 12 comparative references. Personal references, such as I, you, and my, are the most dominant and function to express intimacy, personal emotion, and connection with the listener. Demonstrative references, like this and that, help point to emotional states or symbolic meanings. Comparative references, including like, better, and too much, are used to express metaphor, contrast, or emotional intensity. The study concludes that referential expressions not only serve grammatical functions but also shape how meaning is constructed in song lyrics. These expressions enhance narrative clarity, emotional depth, and listener engagement, showing that even small linguistic choices can have a strong impact on how music is experienced and understood.

This study explores how love metaphors are expressed in three selected songs: Guilty as Sin, The Alchemy, and But Daddy I Love Him, from Taylor Swift's The Tortured Poets Department album. Language plays a crucial role in conveying abstract emotions like love, and metaphor is a powerful tool for articulating complex feelings in song lyrics. Using a qualitative-descriptive approach, the research analyzes the lyrics through Lakoff and Johnson’s conceptual metaphor theory, categorizing metaphors into structural, ontological, and orientational types. Data were collected by closely reading the lyrics and noting metaphorical expressions, which were then interpreted within their emotional and thematic contexts. The findings reveal that ontological and structural metaphors dominate, portraying love as poetic storytelling and an evolving emotional journey, while no orientational metaphors were identified. This study highlights how Taylor Swift employs metaphorical language to capture the multifaceted nature of love, heartbreak, and personal transformation, demonstrating the significant role of metaphor in shaping emotional meaning in contemporary popular music.    

This study describes the morpho-stylistic and the semantic-stylistic features used in the top four songs of Arctic Monkeys’ AM album, namely, “I Wanna Be Yours,” “Do I Wanna Know?”, “Why’d You Only Call Me When You’re High?” and “No. 1 Party Anthem.” This research conducted using a qualitative descriptive method derived from the linguistic deviation theory by Leech analyses of the lyrical texts for their morphological and semantic deviations like informal contractions, neologism, objectification, metaphors and irony. Taking language out of the box, the findings show that Arctic Monkeys have consistently broken linguistic norms in order to produce emotionality, stylistic nuance and lyrical uniqueness. These deviations greatly enhance the band’s lyrical identity of poetic and aesthetic qualities.

This study aims to analyze the syntactic structure in Rony Parulian's song lyrics on the album "Rahasia Pertama", focusing on seven types of phrases, namely nominal phrases, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, numerals, prepositions, and conjunctions. The method used is a descriptive qualitative approach with text analysis techniques to identify and classify phrases based on their syntactic forms and functions. The results of the study show that all types of phrases are found in song lyrics and have functions as subjects, predicates, objects, complements, and adverbs. The use of phrases not only builds grammatical sentence structures, but also strengthens the emotional, aesthetic, and expressive meanings in the lyrics. These findings confirm that the power of language in songs lies in the syntactic structure that is able to convey messages deeply and poetically.

This study aims to analyze the pragmatic functions of deixis in six selected songs from Ariana Grande’s Eternal Sunshine album. Using Levinson’s (1983) theory of deixis, the study identifies and classifies five types of deictic expressions: person, time, place, discourse, and social deixis. The study employs a descriptive qualitative method and uses documentation as its main data collection technique. A total of 306  deixis  were found: 228 person  deixis, 33 time deixis, 16  place deixis, 19 discourse deixis, and 11  social deixis. The dominant use of person  deixis demonstrates the strong self-expression and emotional engagement of the singer.  Time and discourse deixis help shape the emotional timeline of the narrative, while  place  and social deixis reflect interpersonal distance and roles. The findings reveal that deixis functions not only to maintain textual cohesion but also as a pragmatic tool to construct intimacy, express identity, and evoke emotional resonance in the lyrics.

This study analyzes the use of conceptual metaphors representing the grieving process in Taylor Swift's album "Folklore" through the lens of Kübler-Ross's five stages of grief. The method employed is a qualitative descriptive approach, with data collection conducted through the analysis of song lyrics obtained from physical albums and digital music platforms. The research instrument consists of a guideline for identifying and categorizing metaphors related to the theme of grief. The data analysis procedure includes in-depth reading to identify metaphors, which are then categorized according to the stages of grief. The findings indicate that each song in the album reflects various aspects of denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance, providing a profound understanding of the grieving experience. This research demonstrates that metaphors in the lyrics serve not only as artistic expression but also as a means to comprehend the psychological processes individuals undergo. The study recommends further analysis of other albums with similar themes to enrich the understanding of the emotional impact of song lyrics