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Global trade has long been promoted as a driver of economic growth and international cooperation. The World Trade Organization (WTO), established to ensure fairness and stability in global trade, plays a central role in shaping trade relations among nations. However, concerns persist regarding its impact on developing countries. This study aims to examine how WTO policies influence economic inequality and structural dependency in developing economies. Using a qualitative research approach, this article integrates legal and economic perspectives to analyze relevant literature and assess the WTO's institutional mechanisms. The findings reveal that, although the WTO seeks to promote equitable trade, its policies tend to favor developed countries through liberalization and intellectual property regimes that restrict policy flexibility in developing nations. These mechanisms reinforce technological dependency, reduce competitiveness, and perpetuate unequal participation in global markets. The study concludes that without institutional reform, the WTO framework will continue to sustain global trade imbalances. This article proposes alternative solutions, including enhancing regional and South–South trade cooperation, promoting fair technology transfer, and reforming the WTO's decision-making structures. These measures could foster a more inclusive and balanced trading system that supports sustainable development in the Global South.

Right now, the utilization of data and correspondence innovation fundamentally affects different business areas, including producing. One arising idea is e-business, otherwise called electronic business. This idea underlines data exchanging and paperless exchanges through different innovations like Electronic Trade of Data (EDI), email, electronic notice sheets, electronic assets move, and other organization based propels. An e-business data framework is a gadget, innovation, or system that uses equipment, programming, organizations, and human insight to interface, do exchanges, and complete different hierarchical exercises without being restricted by time or area. The utilization of e-business data frameworks is a significant instrument that associations use to further develop business activities at the nearby and worldwide level. Indonesia is one of the trailblazers in web-based business and internet business. Nonetheless, the potential presented by e-business haven't completely taken advantage of by business affiliations.

The emergence of various commonwealths, alliances, and other forms of inter-state organizations has significantly influenced the course of existing international cooperation. Cooperation between countries serves not only as a platform for strengthening political and social relations but also as a key element in meeting domestic needs that cannot be met independently through a country's self-help programs. Therefore, international cooperation is an aspect that is continuously maintained and strengthened by countries worldwide. Historically, cooperative relations between countries have generally developed as a result of the increasing ties that have existed over time. This dynamic involves various sectors, including economics, trade, and investment, further demonstrating the crucial role of international relations in a country's progress. Countries involved in this cooperation benefit each other, both in meeting domestic needs and in increasing their economic capacity through innovation and collaboration. The data sources for this study were obtained from documents obtained through internet media, which were then processed and analyzed to gain a deeper understanding of the impact of international cooperation. This study uses a quantitative approach, focusing on the analysis of investment flows into the country. Increased investment flows will drive higher growth in goods production, which in turn will strengthen trade activities, including exports to destination countries such as China. Furthermore, increased investment also contributes to the growth of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in developing countries. This GDP increase will positively impact Indonesia's trade balance, particularly with China, one of its major trading partners in the Asian region.

This study explores the integration of blockchain technology with federated learning (FL) to enhance cross-organizational healthcare analytics while ensuring privacy and data security. Federated learning allows multiple institutions to collaboratively train machine learning models without sharing sensitive patient data. Instead, local data is used to train models, and only model parameters are exchanged. However, privacy concerns and data sharing inefficiencies have hindered broader healthcare collaboration. Blockchain, a decentralized ledger technology, addresses these concerns by ensuring data integrity and transparency, providing an immutable and tamper-proof record of all transactions. This study investigates how the combination of blockchain and federated learning can overcome these challenges, facilitating secure and efficient data sharing between healthcare institutions. The study uses synthetic multi-institution healthcare datasets to simulate real-world collaboration scenarios. The blockchain-enabled federated learning system ensures that no raw patient data is shared, significantly reducing the risk of privacy breaches while still allowing healthcare institutions to collaborate on predictive model development. The results show that while there is a slight decrease in model accuracy compared to centralized methods, the trade-off is outweighed by the privacy and security benefits. Blockchain’s integration ensures that model updates are transparent, enhancing trust between institutions and reducing concerns about data integrity. Moreover, the use of blockchain’s smart contracts automates and enforces compliance, further streamlining collaboration. This research contributes to the field by demonstrating how blockchain-integrated federated learning can create a secure, scalable, and privacy-preserving framework for collaborative healthcare analytics. The findings underscore the potential for this approach to enhance healthcare outcomes and improve decision-making across institutions while ensuring patient data protection.

International trade disputes are one of the main challenges in global economic relations. The role of the World Trade Organization (WTO) as a multilateral institution is crucial in providing a fair and efficient dispute settlement mechanism. This article discusses the process of resolving international trade disputes through the WTO, as well as its role and contribution in maintaining stability and fairness in global trade. With a structured dispute settlement mechanism in place, the WTO acts as a guardian of the rules in international trade, preventing larger conflicts and ensuring legal certainty for world trade actors.

As an agricultural country, farmers in Indonesia have a crucial role, their existence must be safeguarded within the agricultural sector. Encouraging farmers to engage in breeding or develop new superior plant varieties is essential for fostering independent and advanced Indonesian farmers. These breeding activities are governed by Law Number 22 of 2019 on Sustainable Agricultural Cultivation System, and Law Number 29 of 2000 Plant Variety Protection. However, these laws have led to challenges for farmers involved in breeding, as the Plant Variety Protection Law adopts liberal approach that prioritizes individual economic benefits and specifically protects breeders who have registered their new varieties. As a result, farmers who use traditional knowledge in their breeding practices are vulnerable to criminalization due to the registration system. This paper will examine the rights of farmers in breeding activities under Indonesian law and compare with regulations in Malaysia, which shares geographical proximity, customs, and membership in the World Trade Organization. The research method is normative legal research, utilizing both conceptual and comparative approach. The objective to explore the legal protection of farmers’ rights in breeding activities in both Indonesia and Malaysia, and provide recommendations for improving the protection of farmers' rights in the future.

The implementation of the Trade Facilitation Agreement (TFA) adopted by the World Trade Organization (WTO) since 2017 aims to reduce administrative barriers in international trade and improve the efficiency of the export-import process. By ratifying the TFA through Law No. 17/2017, Indonesia is expected to optimize trade and customs procedures, speed up the movement of goods, and reduce trade costs, which in turn supports economic growth and exports. The TFA includes simplification, modernization, and harmonization of export-import procedures, which are expected to provide significant benefits, especially for developing countries such as Indonesia. This research aims to analyze the implementation of trade facilitation in Indonesia. The research method used is normative legal research, which examines legal data sourced from literature (secondary legal materials). The implementation of this agreement has shown positive impacts, including reduced trade costs and increased export access, especially for small and medium enterprises. The Indonesian government, through the ratification of the TFA, aims to facilitate global trade by increasing transparency and efficiency in the export-import mechanism.  

The World Trade Organization (WTO) acts as the main institution in regulating the global trading system based on the principles of fairness and openness. However, in practice, protectionist challenges arising from large countries, such as in the trade conflict between the United States and China, hamper economic liberalization efforts and create instability in the global market. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the WTO's role in facing these protectionism challenges. The method used is normative juridical with a qualitative approach, which includes analysis of WTO regulations and policies, as well as a comparative approach to examine the impact of protectionism in several countries. Data were obtained through literature study of academic sources and relevant international legal documents. The results show that policy harmonization between the WTO and its member countries is needed to maintain the stability of the multilateral trading system. In addition, reforms to the WTO dispute settlement mechanism are crucial to make it more adaptive to global geopolitical dynamics. Developing countries are advised to improve competitiveness through market diversification and strengthening economic diplomacy to remain relevant in the changing international trade architecture.

The World Trade Organization, hereinafter referred to as the WTO, is an international organization part of the Economic and Social Council as an important component in international trade. In carrying out international trade activities, a legal instrument is needed to ensure the sustainability of trade and facilitate the resolution of disputes that will be experienced by the international community. The trade dispute between Indonesia and Brazil was caused by Indonesia's policy of stopping chicken meat imports from Brazil since 2009, causing Brazil to suffer huge losses because it could not export chicken meat to Indonesia. From the chicken meat import policy in Indonesia, Brazil demanded that Indonesia had carried out trade protection which violated various WTO rules. Indonesia's defeat in the DSB-WTO Panel was due to the many Indonesian policies that violated the WTO agreement and the inability of Indonesian representative diplomacy to resolve the dispute.

Cross-border digital trade is increasingly happening and is in demand by Indonesian people. The implementation of the memotarium as a form of suspension of import duties on digital goods has had a significant impact on the implementation of international digital trade. The policy of extending the memotarium by the World Trade Organization (WTO) will certainly greatly influence the implementation of digital transactions in Indonesia and the legal policies that regulate this matter. This writing provides an understanding of the impact of the extension of the memotarium by the WTO on the implementation of digital transactions in Indonesia and Indonesia's regulatory arrangements in implementing the extension of the memotarium by the WTO. This problem will be studied through normative methods of literature study with an international trade law perspective through the study of legal regulations, journals, books and previous research. This writing will discuss Indonesian legal regulations as a form of implementation of the extension of the memotarium by the WTO as well as the impact felt by Indonesian digital transactions due to the extension of the memotarium by the WTO. The originality of the research explains the Indonesian regulations governing this matter and the influence of the memotarium extension on Indonesian digital transactions.

International trade plays a crucial role in driving the global economy. However, policy differences between countries often trigger disputes that require resolution through fair legal mechanisms. The World Trade Organization (WTO) provides a dispute settlement platform through its Dispute Settlement Body (DSB) to handle these cases. This article explores the legal implications of international trade dispute settlement at the WTO by analyzing the principles of Pacta Sunt Servanda and Distributive Justice. Using a case study of the trade dispute between the United States and China, the article highlights the challenges facing the WTO and the importance of reforming the dispute settlement system to make it more fair and efficient. The conclusion of this study proposes several reform measures needed to improve the effectiveness of the dispute settlement mechanism at the WTO.

Abstract Economic relations in terms of trade between countries will always cause obstacles in diverse forms, one of the forms is the practice of dumping. This practice can cause losses for a country and trigger disputes between the countries concerned. In this research, the author will discuss a dispute about allegations of paper products from Indonesia that are considered to include dumping practices committed by South Korea. This research will focus on the Indonesian government's strategy in resolving the dispute and the legal process between Indonesia and South Korea. In resolving this dispute, South Korea has not completely gone through with the decisions of the Dispute Settlement Body (DSB) in 2005 and 2007. Indonesia government called on the South Korean government to go through with the last decisions of the Dispute Settlement Body by using strategies such as retaliation plans also the forcing of Anti-Dumping Duties (ADD) imposed on all South Korean paper producers concerned. To resolve the issue, the South Korean government decided to take legal action through the Korea Trade Commission (KTC) by formally revoking the Anti-Dumping Duties. This decision marks a major success and victory for Indonesia in the world trade organization. Abstrak Hubungan ekonomi dalam hal perdagangan antarnegara akan selalu menimbulkan terjadinya hambatan dalam berbagai bentuk, salah satunya adalah praktik dumping. Praktik ini dapat menyebabkan kerugian bagi suatu negara dan memicu terjadinya perselisihan antarnegara yang bersangkutan. Pada penelitian ini, penulis akan membahas sengketa tentang tuduhan produk kertas dari Indonesia yang dianggap termasuk praktik dumping yang dilakukan oleh Korea Selatan. Penelitian ini akan berfokus pada bagaimana  strategi Pemerintah Indonesia dalam menyelesaikan perselisihan dan proses hukum antara Indonesia dengan Korea Selatan. Dalam penyelesaian sengketa ini, Korea Selatan belum sepenuhnya menerapkan putusan dari Dispute Settlement Body (DSB) pada tahun 2005 dan 2007. Pemerintah Indonesia meminta pemerintah Korea Selatan untuk melaksanakan keputusan akhir yang telah diputuskan Dispute Settlement Body dengan menggunakan strategi seperti rencana pembalasan dan pengenaan Bea Masuk Anti-Dumping (BMAD) bagi seluruh produsen kertas Korea Selatan yang bersangkutan. Untuk menyelesaikan isu tersebut, pemerintah Korea Selatan memutuskan mengambil tindakan hukum melalui Korea Trade Commission (KTC) dengan secara resmi mencabut Bea Masuk Anti-Dumping. Keputusan ini menandai keberhasilan dan kemenangan besar Indonesia di organisasi perdagangan dunia.

The aim of this research is to find out how the European Union's complaint against Indonesia regarding the ban on nickel exports at the World Trade Organization (WTO) occurred. The biggest problem with this is the degradation of nickel in nature. Solving this problem requires nickel empowerment. This can be avoided by stopping shipments abroad, which will help anticipate the current depletion of nickel supplies. Therefore, the Indonesian government must hurry to increase nickel supplies, with activities aimed at increasing the added value of nickel in the country's natural resources.  

Investing in economic development is an important aspect because investment is one of the driving forces in the process of strengthening a country's economy. Several countries have made efforts to increase investment within the framework of their economic policies, as one way to encourage the process of strengthening the economy (Jati, 2012). Over the last decade, investment has not only become an important need for a country to advance its economic development but is also the most important means of developing industry. The research method used in this journal is qualitative. This research uses a qualitative approach to understand the factors influencing traditional markets and their impact on society and the economy. In this research, the author uses descriptive analysis to explain the conditions of traditional markets and the impact of changes in consumer preferences and the shift in people's shopping places to modern shopping centers. Indonesia has decided to become a member of both regional and world trade, such as: GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade), AFTA (Asean Free Trade Area), APEC (Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation) and WTO (Word Trade Organization). Indonesia has become a member of regional and world trade, so at the same time, Indonesia has become part of the global community and trade liberalization. Basically, liberalization creates an era of global trade that is free of borders, protection and barriers. This also increases trade competition between economic actors. The challenges of traditional markets in facing the impact of globalization and trade liberalization are characterized by the flow of investment into Indonesia from one most profitable region to another in all investment sectors. This phenomenon makes capital investment or investment a demand to meet the needs of a country, company and society, for example by investing in the modern retail industry (modern markets), such as: supermarkets, hypermarkets, minimarkets.

BIT adalah suatu bentuk perjanjian yang digunakan untuk memberikan perlindungan kepada para investor tempat ia menanamkan modal dengan memberikan peraturan-peraturan yang substantif, saat ini Indonesia sudah menandatangani BIT dengan berbagai negara, hal ini karena BIT memiliki beberapa manfaat, yaitu terdapat penerimaan yang logis dan sebanding serta perlindungan dan keamanan penuh. Hampir semua BITs di seluruh dunia memastikan adil dan merata bagi investor. Penulisan ini mengangkat rumusan masalah yaitu bagaimana pengaturan di dalam aturan Indonesia dan hukum internasional tentang Bilateral Investment Treaty (BIT), serta apa kepentingan bagi Indonesia untuk menandatangani Bilateral Investment Treaty (BIT) antara Indonesia dengan Singapura. Penulis menggunakan metode analisis normatif kualitatif dengan model analisis deskriptif untuk mengatasi bagaimana masalah itu diajukan, sehingga menghasilkan kesimpulan bahwa pengaturan BIT di Indonesia diatur dalam UU No. 25 Tahun 2007 tentang Penanaman Modal, UU No. 5 Tahun 1999 tentang Larangan Praktek Monopoli dan Persaingan Usaha Tidak Sehat, UU No. 24 Tahun 2000 tentang Perjanjian Internasional, UU No. 37 Tahun 1999 tentang Hubungan Luar Negeri, UU No. 7 Tahun 2014 tentang Perdagangan, bahkan Ps. 11 UUD NRI 1945 juga menjamin BIT. Sedangkan pengaturan BIT dalam hukum internasional diatur dalam perjanjian itu sendiri, dan juga dalam konvensi-konvensi World Trade Organization (WTO) terutama hal yang berkaitan dengan investasi, Konvensi Wina 1969 dan kepentingan Indonesia dalam menandatangani Bilateral Investment Treaty (BIT) adalah membina pembangunan infrastruktur dan kawasan industri, khususnya yang berada di luar Jawa.

Tujuan penulisan artikel ini untuk mengkaji ulang tentang pengaturan logo dan bentuk perlindungan hukum yang diperoleh oleh pemilik sah logo apabila terjadi pembajakan atas logo tersebut. Dalam penulisan artikel ini data diperoleh melalui penelitian kepustakaan dan lapangan, penelitian kepustakaan dilakukan untuk memperoleh data yang bersifat teoritis. Sedangkan penelitian lapangan guna memperoleh data primer melalui wawancara dengan responden dan informan yang ada kaitannya dengan masalah yang diteliti. Hasil penilitian menjelaskan bahwa hak cipta merupakan hak eksklusif pencipta atau pemegang hak cipta untuk mengumumkan atau memperbanyak ciptaannya, yang timbul secara otomatis setelah suatu ciptaan dilahirkan. Perlindungan hak cipta bersifat otomatis dan timbul setelah suatu ciptaan diwujudkan dalam bentuk yang nyata (tangible form). Pendaftaran atau pencatatan hak cipta bersifat sukarela/tidak wajib kerena pendaftaran atau pencatatan tidak menimbulkan hak cipta. . Seperti yang dinyatakan dalam Pasal 1 ayat (1) UUHC yang menyatakan, “Hak Cipta adalah hak ekslusif pencipta yang timbul secara otomatis berdasarkan prinsip deklaratif setelah suatu ciptaan diwujudkan dalam bentuk nyata tanpa mengurangi pembatasan sesuai dengan ketentuan peraturan perundang-undangan”. Dalam hal ini perlindungan hukum terhadap HKI telah mengalami berbagai perkembangan yang begitu pesat dalam sebuah tatanan internasional dan bahkan telah menjadi salah satu isu pada era globalisasi dan liberasi pada saat ini. Perundingan yang melahirkan World Trade Organization (WTO) atau Organisasi Perdagangan Dunia dan juga disepakatinya perjanjian internasional tentang Aspek-aspek Hak kekayaan Intelektual Terkait Perdagangan (Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights-TRIPs Agreement). Penegakan hak kekayaan intelektual terutama dalam lingkup ekspor dan impor (border enforcement) muncul sebagai salah satu isu penting selama proses negosiasi dan penyusunan TRIPs Agreement.      

The objective of this paper is to discourse critical paradigm to respond economic globalization, especially in higher education liberalization.  Higher Education liberalization is employed by World Trade Organization (WTO), firstly  is introduced concept of higher education corporatization. Corporatization is one of implementation strategy of New Public Management (NPM) in public sector.  This paper based on results of case study in one of Perguruan Tinggi Negeri Badan Layanan Umum (PTN BLU). PTN BLU is an example of NMP implementation. NPM is campaigned by International Institution such as World Bank (WB) and Internationally Monetary Fund (IMF). WB, IMF, and WTO use accounting as  a surveillance system. In  Habermas’s Critical Theory perspective,  higher education corporatization is lifeworld moneterization, with accounting as steering media. The effects of that are social pathologies, they are loss of meaning, anomie, and psychopathology. Loss of  meaning in higher education as a knowledge development institution, that dedicate to humanism has transform a corporate, that produce knowledge based economy (KBE) according to market demand.  Losses of academician identities, psychological disease are other examples of social pathologies. Keywords: Habermas, corporatization,  lifeworld, BLU, social pathology