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This research aims to analyze: (1) the general characteristics of farmers who convert rubber land to oil palm plantations in Sungai Gelam District, and (2) the economic impact of this land conversion, particularly on farmers’ income. This study uses a quantitative approach with survey data collected from rubber and oil palm farmers. The results show that there are notable differences in farmer characteristics, including capital, labor use, and market access. The average income difference between rubber and oil palm farmers is IDR 2,712,000, indicating higher earnings from oil palm cultivation. Based on the BNT test, with a value of IDR 405,000, the average income difference exceeds the threshold, confirming that the difference is statistically significant. Furthermore, the calculated F value is greater than the F table value, which strengthens the conclusion that there is a significant difference in income between rubber and oil palm farmers. Therefore, land conversion contributes positively to farmers’ income improvement.

This study aims to analysis the impact of the presence of coal transport parking areas on the Income of the Informal Sector, identify the most dominant factors influencing Income, and examine the socio-economic impact experienced by informal sector business actors in Muara Tembesi District. This study uses a quantitative approach with Multiple Linear Regression analysis and Classical Assumption Tests to test the hypotheses. Data were obtained through surveys of informal sector business owners around the parking areas. The dependent variable is Income, while the independent variables include Age, Education, Working Hours, Initial Capital, and Distance. Comparative descriptive analysis is used to validate socio-economic changes. Data analysis shows that working hours, initial capital, and distance have a positive and significant impact on the income of informal sector business actors, whereas age and education do not significantly affect the income of informal sector business actors. Descriptively, there has been massive welfare migration, indicated by the decrease in the proportion of low-income respondents from 60 percent to only 2 percent after the intervention. The presence of parking pockets has been proven to provide a positive and transformative economic impact for the informal sector. This impact is driven by increased production inputs (Capital and Working Hours). On the other hand, logistics activities generate negative external impacts in the form of dust pollution and security risks, which require strict regulation by the Local Government.

This study aims to identify and analyze the socioeconomic characteristics of grocery store traders in Kabupaten Tanjung Jabung Barat (a case study in Kecamatan Tebing Tinggi) and to examine the factors influencing their income. The research method used in this study is a survey method with a quantitative approach. Data were collected through direct interviews with 67 grocery store traders at the research site. The results of the study show that initial capital, business duration, business location, and accounts receivable have a positive and significant effect on the income of grocery store traders, while working hours have no significant effect on income. The data analysis further indicates that the coefficient of determination (R²) is 0.3742, which means that 37 percent of the variation in traders’ income is explained by the variables in this study, while the remaining 63 percent is explained by other variables outside the research.

 The trade of secondhand clothing at Pasar Senggol Batubulan, Gianyar Regency, has become a rapidly growing economic activity and an alternative source of income, particularly amidst limited formal employment opportunities. However, the income of secondhand clothing traders tends to fluctuate and is influenced by several internal business factors. This study aims to analyze the influence of price, business capital, working hours, and product quality on the income of secondhand clothing traders. An associative quantitative approach was used, involving 61 traders selected through a saturated sampling technique. The data analysis method applied is multiple linear regression. The findings reveal that price, capital, working hours, and product quality simultaneously have a significant effect on traders’ income. Partially, all four variables also show a significant influence. Product quality is the most dominant factor affecting income, followed by capital, working hours, and price. Adequate capital enables traders to increase stock and improve product quality. Longer working hours provide greater opportunities to serve consumers, while competitive pricing boosts sales capacity. These findings underscore the importance of managing internal business factors to enhance income and contribute to the economic empowerment of communities in the informal sector.

MSMEs (Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises) are one of the main drivers of Indonesia’s economy. However, many MSMEs still face limited access to financing. One traditional Balinese culinary product that attracts tourists is ayam betutu, which represents the MSME sector. This study aims to analyze the influence of own capital, business duration, working hours, and e-commerce on the income of ayam betutu culinary MSMEs in Denpasar City, both simultaneously and partially. This research employs a quantitative method using multiple linear regression analysis. The sample was determined using purposive sampling, with criteria including MSMEs engaged in traditional culinary businesses with ayam betutu as their main product and those that utilize e-commerce in their business operations. A total of 70 ayam betutu culinary MSME actors in Denpasar City were included. The findings reveal that, simultaneously, own capital, business duration, working hours, and e-commerce have a significant effect on MSME income. Partially, own capital, business duration, and e-commerce have a positive and significant effect on income, whereas working hours do not have a significant partial effect. The implication of this study is that MSME actors need to improve their capacity in capital management, maintain business continuity, and optimize e-commerce utilization to increase income. The government is expected to support MSMEs through financial and digital literacy training, institutional strengthening, and the facilitation of mentoring programs and sustainable access to financing.

The Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) sector plays a crucial role in economic development by helping to reduce inequality resulting from uneven development processes. This study aims to analyze the simultaneous and partial effects of capital, price, working hours, facilities, and promotion on income, as well as to examine the moderating role of promotion on the effect of price on the income of coffee shop MSMEs in Denpasar City. The sample consisted of 85 coffee shop MSMEs selected using simple random sampling. The data analysis technique employed was moderated regression analysis (MRA). The results show that simultaneously, capital, price, working hours, facilities, and promotion significantly affect the income of coffee shop MSMEs in Denpasar. Partially, each of these variables—capital, price, working hours, facilities, and promotion—has a significant positive influence on income. Coffee shops equipped with complete facilities tend to earn higher income compared to those with fewer amenities. The findings also reveal that coffee shops utilizing promotional strategies generate higher income than those that do not. It is recommended that coffee shop MSME operators focus on long-term promotional strategies to build customer loyalty and increase income.

This study aims to analyze the factors that influence the income of female traders in the informal sector, specifically at Amlapura Timur Market, Karangasem Regency. The research employs a quantitative associative method using multiple linear regression analysis to examine the effects of age, working hours, capital, business location, and transportation costs on the income of female traders. Data were collected from 93 respondents using purposive sampling. The results show that age, working hours, capital, business location, and transportation costs simultaneously have a significant effect on the income of female traders. Partially, age has a negative effect on income, while working hours, capital, business location, and transportation costs have positive effects. This study provides insights into the challenges and opportunities faced by female traders in traditional markets and offers recommendations for gender- and location-based economic empowerment strategies.  

The lontar leaf stitching home industry is a micro-enterprise that produces various types of crafts made from lontar leaves, commonly used in traditional and religious ceremonies. This industry plays a significant role in the local economy and cultural preservation. The objectives of this study are: (1) to analyze the simultaneous effect of capital, raw materials, working hours, and business duration on the income of lontar leaf stitching home industries in Sibetan Village, Karangasem Regency; and (2) to analyze the partial effect of capital, raw materials, working hours, and business duration on the income of these industries. The population of the study consists of all 50 lontar leaf stitching home industries in Sibetan Village. A saturated sampling technique was used, meaning the entire population was taken as the sample. The data were analyzed using multiple linear regression analysis with the assistance of SPSS version 26. The results show that capital, raw materials, working hours, and business duration simultaneously have a significant effect on income, accounting for 96.8 percent of the variance. Partially, each of these variables also has a positive and significant effect on income. It is recommended that artisans manage their capital efficiently—including utilizing financing from village credit institutions (LPDs)—select quality raw materials, optimize working hours, and leverage business experience through support from village-owned enterprises (BUMDes) to expand marketing and increase income.

Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) are the backbone of the economy, particularly in areas like Denpasar City, which serves as a central hub of economic activity in Bali. However, the COVID-19 pandemic posed significant challenges, severely impacting MSMEs’ net income. Declining purchasing power, mobility restrictions, and economic uncertainty forced business owners to struggle for survival. This highlights the need to understand the factors affecting MSMEs’ income in order to formulate strategic solutions. This study employs a quantitative associative approach to examine the influence between two or more variables. A sample of 100 MSMEs was selected using a proportional stratified random sampling technique based on the distribution of MSMEs across districts and business types. The results show that own capital, pricing, working hours, and access to the People's Business Credit (KUR) significantly affect MSME income in Denpasar City. Own capital is found to be the most dominant factor, followed by pricing and working hours. Access to KUR also plays an important role by providing easier access to additional capital, enabling business expansion and productivity improvement. Furthermore, the study confirms that competitive pricing and effective pricing strategies can enhance competitiveness and increase income. Longer working hours positively influence income by providing more opportunities to serve customers. Overall, access to KUR facilitates capital availability, ultimately supporting MSME growth and income in Denpasar City. Keywords: MSME Income, Denpasar City

Population movement or migration is a social process of the decision of each individual or group to move permanently or semi-permanently and settle in a desired area. The migration carried out certainly has various purposes, and one of the purposes of the population to migrate is to work. Bali is one of the regions in Indonesia that is in great demand and is used as a tourist destination by many people. However, its existence as a tourist destination area also makes Bali a target for migration destinations to get better jobs. The city of Denpasar as the capital of Bali Province also has a lot of potential cultural heritage destinations, in fact they are very concerned and develop cultural heritage sites in their city into a tour package, the many potentials of cultural heritage make the city of Denpasar then have a variety of jobs both in the formal and informal sectors. The objectives of this study are; 1) To analyze the influence of education level, age, working hours, income and work experience on the selection of employment sectors for immigrants from outside Bali in Denpasar City 2) To analyze the influence of education level, age, working hours, income and work experience partially on the selection of employment sectors for immigrants from outside Bali in Denpasar City and 3) To analyze the most dominant influence among education level, age, working hours, income and work experience on the selection of the employment sector of immigrants from outside Bali in the city of Denpasar. Using Binary Logistic Regression, the results of this study show that; 1) Education level, age, working hours, income, and work experience have a simultaneous effect on the selection of employment sectors for immigrants from outside Bali in Denpasar City 2) Education level and work experience partially have a positive effect on the selection of employment sectors. Meanwhile, age, income and working hours partially have a negative effect on the Selection of Job Sectors. 3) Income has the most dominant influence on the choice of job sector then followed by work experience, age, education and finally working hours.

The high number of visitors to GWK as one of the tourist attractions in Badung district is believed to have a multiplier effect on the surrounding community from increasing community income. One of the indicators of welfare is income. This means that the higher the income, the higher the opportunity to meet the living needs of the community. Income is the amount of money or economic value earned by individuals, households, or other entities from various sources in a given period of time. This study aims to 1) to analyze the influence of capital, business duration, working hours and location simultaneously on traders' income in the Garuda Wisnu Kencana tourist attraction area, South Kuta. 2) to analyze the influence of capital, business duration, working hours and location partially on the income of traders in the Garuda Wisnu Kencana tourist attraction area. This research was conducted in Revayah Plaza, Badung Regency. The respondents in this study were 82 traders with a sampling method using the Nonprobability Sampling technique. The data analysis technique used in this research is multiple linear regression. Top of FormThe results of this r state that 1) Business capital, business duration, working hours and trading locations simultaneously have a significant positive effect on the income of traders in the Garuda Wisnu Kencana (GWK) tourist attraction area, especially in Revayah Plaza. 2) Business capital partially has a positive and significant effect on traders' income; Partially, the income of traders with strategic trading locations tends to be higher than traders with non-strategic trading locations; The income of traders with working hours ≥ 40 hours per week tends to be higher than traders with working hours < 40 hours per week in the Garuda Wisnu Kencana (GWK) tourist attraction area, especially in Revayah Plaza. Meanwhile, the duration of partial business has a negative and insignificant effect on the income of traders in the Garuda Wisnu Kencana (GWK) tourist attraction area, especially in Revayah Plaza.Bottom of Form

Bona Village is one of the villages in Gianyar Regency where the majority of women work in the informal sector, namely as palm palm craftsmen. The aim of this research is to analyze the influence of working hours, recent education, and number of family dependents on the income of women palm palm craftsmen in Bona Gianyar Village. The number of samples used was 90 people using probability sampling techniques , namely simple random sampling. The research instrument uses a questionnaire in the form of several questions which will be distributed directly to the research location. The collected data was then tested and analyzed using multiple linear regression analysis with the SPSS 26 program. The research results showed that. 1) Working hours, education level, and number of family dependents have a simultaneous influence on the income of women palm leaf craftsmen in Bona Village, Gianyar. 2) Working hours, education level, and the number of family dependents has a partial positive effect on the income of women palm leaf craftsmen in Bona Village, Gianyar. The implications of this research consist of theoretical and practical implications. Theoretically, this research supports the concept of human capital theory in the form of investment in education, time allocation theory in working hours and income theory in the production results produced.

The aim of this research is to determine and analyze the significance of the influence of capital, length of business, type of outlet, working hours, rental costs  and labor on the income and welfare of market traders. Pratistha Harsa Culinary, East Purwokerto, Banyumas Regency. The method used in this research is descriptive with a quantitative approach. The sample in this research is the Pratistha Harsa Culinary Market traders in East Purwokerto, Banyumas Regency as the population, with a sampling technique, namely a saturated sample, the sampling technique is by determining the entire population as a sample, namely 86 traders. The results of this research show that capital, length of business, working hours, and labor have a significant positive effect on the income of traders at the Pratistha Harsa Culinary Market, East Purwokerto, Banyumas Regency, while the type of outlet and rental costs have no effect on the income of traders at the Pratistha Harsa Culinary Market, East Purwokerto, Banyumas Regency. The implication of this research is that with the increasing length of business, traders need to increase innovation and promotion so that they can attract consumers. With the increasing number of consumers, the capital will be higher and the income earned will increase. By utilizing affordable rental costs and various types of outlets, traders are expected to be able to take advantage of Facilities as promotional materials and innovation can increase consumer demand and good use of working hours such as opening earlier at lunch time can also increase consumer demand. The more consumer demand, the greater the absorption of labor.

This study has an objective in knowing whether or not there is an influence between working capital and working hours related to the income of boran rice street vendors in Lamongan. The study method is through a quantitative approach with data collection through a Likert scale questionnaire. The population of Boran rice sellers is 87 people so that by using the Slovin formula, 47 respondent samples are obtained which will be randomly selected. The data will be tested with multiple linear regression analysis. This research shows that the influence of capital and working hours is positive and significant both simultaneously and partially with a percentage of 95.1% where this result is close to 100% so that the implication of this study is that traders, especially street vendors, must infuse capital and working hours, it is hoped that the growth in stock of goods can attract buyers' attention and contribute to an overall increase in income.

Micro businesses are businesses that are in great demand among the Indonesian people. Apart from requiring relatively small capital, micro businesses are also one of the businesses that were able to survive in the face of the 1998 monetary crisis. This research aims to see the effect of working hours and labor which are moderated by the People's Business Credit (KUR). ) dtowards Micro Business income. This research uses a quantitative and associative research approach by collecting primary data using questionnaires from people who have micro businesses in Moyo village, Moyo Hilir sub-district, Sumbawa regency. The data analysis method used is the Moderated Regression Analysis (MRA) data analysis method. The results of the research show that working hours and labor and labor influence the income of Micro Businesses in Moyo village by 52% before the People's Business Credit (KUR) moderation. 80%. So that People's Business Credit Strengthens the Influence on Micro Business Income. Then the results of this research also show that working hours have a positive effect on micro business income and labor has a positive effect on micro business income in Moyo Village, Moyo Hilir District, Sumbawa Regency.

The purpose of this research is to identify and analyze the factors that affect the income of traders in Alok Maumere Market. The analytical method used in this study is an associative-specific method with a quantitative approach. The sample in this study were 84 respondents. The data used are primary data and secondary data. Retrieval of data using observation, interviews, and questionnaires. While the data analysis technique is a multiple linear regression analysis technique. The results of this study indicate that capital has no effect on the income of traders in the Alok Maumere Market. While working hours have a positive and significant effect on the income of traders at the Alok Maumere Market. So it can be concluded that both positive and significant business capital and working hours have an effect on the income of traders at the Alok Maumere Market.

. The purpose of this study was to determine partially the effect of working hours and length of business capital on business income and to determine simultaneously the effect of working hours and business length of business capital on business income. This study uses a quantitative approach, in that the data collected in research activities is presented in the form of numbers and the analysis uses statistics. The number of samples is 70 SMEs in the district of Ngunut. The results of this study indicate that: partially, there is a significant influence of business capital on MSME income in Ngunut District, with a t count = 5.539 > t table = 1.668 and sig = 0.000 <0.05. Partially, there is a significant effect work on MSME income in Ngunut District, with tcount = 2.876 > ttable = 1.668 and sig = 0.004 <0.05. Partially, there is a significant effect between the length of business on MSME income in Ngunut District, with a tcount = 3.514> t table value of 1.668 and sig = 0.001 <0.05. Simultaneously there is a significant effect between business capital, working hours and length of business on MSME income in Ngunut District, with a Fcount value greater than Ftable (29.493> 2.74) and a significance value less than 0.05 (0.000 <0.05).

The aim of this research is to assess the impact of capital, working hours, business location, and technology on the income of traders in Pasar Sindu, Sanur Village. The research employed stratified random sampling, involving a sample of 142 traders. The data analysis technique used was multiple linear regression. The results of the data processing indicate that collectively, capital, working hours, business location, and technology have a significant influence on the income of traders in Pasar Sindu. Individually, the variables of capital, working hours, business location, and technology also have a positive and significant impact on the income of traders in Pasar Sindu, Sanur Village. This research contributes theoretically to the field of microeconomics, particularly in the theory of supply and the theory of production factors. Practically, the findings of this research have implications for traders to utilize capital, working hours, business location, and technology to enhance their income. Furthermore, the government can utilize the results of this research as a basis for formulating policies that support the increase in traders' income. The government can also provide socialization to traders regarding the latest technological developments that can assist them in their businesses.

The number of business units and the number of MSME workers in the trade sector in Badung Regency during the 2019-2021 period has increased, but their contribution has fluctuated and tends to decrease. The decline in the contribution of MSMEs in the trade sector in Badung Regency indicates a decrease in the income of MSME entrepreneurs in the trade sector in Badung Regency. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of capital, length of business, and working hours simultaneously and partially on the income of MSMEs in the trade sector in Badung Regency. The number of samples taken was 122 business units, using a simple random sampling technique. The analysis technique used is multiple linear regression analysis. The results of the analysis show that the variables of capital, length of business, and working hours simultaneously have a significant effect on the income of MSMEs in the trade sector in Badung Regency. The variables of capital, length of business, and working hours partially have a positive and significant effect on the income of MSMEs in the trade sector in Badung Regency. Theoretically the results of this study can support the Cobb-Douglas theory, and practically for entrepreneurs can be a source of information and considerations in maximizing their business income, and for other parties can be a source of reference in the future.