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. Freezing is a widely used preservation method to extend the shelf life of food, yet conventional freezing often produces large ice crystals that damage tissue structures and reduce product quality. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of ultrasound-assisted freezing technology in improving the quality of frozen food. A literature review method was employed, focusing on scientific publications from 2015 to 2025. The results show that ultrasound application, particularly High-Intensity Ultrasound (HIUS), can accelerate the freezing rate by enhancing ice nucleation and improving heat transfer efficiency. The formation of smaller and more uniformly distributed ice crystals helps preserve the structural integrity of food and reduces water loss during thawing. The effectiveness of this technology varies depending on the type of food material, temperature, duration, and ultrasound intensity. In animal-based products, it helps maintain texture and color, while in plant-based materials, it preserves moisture content and firmness. However, excessively high intensity may pose a risk of protein denaturation, especially in sensitive materials such as fish. These findings suggest that ultrasound-assisted freezing is a promising innovative solution to improve both the quality and efficiency of the food freezing process.

The Drinking Water Supply System (SPAM) is essential infrastructure for ensuring access to clean water. SPAM Tembudan, located in Batu Putih District, Berau Regency, plays a key role in supplying raw water for both domestic and non-domestic uses. This study analyzes the sustainability of SPAM Tembudan by evaluating raw water quality, availability, and system efficiency. Primary data were collected through field surveys, water sampling, and interviews with operators and residents. Water quality was assessed based on physical, chemical, and biological parameters, following Ministry of Health Regulation No. 492/Menkes/Per/IV/2010. Availability was evaluated through flow rate measurements and community water demand, while system efficiency was assessed by examining treatment efficiency and water loss (Non-Revenue Water/NRW). Findings reveal that most water quality parameters meet national standards, though some show signs of potential contamination. In terms of availability, raw water is currently sufficient to meet demand, but seasonal changes particularly during the dry season threaten long-term sustainability. The analysis also identifies inefficiencies in the distribution network, with notable water losses that need addressing. To ensure the long-term sustainability of SPAM Tembudan, the study recommends enhancing the treatment process, improving raw water resource management, and reducing distribution losses. Encouraging community involvement and strengthening the capacity of local operators are also critical for maintaining the system’s performance. These strategies aim to secure reliable, high-quality drinking water for the community while supporting sustainable resource use.

The irrigation efficiency is an important component on assessing the performance of an irrigation system. The analysis of irrigation loss is needed to obtain the amount of water lost along the channel. Water loss can be caused by a variety of factors, including water leakage along the canal, evaporation, and infiltration. This can certainly reduce the efficiency of water use. Irrigation a water loss analysis is very important to improve irrigation performance. This analysis will help you understand how much water is lost and what factors contribute to water loss. Based on this understanding, preventive measures can be taken and improvements can be made to increase productivity and water use efficiency. This research aims to evaluate the level of channel efficiency and measure the amount of water loss in the main channel in the Senden Irrigation Area.. The method of research implementation is to measure water discharge directly in the field. The result analysis showed that the average percentage of water loss in Senden main canal was 56.63%.  Maximum water loss value was recorded at 60.86%, while the minimum value was 52.55%. Factors affecting water loss due to evaporation showed an average value of 0.0685%, while water loss due to seepage was recorded at a very small 0.0003%. For the channel efficiency value shows that an average percentage of 43%. It is obtained with a maximum channel efficiency of 47% and a minimum channel efficiency of 39%. However, the water balance analysis shows a maximum value of 11.45 m3 /second. While the minimum value is -0.04 m3 / second.

The global clean water crisis is exacerbated by significant losses in water distribution networks (WDNs), resulting in inefficient use of both water and energy resources. Traditional methods of leak detection and pressure management often fail to address these inefficiencies, leading to substantial water wastage and high operational costs. This research aims to design a sustainable, smart water distribution system using advanced technologies such as Machine Learning (ML) for leak detection and automated pressure control. The system employs real-time monitoring through IoT sensors, which continuously gather data on water pressure, flow rates, and other critical parameters. This data is analyzed using various ML algorithms, including supervised and unsupervised learning models, to detect anomalies indicative of leaks. Additionally, the system integrates automated pressure control mechanisms that dynamically adjust pressure to prevent over-pressurization, reducing both water loss and energy consumption. By combining leak detection and pressure control, the proposed system offers a more efficient, sustainable solution to water resource management compared to traditional methods. The expected outcomes include a significant reduction in water loss, enhanced energy efficiency, and improved water service quality. However, the implementation of such a system in rural or small-town infrastructure faces challenges, including sensor maintenance, algorithm reliability, and regulatory issues. A cost-benefit analysis suggests that while the initial investment in smart technologies may be high, the long-term savings in water and energy costs outweigh these costs. This study underscores the potential of ML-based systems in enhancing water conservation, operational efficiency, and sustainability in water management.

The analysis of water irrigation loss is very importance, as the loss of water in irrigation canals may have a detrimental impact on the overall performance of the irrigation system. The occurrence of water loss can be attributed to a multitude of factors, including damage to the channel, evaporation, seepage, and other phenomena that diminish the usability of the water in question. Consequently, an analysis of water loss can assist in determining the quantity of water lost, as well as the factors that contribute to the occurrence of water loss. This enables the implementation of preventive and corrective measures to enhance the efficiency of water usage. The objective of this study is to ascertain the value of water loss in the secondary channel of the East Colo Irrigation Area. The research methodology entails direct field measurement of water irrigation loss. The results demonstrate that the average value of the percentage of water loss from the Geneng Secondary channel is 11.07%, with a maximum water loss percentage of 23.66% and a minimum water loss percentage of 2.84%. In the Pulosari Secondary channel, the average value of the percentage of water loss is 13.82%. In the Krikilan Secondary channel, the maximum water loss percentage was observed to be 18.38%, while the minimum is 9.36%. The average value of the percentage of water loss was found to be 22.81%, with a maximum of 26.01% and a minimum of 19.22%. The factors that cause water loss obtained an average percentage value of water loss due to evaporation of 0.22% in the Geneng Secondary channel, 0.04% in the Pulosari Secondary channel, and 0.01% in the Krikilan Secondary channel. For the average percentage value of water loss due to seepage of 0.001% in the Geneng Secondary channel, 0.0001% in the Pulosari Secondary channel and Krikilan Secondary channel.

Adequate provision of drinking water in quantity, quality, and continuity is needed to realize a healthy and productive society. A well-managed Drinking Water Supply System (SPAM) is essential to meet this need. Based on Government Regulation Number 122 of 2015, the implementation of SPAM involves the development and management of drinking water which is the responsibility of the local government and PUDAM as the implementer. The main challenges faced by PUDAM include the high level of water loss or Non-Revenue Water (NRW), which reaches 40% in Indonesia. One of the efforts to reduce the NRW level at PUDAM Banyuwangi Regency in the Kalipuro District area is to detect abnormal consumption in customer drinking water consumption. This study uses the Deep Q Network and Local Outlier Factor algorithms to detect anomalies in drinking water consumption, with the aim of comparing the performance of the two algorithms in identifying abnormal consumption patterns at PUDAM Banyuwangi Regency. The results of the study indicate that the Local Outlier Factor algorithm is more suitable for anomaly detection as evidenced by the absence of detection errors and an F1-Score value of 36%.

Water loss can be defined as the difference between the recorded amount of water in the system and the amount of water out of the system shown, in a water supply system is not entirely produced water installations reach consumer. Usually there is a leak here and there, called the loss of water. Then to reduce or minimize the water loss rate needed the right solution. One of solution that can be used is the Non Revenued Water (NRW) program. NRW can be defined as water that can be measured and a known amount of be chased but can not or may not be income, but it can be justified. The one of the methodologies that can be used to determine the amount (NRW) is a method of infrastructure leakage index (ILI) used Software WBEasycalc3. Water loss rate is the percentage ratio between water loss and the amount of water distributed in piped water network, while the water balance is calculated based on the amount of incoming water flow, consumption meter-Revenue, customer meter inaccuracies, water loss and physical loss. Both of two magnitudes in the ILI value is calculated by using Table Matrix Target that compiled by regulators of water service DKI Jakarta.