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Microplastics are extremely small plastic particles that have become a major concern in public health and environmental studies. This literature review aims to discuss the sources of microplastics, their routes of exposure to the human body, their distribution in organs, and their potential health impacts. The method used was a literature review of scientific articles and reports published from 2021 onward, retrieved from Google Scholar, PubMed, ScienceDirect, and official websites of organizations such as the WHO, OECD, and the World Bank. The review findings show that microplastics originate from plastic waste, synthetic clothing, cosmetics, vehicle tires, and food packaging. These particles have been detected in blood, lungs, the placenta, feces, and various human tissues, indicating that human exposure is widespread. However, evidence from human studies is still limited, so cause-and-effect relationships cannot yet be confirmed with certainty. Based on these findings, further research is needed to better understand the long-term health effects of microplastics. In addition, efforts to reduce single-use plastics, improve waste management systems, and increase public education are essential to reduce exposure and prevent future health risks.

This study aims to analyze the implementation of legal responsibility by goat farmers in managing waste from Etawa goat farming based on a circular economy model at Nusantara Farm, Sidoarjo. The study employs both normative juridical and empirical juridical approaches, with data collection techniques including literature review, interviews, and field observations.The results indicate that waste management is carried out through direct utilization, such as using livestock manure as organic fertilizer, selling waste, and distributing it to the surrounding community. These practices demonstrate that waste is not disposed of carelessly but rather reused, thereby creating economic and functional value.From a legal perspective, this condition reflects the fulfillment of the farmers' responsibilities in accordance with applicable laws and regulations, particularly in efforts to prevent environmental pollution. Furthermore, these waste management practices partially embody the principles of the circular economy, especially in terms of reuse.However, the current waste management practices remain conventional and are not yet optimally integrated. Therefore, there is a need to develop a waste management model based on an integrated closed-loop system to enhance the economic value of waste while ensuring more effective environmental sustainability.

This study aims to analyze the environmental impact of waste generated by the gecko processing home industry based on environmental law regulations in Indonesia. In its processing activities such as lizards and snakes. These activities produce organic waste in the form of animal organs, blood, body fluids, and other waste in the materials that are later utilized as catfish feed. The research method used is qualitative with a normative juridical approach, statutory approach, and literature study. Data were obtained from laws and regulations , scientific journal, and environmental law literature. The results of the study indicate that the disposal of waste into rivers can increase Biological Oxyen Demand and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) levels, cause unpleassant odors, and reduce water quality and public health. The utilization of waste as catfish feed can reduce the amount of waste disposed of, however, it still requires hygienic processing to prevent biological risks. From the perspective of environmental law, the direc disposal of the waste into rivers is not in accordance with Law No. 32 of 2009 concerning Environmental Protection and Management and Government Regulation No. 22 of 2021 concerning the Implementation of Environmental Protection and Management. Therefore, better waste management is needed through proper waste treatment, increased awareness among business actors, and goverment supervision so that home industries can operate sustainably and in an environmentally friendly manner

Rapid urban growth is often linked to the narrative of sustainable development, yet the reality is that fundamental issues remain in the management of urban waste. This paper aims to examine the gap between the concept of a sustainable city and sub-optimal waste management practices. Through a normative legal approach involving an analysis of legislation and relevant literature, it has been found that the implementation of waste management policies continues to face various challenges, such as weak law enforcement, a lack of policy integration, and low levels of public participation. On the other hand, the use of the label ‘sustainable city’ tends to be symbolic and does not yet reflect comprehensive practices. This paper positions the issue of waste as a key indicator in assessing urban sustainability. The novelty of this study lies in its critical approach, which links the discourse on sustainability with the contextual realities of waste management, thereby offering a more reflective and distinct perspective from previous studies.

Industrial waste management is an essential part of environmental protection and management efforts in Indonesia. Industrial development contributes positively to economic growth, but it also creates risks of environmental pollution when waste is not managed properly and in accordance with legal regulations. This study aims to analyze legal regulations concerning industrial waste management in Indonesia, evaluate the compliance level of PT Selatan Jadi Jaya with applicable laws and regulations, and examine law enforcement efforts and accountability mechanisms for violations affecting the environment. The research applies an empirical normative method using statutory and field approaches. Data were collected through literature studies of legislation, scientific journals, and legal doctrines, supported by observations and interviews with related parties. The findings show that industrial waste management has been comprehensively regulated under Law Number 32 of 2009 and Government Regulation Number 22 of 2021. However, implementation still encounters obstacles such as weak supervision, limited legal awareness among business actors, and economic considerations affecting corporate compliance. PT Selatan Jadi Jaya has fulfilled several administrative obligations but still requires improvement in substantive waste management practices. Effective supervision, consistent law enforcement, and stronger corporate commitment to sustainability and environmental responsibility are therefore necessary to achieve optimal environmental protection.

The waste problem in Indonesia has now reached a critical stage and has become an increasingly serious environmental issue. The ever-increasing volume of waste is not being managed effectively, leading to various negative impacts, particularly environmental pollution. This study aims to examine the state of waste management in Indonesia and its impact on water pollution from the perspective of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The method used is descriptive qualitative research through a literature review utilizing various sources such as journals, official reports, and legislation. The results indicate that the majority of waste originates from household activities, while management practices remain rudimentary, such as the “collect-transport-dispose” method and open dumping. This situation leads to waste accumulation, which contributes to water pollution, deteriorating environmental quality, and increased health risks for the community. Furthermore, suboptimal waste management also poses a challenge in achieving sustainable development goals, particularly regarding responsible consumption and access to clean water and sanitation. Therefore, improved efforts are needed through the application of the reduce, reuse, recycle (3R) principles, increased public awareness, and the active role of the government and the private sector in providing a sustainable waste management system. With the right measures, it is hoped that the waste problem in Indonesia can be reduced and the environment preserved.

The use of building materials plays a crucial role in determining the quality of the built environment, particularly in the context of row housing in densely populated urban areas. This study aims to evaluate the types of materials used in the construction of row housing in Cemara Asri, Medan, with a focus on sustainability and environmental friendliness criteria. The methods employed include direct site surveys and literature studies related to the characteristics of both interior and exterior materials applied to housing units. The research findings indicate that most of the materials used—such as red bricks, ceramic tiles, clay roof tiles, and concrete ventilation blocks—possess good energy efficiency and durability potential. However, they do not fully meet sustainability standards in terms of production processes and waste management. The study also found that residents' awareness of environmentally friendly material selection remains limited, and the procurement of materials tends to follow local availability and economic considerations. These findings are expected to serve as a foundation for improving environmentally friendly material planning in row housing developments in other urban areas.

Urban waste management has become a complex challenge due to population growth, urbanization, and economic activities contributing to higher waste generation. Effective waste management systems are required to reduce waste disposed at final disposal sites. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of waste management at the TPS 3R Pedalangan Bersinar facility in Semarang City by examining waste separation from the source. The research applied a quantitative approach using mass balance analysis to assess the balance between incoming waste, processed waste, and residual waste in the system. Primary data were collected through field observations, interviews, and operational monitoring for six consecutive days, while secondary data were obtained from the Semarang Environmental Agency. Results show community-based waste banks in Pedalangan demonstrate a high level of effectiveness with a recovery factor reaching 100%, indicating optimal recycling performance and strong community participation. Meanwhile, the TPS 3R facility processes an average waste volume of 16.61 m³/day with reduction of 10.32 m³/day and residual waste of 6.29 m³/day, resulting in a recovery factor of approximately 0.62 categorized as moderate effectiveness. Therefore, strengthening household waste separation, improving operational management, and increasing community participation are recommended to enhance waste reduction and support sustainable urban waste management systems.

The problem of urban flooding is a growing issue due to high population density, increasing volumes of plastic waste, and the reduction of water absorption areas. The use of conventional paving blocks, which are impermeable, further exacerbates flooding conditions because they do not allow water to infiltrate into the soil. This study aims to develop an innovative plastic waste-based paving block incorporating rice straw and sugarcane bagasse, along with the integration of phytoremediation concepts as a solution for urban flood mitigation. The method employed was an experimental approach involving the following stages: material preparation, plastic incineration, material mixing, molding, and testing of water absorption capacity and compressive strength. The results showed that paving blocks with a combination of plastic waste, rice straw, and sugarcane bagasse had the highest water absorption rate of 34% and compressive strength of 21 kg/cm², meeting SNI standards. The addition of natural materials containing silica was proven to enhance the material’s porosity and strength. Additionally, the application of phytoremediation using water hyacinth has the potential to improve the quality of water seeping into the soil. Thus, this phytoremediation-based paving block innovation can serve as an effective alternative solution to reduce flood risks while supporting sustainable waste management and environmental stewardship.

Waste management is a major challenge in environmental conservation in Indonesia. One innovative approach that can be implemented is the use of informative waste signs as a visual educational medium for the public. Waste signs are information boards placed in strategic locations to provide knowledge about the types of waste, their environmental impacts, and the decomposition time of various materials. The Community Service Program (KKN) of Padang State University (UNP) has implemented this concept by creating educational boards containing information on waste decomposition time, ranging from waste that decomposes in 50–100 years to waste that does not decompose at all. This article aims to examine the concept, benefits, and effectiveness of waste signs as a community-based environmental education instrument. The methods used include field observation and a qualitative descriptive approach. The results of the study indicate that waste signs can increase public awareness of the importance of proper waste management. Thus, this medium has the potential to be a simple yet effective educational tool in supporting sustainable environmentally friendly behavior.

The problem of household waste in Kalanganyar Village, Sedati District, Sidoarjo Regency, is increasing along with population growth, while residents' knowledge about waste sorting is still minimal and processing facilities are limited. This community service program aims to increase awareness and cleanliving behavior through education and mentoring on household waste processing based on the 3R concept (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle). This activity adopts an Asset-Based Community Development (ABCD) approach that focuses on mapping and utilizing local potential, such as health cadres, youth organizations, the spirit of mutual cooperation, and the availability of potential land. The implementation methods include appreciative inquiry, focus group discussions (FGDs), in-depth interviews with the Head of the Sopo Nyongko TPS and community leaders, participatory observation, and practical mentoring for housewives, youth organizations, and TPS managers on February 9. The results of the activity showed an increase in residents' understanding of PHBS and waste management, indicated by the enthusiasm of participants during the educational session. The program also successfully activated local agents of change: youth groups began implementing inorganic waste recycling, and health cadres designed a home-based waste sorting system.

Waste management remains a critical environmental issue due to the lack of public awareness in separating organic and inorganic waste, resulting in accumulation and environmental pollution This study aims to analyze and evaluate the development of automatic waste sorting systems based on proximity sensors with full-capacity notification using a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) approach.. The proposed system utilizes a combination of sensors, including proximity sensors for material identification and ultrasonic sensors for detecting object presence and bin capacity, integrated with a microcontroller for real-time processing. Additionally, the system is equipped with IoT-based monitoring that allows users to receive notifications when the waste bin reaches its capacity. The research method involves system design, hardware and software integration, and functional testing to evaluate system performance. The results indicate that the system is capable of sorting waste automatically with a high level of accuracy and responsiveness, while also providing real-time monitoring to support waste management operations. The implementation of this system can reduce manual intervention, increase operational efficiency, and promote better waste segregation practices. Furthermore, this study highlights the potential of integrating smart technology into environmental management systems, contributing both theoretically and practically to the development of sustainable waste management solutions.

This study aims to design and develop a web-based waste collection scheduling system using PHP and MySQL at the Environmental Agency of West Sumba Regency. The main problem faced is that the scheduling process is still carried out manually, resulting in inefficiency, susceptibility to errors, and difficulties in monitoring and reporting. The system development method used is the Waterfall model, which includes requirement analysis, system design, implementation, testing, and maintenance stages. The developed system provides features for managing data on personnel, regions, vehicles, and structured waste collection scheduling. In addition, the system is equipped with notification features, schedule monitoring, and performance reporting that can be accessed by management. The results of this study indicate that the system improves effectiveness and efficiency in scheduling processes and facilitates supervision of waste collection activities. Therefore, the implementation of this system is expected to optimize and organize waste management in West Sumba Regency.

This study aims to analyze The Responsibility of the Regional General Hospital (RSUD) TC. Hilers Maumere regarding the practice of burning medical waste and to examine its conformity with the provisions of Law Number 17 of 2023 concerning Health and other regulations related to hazardous waste management. Medical waste management is an important issue because improper handling may cause environmental pollution and pose serious risks to public health. This research employs an empirical legal research method with a descriptive approach, examining how the law operates in society through field data collection and analysis of relevant legal regulations.The results show that RSUD TC. Hilers Maumere implements a waste management system that includes the separation of household waste, liquid waste, and hazardous and toxic waste (B3). Medical waste is categorized and packaged according to its type, weighed, temporarily stored in medical waste storage facilities, and then destroyed using an incinerator or transported by authorized third parties. However, the practice of burning medical waste must be strictly supervised to prevent environmental impacts and potential legal violations. Therefore, stronger supervision, compliance with medical waste management standards, and the implementation of firm legal responsibility are necessary to protect public health and environmental sustainability.

Industrial development in Indonesia has significantly contributed to national economic growth; however, it also poses potential risks of environmental pollution when corporate waste management is not conducted properly. Environmental pollution resulting from corporate waste activities may cause harm to surrounding communities, including health problems, ecosystem degradation, as well as material and immaterial losses. In this context, the class action mechanism serves as a relevant legal instrument to collectively advocate for the rights of affected communities. This study aims to analyze the implementation of the class action mechanism in environmental pollution cases based on Decision Number 29/Pdt.G/2023/PN.Skh and to evaluate its effectiveness in providing legal protection and restoring the rights of affected communities. This research employs normative legal research using statute approach, case approach, and conceptual approach. The findings indicate that the class action mechanism in the aforementioned decision fulfilled the requirements of numerosity, commonality, typicality, and adequacy of representation as regulated under Supreme Court Regulation (PERMA) Number 1 of 2002. Procedurally, the class action proved effective in enhancing access to justice, ensuring judicial efficiency, and strengthening the protection of the constitutional right to a good and healthy environment. However, its substantive effectiveness remains dependent on the fulfillment of formal requirements, the quality of evidence presented, and the consistent application of environmental law principles by judges. Therefore, the class action mechanism constitutes an important instrument in environmental law enforcement, yet it requires consistent regulatory support and judicial practice to achieve optimal ecological justice.

Waste-related issues have become increasingly complex environmental challenges as a result of population growth and shifting consumption patterns within society. Although Indonesia has established a legal framework through Law Number 18 of 2008 on Waste Management, its implementation at the community level continues to encounter various obstacles, particularly low legal awareness and an underdeveloped legal culture. This community service program aims to foster and strengthen a legal culture in waste management as an effort to promote environmental sustainability in Mrutuk Village, Widang District, Tuban Regency. The activities were conducted using participatory and descriptive approaches, including legal education, dissemination of waste management regulations, reinforcement of legal substance and enforcement structures, and community-based assistance. The results demonstrate an improvement in public understanding and awareness of the importance of managing waste in accordance with legal provisions, a shift in attitudes from compliance motivated by supervision toward voluntary compliance, and the emergence of community initiatives to actively engage in environmentally oriented waste management. Therefore, strengthening legal culture has proven to be a crucial instrument in encouraging environmentally responsible behavior and supporting the achievement of sustainable development.

Plastic waste management in rural areas, particularly in tourism villages, remains an environmental challenge that requires sustainable solutions. Negeri Tongging Village, as a tourism area around Lake Toba, has experienced an increase in household plastic waste that has not been managed optimally, potentially affecting environmental quality and community well-being. This community service activity aimed to enhance community awareness and capacity in plastic waste management through the implementation of a circular economy approach based on a waste exchange program and ecobrick production. A participatory approach was employed by actively involving the community in all stages of the activity, including socialization, program implementation, and evaluation. The program was carried out during the 2025 Community Service Program of Universitas Islam Negeri Sumatera Utara, consisting of circular economy socialization, collection of plastic waste through an exchange scheme with basic necessities, training on ecobrick production, and the provision of supporting facilities for environmental cleanliness. The results indicate an increase in community participation and environmental awareness, a reduction in improperly disposed plastic waste, and an improvement in community skills in processing plastic waste into useful products. In addition, the activity strengthened mutual cooperation and environmental responsibility among community members. In conclusion, the application of a circular economy approach through ecobrick-based activities can serve as an effective alternative solution for plastic waste management while simultaneously supporting sustainable community empowerment in rural tourism areas.

This community service program was conducted by Group 7 of KKN ITB Ahmad Dahlan Lamongan in Bapuhbandung Village, Glagah District, Lamongan Regency, aiming to address environmental and public health issues through the utilization of ecobricks and the cultivation of family medicinal plants (TOGA). The main problems identified were low awareness of plastic waste management and the underutilization of home yards for medicinal plants. The program applied a participatory assistance method involving students, parents, youth, and village officials throughout the stages of observation, planning, implementation, and evaluation. The results showed that more than 300 ecobricks were produced and assembled into an installation forming the word “BAPUHBANDUNG,” which now serves as a new village icon. In addition, medicinal plants such as ginger, turmeric, and lemongrass were planted around the installation area and residents’ yards. The evaluation indicated high community participation, good-quality ecobricks, and positive initial growth of TOGA. This program not only produced physical outputs but also increased community awareness of plastic waste management, family health independence, and the strengthening of village identity.

Cassava is one of the strategic agricultural commodities in Indonesia, contributing significantly to national production, particularly in several major producing provinces. In addition to the challenge of declining harvested areas, cassava processing activities also generate agricultural waste that poses environmental risks. In Purwasari Village, Dramaga Subdistrict, Bogor Regency, household-scale cassava processing industries produce solid waste in the form of cassava peels, which are not optimally managed and are commonly discarded in the surrounding environment. This cassava waste has the potential to cause environmental pollution, unpleasant odours, and negative impacts on public health. One sustainable alternative for managing this cassava waste is the use of cassava peels as a raw material for composting. This study aimed to identify problems associated with cassava peel waste and to assess members of the Taruna Tani Millennial Farmer Group's interest in compost production using cassava peels. The research was conducted from December 2024 to June 2025 using a community-based assistance approach. Data was collected through interviews and questionnaires involving 20 respondents. The results showed that the main problems associated with cassava peel waste include waste accumulation, limited processing facilities, and low community awareness. Farmers’ interest in cassava peel composting was generally categorized as high, with an average score of 77%, although several indicators remained at a moderate level. Extension activities and hands-on demonstrations were proven to enhance farmers’ understanding, interest, and participation. With sustained educational support and adequate facilities, the use of cassava peel compost has strong potential to promote environmentally friendly, sustainable agricultural waste management.

Waste management at the village level still faces various challenges, particularly related to the practice of open burning, which causes environmental pollution and health risks. This condition reflects a gap between the concept of sustainable waste management within the framework of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the social reality of local communities. This community service activity aims to implement a low-smoke waste burning container as a community-based waste management innovation and to analyze its contribution to the achievement of the SDGs in Nglaris Village. The method applied was a participatory approach involving observation, socialization, design and construction of the burning container, assistance, and program evaluation. The results indicate that the implementation of the low-smoke burning container reduces the intensity of smoke emissions, increases community participation, and encourages behavioral changes in waste management practices. The program also contributes to improving the quality of the living environment and supports the achievement of SDGs, particularly in environmental, health, and sustainable settlement aspects. These findings demonstrate that simple technological innovations adapted to local social conditions can serve as a model for sustainable waste management at the village level.