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Regulatory overlap between the Electronic Information and Transactions Law, the Pornography Law, and the Sexual Violence Crimes Law in the handling of online gender-based violence (KBGO) in Indonesia creates a conflict of norms that results in double victimization. This normative legal study aims to identify the concrete forms of victim sacrifice resulting from overlapping regulations and to critique the inability of conflict-resolution mechanisms to address these conflicts through the principle of lex specialis systematica from a substantive justice perspective. The findings reveal four forms of victim sacrifice: victim criminalization, the length of the judicial process, inconsistencies in court rulings, and the failure to fulfill the right to restitution and the right to be forgotten. This study also concludes that the lex specialis systematis principle is inadequate because its dogmatic approach disregards the interests of victims, requires time and expertise that ordinary victims lack, and is not consistently applied in courts. This study recommends a paradigm shift from a dogmatic approach to a victim-centered approach.

This study examines the phenomenon of victim blaming as a form of secondary victimization within the perspective of victimology in Indonesia. Victim blaming remains a significant issue where victims of crime, particularly in cases of violence, are often blamed for the incidents they experience. This condition not only exacerbates the psychological and social suffering of victims but also hinders their access to justice. The objective of this research is to analyze how victim blaming occurs and to understand its impact as a form of secondary victimization. This study employs a normative juridical method with a qualitative approach, using literature review from legal documents, journals, and relevant academic sources. The findings indicate that victim blaming is influenced by social stigma, cultural perspectives, and a lack of public awareness regarding victims’ rights. Furthermore, such practices result in secondary victimization, where victims experience repeated harm due to negative societal responses. From a victimological perspective, victim blaming contradicts the principle of victim protection and justice. The implication of this research highlights the need for stronger legal protection, public education, and a more victim-centered approach in addressing crime in Indonesia.

This study aims to analyze legal protection for victims of violence against women and children from a victimology perspective in Indonesia. The research employs a normative legal method with statutory and conceptual approaches. The results indicate that Indonesia has established adequate legal regulations to protect victims; however, their implementation remains suboptimal and not fully victim-oriented. Victimology emphasizes the importance of fulfilling victims’ rights not only through legal protection but also through psychological and social recovery. The main challenges include limited access to legal aid, lack of understanding among law enforcement officials, and socio-cultural factors that influence victims’ willingness to report cases. Therefore, strengthening the victimology approach within the criminal justice system is necessary to ensure more just and comprehensive protection for victims. Furthermore, community involvement is crucial in supporting victims and reducing negative stigma against them. Providing information and education to the public and law enforcement regarding the rights of victims of violence is a crucial step in achieving effective protection.

This article examines honor killing in North Africa as a form of gender-based violence rooted in family honor, patriarchal control, and social change that has not yet produced a stable new order. The research employs normative legal methods through statutory, case, and comparative criminal law approaches across three representative jurisdictions, namely Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia. The primary legal materials include criminal provisions on homicide, adultery, mitigating excuses, and the protection of women, with particular attention to Article 237 of the Egyptian Penal Code, Articles 418 and 491 of the Moroccan Penal Code, the repeal history of Article 207 of the Tunisian Penal Code, Article 236 of the Tunisian Penal Code, and Law No. 58 of 2017 on Eliminating Violence Against Women. The findings show that honor in this region operates as a social mechanism for regulating women’s bodies, sexuality, mobility, and life choices, reinforced by community pressure, reputational stigma, and family-based moral legitimacy. Social transition does not remove this logic; instead, it reshapes conflict and diversifies forms of control, ranging from threats, confinement, coercion, and the criminalization of sexual morality to homicide itself. On the legal plane, Egypt and Morocco still retain norms that soften criminal responses in certain situations linked to adultery, whereas Tunisia has moved in a more progressive direction by abolishing explicit mitigation and strengthening protection for women, even though the regulation of sexual morality has not been fully abandoned.

This study aims to analyze gender-based political violence in the 2020 Regional Head Elections in South Tangerang City and its impact on women’s representation in politics. The case analyzed involves social media attacks against Rahayu Saraswati Djojohadikusumo during her campaign for Deputy Mayor, in which an old photo of her while pregnant was used as material for sexually charged attacks. This study employs a qualitative method using a case study approach through literature review. The analysis utilizes Kate Manne’s theory of misogyny, which views misogyny as a social mechanism within the patriarchal system to control and discipline women entering the public sphere. The results of the study indicate that gender-based political violence manifests in the form of the moral delegitimization of women, digital intimidation or harassment, policing of women in public spaces, and the objectification of women’s bodies. These phenomena demonstrate that gender bias remains a barrier for women in securing equal space in local political contests.

 Sexual violence against women and children is still a serious problem in Indonesia. Girls are among the most vulnerable groups because of their young age, emotional dependence, and the imbalance of power with perpetrators who are generally older or close to the victim. Cases of violence often occur in various environments, such as within the family, early marriage, or social relationships such as dating or friendships with older men. This situation often places girls in a weak position, making it difficult for them to resist or report the violence they experience. This research aims to examine forms of sexual violence against girls in relationships with large age differences and examine legal protection based on Law Number 12 of 2022 concerning Crimes of Sexual Violence. The research uses qualitative methods through literature study by reviewing books, scientific journals, regulations, and data from the Ministry of Women's Empowerment and Child Protection. The results of the study show that unequal age relations often give rise to power inequalities that trigger domination, control and various forms of violence, such as sexual coercion, physical violence, psychological manipulation and domestic exploitation. The TPKS Law plays an important role as a basis for legal protection and fulfillment of rights for victims

This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of legal protection for children as victims of sexual violence based on Law Number 35 of 2014 concerning Child Protection. Sexual violence against children constitutes a serious violation of human rights and has long-term impacts on the physical, psychological, and social development of victims. Normatively, the law regulates various forms of protection, including prevention, handling, rehabilitation, and the imposition of stricter sanctions against perpetrators. However, in practice, several obstacles remain in the implementation of such legal protection. This research employs a normative legal research method using statutory and conceptual approaches. The legal materials consist of primary, secondary, and tertiary sources analyzed qualitatively through legal interpretation techniques. The analysis evaluates the conformity between the legal norms stipulated in the legislation and their implementation in practice. The results indicate that, normatively, Law Number 35 of 2014 provides a relatively comprehensive legal framework for protecting child victims of sexual violence. Nevertheless, its effectiveness is hindered by challenges such as law enforcement issues, limited facilities and infrastructure, lack of inter-agency coordination, and social stigma toward victims. Therefore, strengthening policy implementation and enhancing synergy among stakeholders are necessary to ensure optimal legal protection for children as victims of sexual violence.  

Sexual violence against children in Jambi City continues to show a fluctuating trend, with 32 cases in 2022, decreasing to 24 in 2023, and increasing again to 33 in 2024. This condition emphasizes the importance of strengthening cross-sector case handling between the UPTD PPA Jambi City and the Jambi Police in cases of sexual violence against children. This study aims to analyze the division of labor between the two institutions using the coordination theory according to Hasibuan (2006), which includes indicators of unity of action, communication, division of labor, and discipline. The method used is a qualitative approach through in-depth interviews, documentation, and data triangulation to ensure the validity of the findings. The results show that coordination between the UPTD PPA Jambi City and the Jambi Police has generally been running well, especially in the aspects of unity of action and discipline, as reflected in the alignment of goals and a fairly rapid response in handling cases. Communication between the two agencies has also been ongoing through formal and informal channels to expedite case response. The division of labor has been aligned with each agency's respective authority, with the UPTD PPA focusing on victim assistance and psychological support, while the police handle law enforcement. However, the lack of formal SOPs and MoUs poses a barrier to strengthening sustainable institutional integration. The implications of this research emphasize the need to strengthen formal mechanisms, regular evaluation forums, and formal cooperation agreements to enhance effective coordination and comprehensive protection for child victims.

Domestic violence (DV) remains a complex legal and social problem, threatening family stability and human dignity. Although Law No. 23 of 2004 concerning the Elimination of Domestic Violence provides strict sanctions, conventional punishment methods are often considered ineffective in restoring damaged social relationships within families. This study examines the implementation of restorative justice in resolving domestic violence cases within the Bungo Police jurisdiction, from the perspective of positive law and Islamic law. This study uses an empirical legal approach and a sociological perspective, with primary data collected through interviews with investigators from the Women and Children Protection Unit (PPA), as well as secondary data from laws, police regulations, and related academic literature. The results show that restorative justice has been applied to several domestic violence cases during the investigation stage through mediation and peace agreements between the parties involved. This method helps reduce the backlog of cases, accelerates dispute resolution, and maintains family social stability. However, challenges remain, such as the possibility of re-victimization due to the imbalance of power between victims and perpetrators. From an Islamic legal perspective, restorative justice is in line with the principles of ta'zīr and maqāṣid al-sharī'ah, especially the preservation of human dignity, life and offspring. By guaranteeing the protection of victims and preventing repeated violence, restorative justice can be an additional mechanism in cases of domestic violence.

Gender-based domestic violence (KDRT) remains a critical issue in Indonesia, particularly in urban areas like North Jakarta. This study examines the governance of services for KDRT victims from a gender perspective in 2025, employing a qualitative case study approach. Data were gathered through in-depth interviews with 20 victims and service providers at community health centers (Puskesmas), the Women's Empowerment and Child Protection Agency (DP3A), and NGOs. Findings reveal fragmented governance, characterized by weak inter-agency coordination, low accessibility for low-income victims, and insufficient integration of gender perspectives in handling procedures. Key barriers include bureaucratic hurdles and inadequate training for staff on toxic masculinity issues. The study recommends an integrated governance model based on gender-responsive governance, including a one-stop digital platform and enhanced multi-stakeholder collaboration. Policy implications support the achievement of SDGs 5 and 16 at the local level. This study also highlights the importance of increasing public awareness and education regarding gender-based domestic violence to create a safer and more inclusive environment for victims.

This article examines the legal ambiguities surrounding the status of civilians actively engaged in hostilities (civilian combatants) within the framework of International Humanitarian Law (IHL) and International Human Rights Law (IHRL). While the 1949 Geneva Conventions and the 1998 Rome Statute establish a clear demarcation through the distinction principle, the phenomenon of direct participation in hostilities (DPH) poses a significant legal challenge, as civilians forfeit their protected status upon taking part in combat. Using a normative-legal approach, this study analyzes how acts of violence committed by armed civilians can be categorized as war crimes, crimes against humanity, or gross human rights violations. The findings demonstrate that civilian status does not grant impunity for individuals who commit atrocities. Under the principle of individual criminal responsibility, the International Criminal Court (ICC) and national tribunals possess the jurisdiction to prosecute offenders, regardless of their formal military standing. Such legal enforcement is paramount to upholding the integrity of humanitarian principles and ensuring justice for victims within the landscape of modern armed conflict.

Gender-based and age-based violence targeting women and children continues to pose a serious challenge to human rights protection in Indonesia. As the principal duty bearer, the state bears the obligation to respect, protect, and fulfill victims' rights through effective protection mechanisms, one of which is the Regional Technical Implementation Unit for the Protection of Women and Children (UPTD PPA). This research analyzes the contribution of UPTD PPA Bandung City in fulfilling the human rights of victims of violence against women and children and maps the obstacles encountered in operational service delivery. The study utilizes a juridical-empirical method with a descriptive-analytical approach. Primary data were gathered through in-depth interviews with UPTD PPA Bandung City representatives in November 2025, whereas secondary data were derived from the examination of legal regulations and relevant scholarly literature. Research findings reveal that UPTD PPA Bandung City managed 382 cases in 2025 by providing complaint mechanisms, assessment procedures, legal and psychological support, counseling services, and shelter facilities. These services demonstrate normative compliance with national legislation and human rights principles, particularly concerning protection, rehabilitation, and access to justice. Nevertheless, service delivery encounters several challenges, including insufficient human resources and facilities, underreporting by victims, and suboptimal cross-institutional coordination. Consequently, strengthening institutional capacity, ensuring adequate infrastructure, developing integrated standard operating procedures, and establishing regional regulatory frameworks are essential to guarantee effective and sustained fulfillment of victims' rights.

Violence against children remains a serious violation of human rights that continues to occur in various social environments, including religious-based educational institutions such as Islamic boarding schools, where children are in a highly vulnerable position both physically and psychologically. One case that drew public attention occurred at the Pesona Al-Qur’an Islamic Boarding School in Pesawaran Regency, which was resolved through a restorative justice approach without proceeding to court. This study aims to examine the mechanism of law enforcement against perpetrators of child abuse at the institution and to analyze the factors hindering the implementation of restorative justice in such cases. Using a normative-empirical research method, this study analyzes applicable laws and regulations supported by field data obtained through interviews, observations, and documentation. The results show that law enforcement was carried out through an investigation by the Pesawaran Resort Police, followed by the termination of prosecution by the Pesawaran District Prosecutor’s Office based on Regulation of the Attorney General of the Republic of Indonesia Number 15 of 2020 concerning the Termination of Prosecution Based on Restorative Justice. Case resolution was conducted through mediation involving the perpetrator, the victim, and their families, facilitated by law enforcement officers, resulting in an agreement in the form of an apology and compensation to the victim. However, the implementation of restorative justice still faces several obstacles, including limited public understanding, concerns about the loss of deterrent effects, power imbalances between victims and perpetrators, potential pressure on victims to accept reconciliation, and weak supervision of post-mediation agreements; therefore, strengthening oversight, improving the understanding of law enforcement officers and the community, and optimizing the role of child protection institutions are essential to ensure that restorative justice truly prioritizes the best interests of the child and provides substantive justice.

Abstract. This study aims to examine the causes, forms, and strategies for combating violence against female Indonesian migrant workers (PMI) from a legal, sociological, and gender perspective. The background of this research is based on the vulnerability of female PMI to various forms of physical, psychological, sexual, and economic violence, which occurs from the pre-placement stage to the post-placement stage, as well as the long-term impact on mental health, human rights, and socio-economic reintegration. The method used is empirical legal with primary data collection through in-depth interviews with female PMI victims of violence and accompanying institutions, as well as secondary data in the form of literature reviews, laws and regulations, and scientific publications. The analysis was conducted using descriptive qualitative methods, integrating human rights theory, Feminist Legal Theory, and international migration policy. The results of the study show that the vulnerability of female migrant workers is caused by economic factors, education, patriarchal culture, non-transparent recruitment processes, the characteristics of work in the informal sector, power imbalances with employers, and weak legal protection in the destination country. The forms of violence experienced include beatings, sexual harassment, threats, social isolation, wage withholding, and structural exploitation practices. Protection efforts implemented include preventive approaches through training, legal education, legal document guarantees, and assistance from law enforcement agencies, as well as repressive approaches through action against perpetrators of violence and bilateral cooperation with destination countries. This study emphasizes the importance of comprehensive and sustainable protection for female Indonesian migrant workers, covering all stages of labor migration as well as strengthening digital-based monitoring systems, officer capacity, and cross-sector collaboration to ensure the safety, dignity, and fulfillment of the human rights of female Indonesian migrant workers.  

Youth radicalization is a serious issue that threatens social harmony, national stability, and the sustainability of nationhood in Indonesia. Various reports indicate that nearly one-third of terrorism perpetrators over the past decade have come from young people, signaling ideological vulnerability among the productive age group. This article aims to propose a youth deradicalization approach through contemporary Islamic thought, emphasizing rationality, openness of thinking, and humanism as its main foundations. This study employs a qualitative method with a literature review approach by analyzing the works, ideas, and thoughts of contemporary Islamic scholars and examining their relevance in the context of youth development and empowerment. The findings show that contemporary Islamic approaches that emphasize critical reasoning, dialogue, and respect for humanity are effective in shaping moderate attitudes, fostering social awareness, and strengthening an inclusive and tolerant Islamic identity. Therefore, this article recommends that religious education be integrated into curricula that emphasize the values of religious moderation, respect for diversity, and the rejection of violence. This approach is expected to help young people become more tolerant, adaptive, and resilient against the influence of extremist ideologies that are harmful to society.

This study is a case study that analyzes the handling of sexual violence in Cianjur Regency, examining the relationship between social morality, the role of law enforcement officials, and the effectiveness of criminal law policy after the enactment of Law Number 12 of 2022 concerning Sexual Violence Crimes (TPKS Law). This study uses a descriptive qualitative approach with an empirical juridical method through a sociological approach to law. Data was obtained through interviews with law enforcement officials, field observations, and a literature review of relevant legislation and scientific literature. The results of the study show that the handling of sexual violence cases in Cianjur Regency still faces obstacles in the form of weak social morality, strong stigma against victims, and a patriarchal culture that affects reporting and law enforcement processes. In addition, the role of law enforcement officials has not been optimal due to limited capacity, coordination between institutions, and a lack of sensitivity to the victims' perspective. This study recommends strengthening the capacity of law enforcement officials through training on gender perspectives and the implementation of the TPKS Law, continuous education on social morality at the community level, and strengthening inter-agency coordination to improve victim protection and the effectiveness of criminal law policy in Cianjur Regency.

Indonesian Migrant Workers (PMI) face the problem of stigmatization and negative image that has been rooted in public perception for several decades, where the social construction of TKI is dominated by narratives of exploitation, violence, and victimization reinforced by conventional mass media coverage. The phenomenon of TKI emerging as content creators on the TikTok platform opens new opportunities for migrant workers to represent themselves independently and build personal Branding that has the potential to reconstruct their image in public perception. This study aims to analyze the personal Branding strategies of TKI content creators on TikTok, measure the engagement patterns and reach of the content produced, and evaluate the transformation of public perception toward Indonesian migrant workers as an implication of these digital communication practices. This study uses a qualitative approach with a case study design to explore the process of image reconstruction through personal Branding on the TikTok platform. Data were collected through in-depth interviews with five TKI content creators who have followers ranging from 750 thousand to 2.3 million, interviews with 50 active followers, and interviews with two digital communication experts. The research findings show that TKI content creators implement personal Branding strategies through content authenticity, narrative consistency, and positioning differentiation with engagement rates. Public perception changed significantly with a decrease in negative perception from 68 percent to 18 percent and an increase in positive perception from 10 percent to 55 percent within an exposure period of more than 12 months. Image reconstruction occurs through three mechanisms: humanization that displays the human side of TKI, normalization that elevates the profession as work worthy of respect, and inspiration that demonstrates their positive achievements. This study recommends that the government and related stakeholders support digital literacy for migrant workers to optimize social media platforms as a means of empowerment, as well as promote policies that protect and appreciate the contribution of TKI as an integral part of national economic development.

The rapid expansion of digital media use has intensified the practice of cyberbullying as a form of non-physical violence that seriously affects victims’ mental health, dignity, and human rights. In Indonesia, cyberbullying is not specifically regulated and still relies on general provisions in the Law on Electronic Information and Transactions (EIT Law), which often lead to multiple interpretations, overcriminalization, and potential restrictions on freedom of expression. This article aims to analyze the urgency of establishing a specific criminal offense for cyberbullying within the framework of human rights protection and the principle of proportionality in limiting freedom of expression in the digital sphere. This study employs a normative legal research method using statutory, conceptual, and comparative approaches to regulations in several countries. The findings indicate that the absence of specific norms on cyberbullying creates legal uncertainty and weakens victim protection while also opening opportunities for the misuse of legal provisions against legitimate expression. Therefore, it is necessary to formulate clear, proportional, and victim-oriented criminal regulations, supported by fair and transparent law enforcement mechanisms that are consistent with human rights principles in the digital era.

Efforts to protect children who are victims of sexual violence crimes in Mesuji Regency have been carried out through the establishment of the Regional Technical Implementation Unit for the Protection of Women and Children (UPTD PPA). However, in practice, cases of sexual violence against children continue to occur. This study aims to analyze the role of the UPTD PPA of Mesuji Regency in fulfilling the rights of child victims of sexual violence crimes and to identify the factors that hinder the implementation of this role. This research employs normative juridical and empirical approaches. Data were collected through literature review and field studies, with informants consisting of the Head of the Mesuji Regency Office for Women’s Empowerment and Child Protection, the Head of the UPTD PPA of Mesuji Regency, and a lecturer in criminal law from the Faculty of Law, University of Lampung. Data analysis was conducted qualitatively. The results show that, normatively, the role of the UPTD PPA of Mesuji Regency has been implemented based on the prevailing laws and regulations, including the Child Protection Law, the Law on Sexual Violence Crimes, and regulations concerning the UPTD PPA. Factually, the UPTD PPA carries out preventive, handling, and recovery efforts through legal, medical, and psychological protection for child victims. However, the implementation of this role has not been optimal due to several inhibiting factors, namely limitations in human resources, inadequate facilities and infrastructure, low community participation and awareness, and cultural factors characterized by individualism. This study recommends optimizing the performance of the UPTD PPA through improvements in human resources, facilities and infrastructure, and strengthening community involvement in child protection.

Early marriage is a social phenomenon that still frequently occurs in Indonesia and gives rise to various problems, both from the perspective of state law and socio-religious aspects. From the standpoint of state regulations, early marriage is considered a violation of statutory provisions, particularly the Marriage Law, which stipulates a minimum legal age for marriage in order to protect children's rights. This practice results in various negative impacts, including increased health risks for mothers and children, disruption of educational attainment, economic instability within families, as well as high rates of divorce and domestic violence. From the perspective of Islamic law, early marriage is not absolutely prohibited; however, Islam strongly emphasizes the principles of public welfare (maṣlaḥah), physical and mental readiness, and responsibility in establishing a household. Therefore, Islamic legal solutions to early marriage as a violation of state regulations can be implemented through the maqāṣid al-sharī‘ah approach, which aims to protect life, intellect, and lineage, as well as by supporting state regulations intended to safeguard the rights and welfare of children. Consequently, synergy between Islamic law and state law is essential in preventing early marriage and in creating a healthy and just family structure.