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Churches and Christian institutions frequently face the challenge of congregations whose understanding of ministry remains confined to the spiritual dimension alone, while the holistic ministry mandate calls for active engagement across social, educational, and economic spheres. This study examines two primary objectives: first, how Christian Religious Education (CRE) shapes congregational understanding of holistic church ministry; and second, how CRE equips congregants with the concrete capacity to serve comprehensively. A qualitative approach with a case study design was employed at Yayasan Sola Gratia Medan. Data were gathered through in-depth interviews with seven informants comprising foundation leaders, program coordinators, active church members, volunteers, and beneficiaries. Analysis followed a thematic framework encompassing data reduction, display, and conclusion drawing. Findings reveal that: (1) consistent CRE implementation at Yayasan Sola Gratia has successfully shifted the congregational ministry paradigm from exclusively spiritual to holistically transformative; and (2) congregants who have internalized CRE values demonstrate more structured ministry capacity, stronger theological motivation, and significant cross-dimensional engagement. This research contributes a contextual CRE model relevant for church-based institutions operating in multidimensional urban environments.

Antimicrobial resistance is a persistent threat to hospital care, particularly when empirical therapy relies on broad-spectrum antibiotics without continuous evaluation of local use and susceptibility patterns. This literature review aimed to synthesize evidence from four Indonesian hospital-based studies regarding antibiotic utilization, rationality assessment, and bacterial resistance profiles. A structured narrative review was conducted using four selected articles provided by the author. Data were extracted for study design, setting, population, antibiotic evaluation method, dominant antibiotic classes, rationality indicators, resistance profile, and stewardship implications. The four studies were descriptive and hospital-based, using retrospective records, concurrent observation, ATC/DDD with DU 90%, qualitative rationality criteria, and antibiogram data. The synthesis showed a consistent concentration of antibiotic use in broad-spectrum groups, especially third-generation cephalosporins, penicillins, quinolones, and macrolides. In a Bandung public hospital, total antibiotic consumption reached 95,719.01 DDD, with penicillins, cephalosporins, quinolones, macrolides, and sulfonamides included in the DU 90% segment. In intensive care, ceftriaxone was the most frequently used antibiotic and most rationality indicators were appropriate, although clinically significant drug interactions were still identified. In pediatric acute respiratory infection inpatients, cefotaxime and ceftriaxone dominated empirical therapy. Resistance mapping in Denpasar highlighted relevant Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens and recommended antibiotics according to susceptibility levels. Overall, the reviewed evidence supports an integrated antimicrobial stewardship model combining ATC/DDD-DU 90% surveillance, qualitative rationality evaluation, antibiogram-based empirical guidance, and periodic feedback to prescribers.

Gorontalo Province possesses significant mineral resource potential, particularly gold, silver, and copper, positioning the mining sector as a key driver of regional economic growth. However, a shortage of skilled local labor and the scarcity of vocational educational institutions in the mining field severely hamper human resource development in this sector. This study aims to design a Mining Polytechnic Campus in Gorontalo by applying sustainable architecture principles, encompassing energy efficiency, environmentally friendly materials, sound wastewater management, and user comfort. The research approach involves literature studies, field observations, interviews with relevant stakeholders, and quantitative data analysis regarding resource potential, the number of senior high school students, and educational space requirements. The design results emphasize site arrangement, building mass configuration, utility systems, and interior and exterior spaces that support academic, social, and community activities. The application of sustainable architecture principles is expected to create a campus that not only meets the needs of mining vocational education but also contributes to environmental conservation and sustainable regional development.

This study aims to analyze strategies for increasing reading interest in developing a literate generation among elementary school students and to identify factors influencing literacy culture within school and family environments. The phenomenon of low reading interest among elementary school students has become a significant concern because the rapid development of digital technology tends to shift students’ attention from reading activities to audiovisual entertainment. This research employed a descriptive qualitative approach using a case study method at SDN 1 Notoharjo. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews, observations, and documentation studies. The participants consisted of one classroom teacher and four third-grade students of SDN 1 Notoharjo. Data analysis was conducted through data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing, while data validity was tested using source triangulation and method triangulation. The findings revealed that literacy strengthening was implemented through morning reading activities, book discussions, the use of visual and digital media such as e-books, and the utilization of reading corners and school libraries. The study also found that students’ reading interest was influenced by the availability of reading materials, the comfort of literacy environments, family support, and the dominant use of gadgets for entertainment purposes. This study contributes scientifically by strengthening the concept of collaborative literacy involving schools, families, and digital technology in developing reading culture among elementary school students. The findings imply the need for more integrated, adaptive, and sustainable literacy programs to improve students’ reading interest in the digital era.  

This study aims to analyze the participation of the faithful in the Sacrament of Penance and to identify the pastoral challenges influencing its practice in the Vicariate of West Sulawesi, Archdiocese of Makassar. Theologically, the Sacrament of Penance serves as a means of reconciliation that restores the relationship between humanity, God, and the Church. However, in contemporary contexts, its practice encounters various social, psychological, and pastoral dynamics. This research employed a descriptive quantitative approach involving 267 respondents from four parishes through questionnaire distribution. The data were analyzed using percentage-based statistics to map participation frequency, spiritual motivation, level of understanding, post-sacramental experiences, and perceived obstacles. The findings indicate that although most respondents demonstrate strong theological understanding, sincere spiritual motivation, and positive spiritual experiences after receiving absolution, participation remains largely seasonal and periodic. The principal challenges include psychological factors such as shame and anxiety, structural limitations related to schedule and accessibility, and formative deficiencies such as insufficient ongoing catechesis. The study concludes that the primary issue is not a crisis of faith in the sacrament itself, but a gap between theological awareness and concrete practice, thus calling for more dialogical, communicative, and contextual pastoral renewal.

This study was conducted based on the low level of student activeness and understanding in IPAS learning at the elementary school level. The objective of this research was to determine the effectiveness of the role play method in improving students’ activeness and learning outcomes. This study employed a classroom action research approach involving 27 students. The data were collected through observation and evaluation of student learning outcomes. The findings revealed a significant improvement in both student participation and understanding after the implementation of the role play method. Students became more active in asking questions, responding to the teacher, and participating in classroom activities. In terms of learning outcomes, 85.2% of students were able to answer questions correctly and demonstrated good understanding, while the remaining 14.8% also achieved the minimum criteria. These results indicate that learning through direct experience enhances students’ comprehension. The implication of this study suggests that the role play method can be used as an effective alternative teaching strategy to create an interactive, engaging, and student-centered learning environment in elementary education.

This study is motivated by the increasing complexity of global culture, which demands a value system capable of providing direction and meaning in human life. In this context, Islam is viewed as having the potential to serve as a global value system through a cultural concept grounded in revelatory values. This study aims to analyze the concept of culture from an Islamic perspective as a global value system by examining the thought of Ali Ahmad Madkur. The method used is a qualitative approach based on a Systematic Literature Review (SLR), systematically and critically examining various relevant scientific literature. The results of the study indicate that Islamic culture in Madkur’s thought is built upon two main dimensions: the normative dimension, which is derived from the Qur’an and Sunnah, and the practical dimension as its actualization in social life. Although this approach has strengths in maintaining the integrity of values, it still faces challenges in responding to the complex, dynamic, and hybrid nature of global cultural dynamics. Therefore, a more integrative approach is needed to ensure that Islamic cultural values remain relevant and operational in a global context. This study has implications for strengthening more contextual studies of Islamic culture and developing Islamic education that is adaptive to the changing times.

In the era of the Industrial Revolution 4.0 and Society 5.0, digital technology is developing rapidly. This has prompted the world of education to make major changes in learning methods, including in Islamic Religious Education (PAI). Until now, PAI has used outdated methods. These methods are inadequate to meet the needs of children who are accustomed to technology. Therefore, there is a need for technology integration in the learning process. This study aims to determine how to use E-Learning, Learning Management Systems (LMS), and Artificial Intelligence (AI) in PAI learning. This study also aims to determine the benefits, challenges, and strategies for implementing these technologies. This study used a qualitative approach with a literature review type. Data were obtained from various sources, such as books, scientific articles, journals, and relevant documents. The results show that the use of E-Learning, LMS, and AI can improve the quality of PAI learning. E-Learning makes learning easier and more flexible. LMS helps manage learning more systematically. AI helps make learning more personalized and tailored to students' needs. However, the implementation of these technologies still faces several challenges, such as limited infrastructure and low digital skills of teachers and students. Therefore, a strategy is needed to address these challenges. This strategy includes enhancing digital capabilities, strengthening technological infrastructure, developing innovative learning media, and monitoring the use of technology based on Islamic values. This will ensure optimal integration of technology into Islamic Religious Education learning.

Inclusive education aims to provide equal learning opportunities for all students, including those with special needs, within regular educational settings. However, mathematics learning in inclusive classrooms remains challenging because mathematical concepts are often abstract and require logical reasoning that may not be easily accessible to learners with diverse cognitive characteristics. Ethnomathematics has emerged as an alternative approach by integrating cultural practices, local wisdom, and students’ daily experiences into mathematics instruction, creating more meaningful and accessible learning environments. This study aims to analyze the development, implementation patterns, opportunities, and research gaps related to ethnomathematics in inclusive mathematics learning. A literature review method was employed by examining scientific publications from 2020–2025 obtained from Google Scholar, Scopus, ERIC, Springer, and ProQuest databases. Data were analyzed through content analysis involving reduction, classification, interpretation, and synthesis. The findings indicate that ethnomathematics has been implemented through cultural artifacts, digital teaching materials, and project-based contextual learning. The approach supports inclusive learning through multi-representational access, instructional adaptations, scaffolding strategies, and collaborative teaching practices aligned with Universal Design for Learning principles. Furthermore, ethnomathematics enhances students’ motivation, conceptual understanding, mathematical literacy, and cultural identity. Nevertheless, studies focusing on disability-specific adaptations and long-term learning outcomes remain limited and require further investigation.

This study aims to develop a financial saving application to improve the saving habits of students, particularly in Islamic boarding schools, through an adaptive challenge approach. The system integrates a mobile iOS application with a backend service and Large Language Model (LLM) processing via Ollama. Transaction data entered by users is processed by the backend to generate contextual and personalized saving challenges, applying Reinforcement Learning concepts in an adaptive and data-driven manner. The research adopts a descriptive quantitative method using surveys and system testing with 50 respondents. Results indicate that the application functions as designed, with no significant bugs detected. User evaluation shows high satisfaction, with an average score of 4.3 out of 5, covering ease of use, interface design, and increased awareness of saving. The combination of gamification, reward systems, and adaptive personalization successfully motivates users to save regularly. This system demonstrates the potential of integrating AI-driven personalization to strengthen financial literacy and healthy financial habits among students in a fun and interactive way.methods, and a summary of the results. The abstract should end with a comment about the significance of the results or conclusions brief.

This study discusses a student concentration detection system using Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) with the MobileNetV2 architecture. The dataset was adapted from Classroom Student Behaviors and mapped into four concentration categories: highly focused, focused, less focused, and unfocused. The system was tested with a 720p webcam and produced real-time detection data. The evaluation results show an overall accuracy of 75.85%, with the highest precision achieved in the focused class (0.9859) and the highest recall in the highly focused (0.9739) and unfocused (0.9811) classes. The confusion matrix indicates that the focused class was detected most consistently, while highly focused and unfocused classes were often misclassified as focused, resulting in lower precision. In real-time testing, the system operated at an average of 7 FPS and worked optimally when students faced the camera directly with sufficient lighting, but its performance decreased significantly at face angles greater than 45°. User evaluation shows that 75% of students rated the detection results as accurate/very accurate with an average satisfaction score of 3.6 out of 5, and 75% felt assisted in recognizing their concentration level. From the teachers’ perspective, most stated that the results were consistent with classroom observations, and all expressed willingness to reuse the system.

This research is motivated by the problems in manual attendance systems at schools, which remain vulnerable to fraud, time-consuming, and inefficient. The expected solution is to develop an automated attendance system based on face recognition that can operate in realtime with high accuracy. The research object is vocational high school students, with the applied method implementing the YOLO v10 algorithm for face detection, followed by the face_recognition library for identification. The instruments used include an Imou CCTV camera as the input device, a mid-range laptop as the hardware platform, and Python with SQLite as the software environment for data processing and attendance storage. The results show that the developed system achieved an average face detection accuracy of 96% under normal lighting and 91% under low lighting, with an average processing speed of 27 FPS. The implementation of an anti-duplication feature also ensured data validity by allowing each student to be recorded only once per day. In conclusion, the use of YOLO v10 in face-based attendance proved to be effective, efficient, and capable of reducing fraud. The implication of this study is that the system can be applied in both Islamic boarding schools and general schools as a modernization of attendance systems, with a recommendation for further development through web-based application and cloud database integration.

The enactment of Indonesia's Law Number 20 of 2025 on the Code of Criminal Procedure (KUHAP 2025), effective January 2, 2026, introduces a paradigmatic shift in the coordination between investigators and public prosecutors: Article 58 mandates active coordination from the investigation stage, fundamentally departing from the sequential-passive model of the former KUHAP, while Article 70 imposes a strict seven-day deadline for indictment drafting after case files are declared complete. This study examines two interconnected questions: (1) how the legal framework governing investigator–prosecutor coordination is structured under KUHAP 2025 and related legislation; and (2) how that framework is implemented in practice at the Purwakarta District Prosecutor's Office. A normative–empirical mixed-method design was employed, integrating statutory, conceptual, and case-study approaches. Data were gathered through in-depth interviews with prosecutors and investigators at Purwakarta District Prosecutor's Office and Purwakarta Police Resort, case document analysis, and field observation. The theoretical framework combines Lawrence M. Friedman's Legal System Theory and Soerjono Soekanto's Law Enforcement Theory. Findings reveal that KUHAP 2025 delivers substantial normative advancement yet harbours three critical regulatory gaps: the absence of binding technical protocols for implementing mandatory active coordination, the lack of uniform and measurable case-file completeness standards, and no formal mechanism for resolving institutional disagreements on legal interpretation. On the ground, coordination at Purwakarta still operates under the old sequential-passive pattern despite the new law: case-file returns (P-19) remain frequent, driven primarily by absent expert testimony, insufficient factual narration in examination records, and mismatches between charged articles and legal facts. A Friedman–Soekanto diagnostic reveals simultaneous dysfunction across all three legal system components substance, structure, and legal culture with the entrenched 'waiting culture' between the police and the prosecution identified as the most resistant obstacle to reform.

Rapid technological developments and social changes in the disruption era require organizations, including educational institutions, to adapt quickly and innovatively. This article discusses the importance of building psychological safety as a foundation to enhance team innovation and adaptability. Psychological safety is a condition in which team members feel safe to express ideas, ask questions, and share opinions without fear of negative consequences. The study employs a qualitative literature review method; analyzing various scientific sources related to psychological safety, leadership, and organizational management. Findings indicate that supportive and inclusive leadership plays a crucial role in fostering a psychologically safe environment, which in turn promotes open communication; effective collaboration, and innovative behavior. Developing psychological safety enhances intrinsic motivation, job engagement, and learning agility; enabling teams to respond effectively to rapid organizational changes. This research implies that organizations should prioritize psychological safety to strengthen team performance and sustainability in the dynamic disruption era.

The development of digital technology has brought significant changes in the field of education, especially in the learning process, school management systems, and teachers' work patterns. This situation requires school principals' leadership who can adapt, be innovative, and act as agents of change in improving teachers' work ethic. This study aims to analyze the role of school principals' transformational leadership in enhancing teachers' work ethic in the digital era and to examine its relevance to educational transformation. The research method used is a qualitative approach with a literature study type through the analysis of various journals and scientific sources from 2020–2025. The results of the study indicate that school principals' transformational leadership plays an important role in increasing teachers' motivation, commitment, and professionalism through ideal influence, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation, and individualized consideration. In addition, this leadership is also capable of creating a work culture that is collaborative, innovative, and adaptive to technological developments. Digital transformation in education not only involves the use of technology but also changes in work culture and the improvement of human resource competencies in schools. The implications of this research confirm that school principals as transformational leaders have a strategic role in the success of educational transformation in the digital era through the continuous enhancement of teachers' work ethic.

This study aims to examine the debate regarding the effectiveness of traditional learning methods in science education at Madrasah Ibtidaiyah (MI) amid the development of educational digitalization. The study employed a qualitative approach with a case study design conducted in Jember Regency for three months, from February to April 2026. The research informants consisted of 16 participants, including madrasa principals, teachers, parents, and community members. Data collection techniques were carried out through interviews, observations, and documentation, which were then analyzed using descriptive qualitative techniques. The findings revealed that traditional methods are still considered effective in helping students understand basic science concepts because the learning process is systematic and easy to comprehend. However, limited access to technology in several schools remains an obstacle to the equal implementation of digital learning. In addition, although digital learning can increase students’ motivation and engagement, it does not necessarily lead to an optimal improvement in conceptual understanding. Therefore, this study concludes that a combination of traditional and digital learning methods is the most appropriate approach in science learning at elementary schools and Madrasah Ibtidaiyah, considering students’ needs as well as the availability of facilities and infrastructure. structure.

The physiological changes that occur during pregnancy, both physically and mentally, may be rather uncomfortable, particularly in the second and third trimesters. Pregnant women often report back discomfort, muscular aches, trouble sleeping, excessive exhaustion, and irregular sleep patterns. Mothers' physical and mental health as well as the health of their unborn children may be significantly impacted by inadequate sleep quality during pregnancy. To enhance comfort and the quality of sleep during pregnancy, one non-pharmacological technique is to use an aromatherapy maternity pillow. An ergonomic and ecologically sustainable invention to enhance mother comfort during pregnancy was the goal of this research, which intended to produce a Pregnancy Pillow Therapy product with pineapple leaf fiber and aromatherapy. A descriptive research design using a prototype creation technique was used in this study. The stages of the research included problem identification, literature review, product design, material selection, prototype manufacturing, and product evaluation. Data were collected through literature studies and observations related to sleep discomfort in pregnancy, maternity pillow utilization, aromatherapy therapy, and pineapple leaf fiber characteristics. The developed product was designed ergonomically to support the back, abdomen, waist, and legs of pregnant women. The addition of aromatherapy was intended to provide a relaxing effect and improve sleep quality. The use of pineapple leaf fiber also supports environmentally friendly product innovation through agricultural waste utilization. The results indicate that Pregnancy Pillow Therapy has the potential to become a supportive product for improving comfort and sleep quality among pregnant women. Further studies are recommended to evaluate product effectiveness directly among pregnant women.

Based on the 2023 Indonesian Health Survey, the prevalence of overweight among adults reached 23.4% nationally and 24.5% in East Java Province. This condition highlights the need for food innovation, particularly high-fiber snacks suitable for overweight adults. This study aimed to develop cereal based on okara (soy pulp) flour and mung bean flour as an alternative high-fiber food product. Organoleptic testing was conducted on 30 semi-trained panelists evaluating color, aroma, texture, and taste using hedonic and hedonic quality tests. Data were analyzed using the Kruskal–Wallis test followed by the Mann–Whitney test, while nutrient content analysis was analyzed using One Way ANOVA followed by Duncan’s post hoc test. The results showed that in the hedonic test, color, texture, and taste parameters were significantly different (p<0.05), while aroma was not significantly different (p>0.05). In the hedonic quality test, color and taste showed significant differences (p<0.05), whereas aroma and texture did not (p>0.05). Overall, formulation 922 was the most preferred by panelists. The nutritional content of the cereal ranged from 407–410 kcal for energy, 76.44–77.53% carbohydrates, 8.91–9.66% protein, 6.80–7.30% fat, 5.20–5.51% moisture, 1.26–1.41% ash, and 9.72–10.90% total dietary fiber. The developed cereal is classified as a high-fiber food and has potential as a healthy snack for overweight adults.

This study explores the acceptance of the Free Nutritious Meal Program (MBG) at SD Inpres Gere through William of Ockham's negative rights framework, focusing on freedom from external interference. As a positive rights policy (the right to services), the MBG has the potential to conflict with the principles of individual subjective rights (negative rights). Ockham emphasized that every individual has a personal sovereignty that must be free from interference from external authorities. Using qualitative research methods through literature studies and interviews, this article analyzes the risk of standardizing consumption that can reduce individual autonomy in determining their private needs. The analysis shows that although the MBG has a noble aim to fulfill the right to life, its implementation risks becoming a form of state paternalism that harms citizens' negative freedoms if not accompanied by strict limits on power. This paper concludes that to align with Ockham's principle of individual subjective rights, the MBG program must continue to respect the private space and diversity of individual choices without creating dependency that erodes the sovereignty of legal subjects.

The Tandak Timang tradition in Batu Badinding Village, Central Katingan District, plays an important role in fostering the faith of children aged 1-5 years, which is carried out by parents. From an early age, children are introduced to faith values through Tandak Timang verses that contain advice, prayers, and praise to God. This study aims to (1) describe the role of parents in fostering the faith of children aged 1-5 years through the Tandak Timang tradition in Batu Badinding Village, Central Katingan District; and (2) describe the values implemented by parents for children aged 1-5 years in Batu Badinding Village, Central Katingan District. The research used a qualitative descriptive method with data collection techniques including observation, interviews, and documentation.The results show that Tandak Timang plays a significant role in shaping children's spiritual foundation. Parents' roles are manifested through daily practices, such as singing, storytelling, and rocking children while chanting verses in the Dayak Ngaju language. This practice not only builds strong emotional bonds but also serves as an effective medium for instilling noble values. These values include cultural values, moral and ethical values, ancestral values, and spiritual values that teach children about the importance of prayer and hope in God.The conclusion of this study is that parents act not only as cultural inheritors but also as educators, role models, and facilitators. They utilize intimate moments when putting children to sleep—through singing, storytelling, and rocking—to instill faith values. The strong physical and emotional interaction builds a solid bond, making it easier for children to accept and internalize a deep understanding of the teachings conveyed. The Tandak Timang tradition is rich in noble values that serve as the foundation for faith formation. These values include cultural values, moral and ethical values, ancestral values, and spiritual values. The suggestions put forward are that parents should further understand the meaning of Tandak Timang for fostering children's faith from an early age, and pass on and preserve the character of children through this Central Kalimantan Dayak culture. For subsequent researchers conducting similar studies, it is recommended to develop the research objectives and focus more specifically on the research topics.