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Wilayah perbatasan Ambalat merupakan kawasan strategis NKRI yang rawan terhadap pelanggaran kedaulatan dan ancaman keamanan. Satuan Tugas (Satgas) Ambalat Korps Marinir menghadapi tantangan geografis dan keterbatasan teknologi pengawasan konvensional. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis potensi pemanfaatan teknologi Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) untuk meningkatkan efektivitas pengamanan perbatasan oleh Satgas Ambalat. Penelitian menggunakan pendekatan deskriptif kualitatif. Teknik pengumpulan data meliputi observasi, wawancara mendalam dengan 4 narasumber (Komandan Skuadron Udara 700, pilot UAV, Dansatgas Ambalat, dan personel komunikasi Satgas Ambalat), serta dokumentasi. Analisis data menggunakan model Miles & Huberman. Penelitian menunjukkan bahwa (1) UAV belum dimanfaatkan secara langsung oleh Satgas Ambalat, pengamanan masih mengandalkan patroli konvensional dan drone non-militer; (2) tantangan utama meliputi keterbatasan personel terlatih, belum adanya program pelatihan formal, keterbatasan sarana prasarana (Ground Control Station, sistem komunikasi), serta kekosongan regulasi operasional; (3) UAV tipe ScanEagle dan Camcopter S-100 dinilai paling sesuai untuk kebutuhan Satgas Ambalat karena daya tahan terbang lama dan sensor canggih. Pemanfaatan UAV dapat memperluas jangkauan pengawasan, menyediakan data real-time, mengurangi risiko personel, serta meningkatkan efisiensi operasional. Diperlukan pendekatan terintegrasi berupa penyusunan regulasi, pengadaan sarana dan pelatihan personel bertingkat dan berlanjut. Teknologi UAV memiliki potensi strategis untuk memperkuat sistem pengamanan perbatasan Ambalat. Rekomendasi meliputi dukungan kebijakan pemerintah, pengembangan doktrin TNI AL, pembentukan unit UAV Korps Marinir, serta pelatihan personel secara berkelanjutan.

Modern food supply chains, particularly those involving essential commodities like rice, often suffer from major challenges such as product fraud, inefficient record-keeping, and a lack of consumer trust. Traditional centralized systems are prone to data tampering, limited transparency, and poor traceability, making it difficult to verify the authenticity and origin of goods. To address these issues, our research introduces TraceRoot, a blockchain-based traceability framework designed to enhance transparency, accountability, and trust in agricultural supply chains.TraceRoot leverages the immutability and decentralization of blockchain technology to maintain a secure, distributed ledger that records every transaction and movement of goods across the supply chain. Each stakeholder including farmers, distributors, retailers, and consumers has role-based access to authenticated data through a user-friendly interface. The framework integrates smart contracts to automate transactions and digital signatures to verify the integrity of the data being uploaded, minimizing the risk of human error or manipulation

This study aims to analyze a comparison of coal stockpile volumes using the DJI Mavic 3 Pro Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) method versus the truck count method at PT. Mitra Barito. Data collection was conducted through aerial photography using a UAV at altitudes of 60 meters and 70 meters, as well as Ground Control Point (GCP) measurements using GPS. The aerial imagery data was processed using photogrammetry software to generate orthophotos and a Digital Elevation Model (DEM), followed by a geometric accuracy test based on the Geospatial Information Agency Regulation No. 6 of 2018, using the Circular Error 90% (CE90) and Linear Error 90% (LE90) parameters. The research results show that high-quality processing at an altitude of 60 meters yields a CE90 value of 2.1619 meters and an LE90 value of 4.3656 meters, thereby meeting the accuracy standards for RBI maps at a scale of 1:5,000, Class 3 for horizontal accuracy, and a scale of 1:10,000, Class 3 for vertical accuracy. Volume calculations of the stockpile using UAVs yielded a result of 22,750.900 m³, while the truck count method produced a volume of 23,503.300 m³. The volume difference between the two methods was 753.400 m³, with a deviation percentage of 3.2%. Based on the research results, the UAV method is considered capable of providing relatively accurate calculations of coal stockpile volume.

The coal mining industry requires accurate stockpile volume measurements for inventory and production reporting. Conventional methods have limitations in accuracy, efficiency, and safety. This study compares the accuracy and efficiency of coal stockpile volume measurements using a Terrestrial Laser Scanner (TLS) Leica MS60 and an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) DJI Matrice 4E, validated by the ASTM D6172-98 standard. Conducted on five Run of Mine (ROM) coal stockpiles covering 13,500 m² at PT XYZ, Lahat, South Sumatra, the TLS method used 43 scan positions, while the UAV employed 430 aerial images with specific flight parameters. Data were processed using Leica Infinity, Surpac, and Agisoft Metashape. The results showed volumes of 94,076 m³ (TLS) and 94,965 m³ (UAV), with a difference of 889 m³ (0.95%). Volume deviations ranged from 0.48% to 1.89%, with an average of 1.42%, all within the ASTM tolerance (<2%). Time efficiency analysis revealed that the UAV method required 200 minutes (3.33 hours), saving 63.3% (approximately 6.17 hours) compared to the TLS method (570 minutes). The largest efficiency gain occurred during field data acquisition, with an 85% reduction in time. This study confirms UAV photogrammetry as a valid, accurate, and efficient alternative for coal stockpile volume measurement in mining.

Measuring coal volume in the Stock ROM area played an important role in production control and mining evaluation. This research was conducted in the Stock ROM area at PT. Victor Dua Tiga Mega, where volume measurements were generally carried out using Total Station (TS) as the main method, howefer the use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) has begun to be implemented as a more efficient alternative. This study aims to compare the results of Stock ROM coal volume calculations using the Total Station and UAV methods. The research method was carried out by collecting data in the field, processing the digital Elevation Model (DEM), and calculating the volume using the Cut and Fill method. The results of the study the difference in volume between the two methods, where the UAV measurement results tend to be greater than those of the Total Station. The difference in Fine Coal volume was 724,15 m3 or 16,74% and Raw Coal volume of 9.335,98 m3 or 8,03%. Based on a comparison with weighing data, measurements using the Total Station provided results that were closer to the actual conditions in the field.

The stability of slopes in open-pit coal mining in Indonesia is significantly influenced by geological faults, which are a major factor causing slope failures. This study aims to examine the impact of faults on slope stability by conducting a systematic literature review of 25 scientific publications from 2018 to 2025. The results indicate that faults and fault zones consistently reduce rock mass integrity through several mechanisms, including stress concentration in weak zones, the formation of preferential sliding surfaces, amplification of hydro-mechanical effects from groundwater and rainfall, and the reduction of rock strength parameters. Case studies in Kalimantan and Sumatra confirm these mechanisms with slope failures aligning with fault orientations. Kinematic and numerical analyses using the Limit Equilibrium Method (LEM), Finite Element Method (FEM), and Distinct Element Method (DEM) show a reduction in the safety factor (SF) by up to 36% on slopes affected by faults. Practical recommendations include continuous monitoring using Slope Stability Radar (SSR), optimization of slope geometry with angles < 18° in fault zones, groundwater control, reinforcement with anchors and bolting, and UAV-based discontinuity mapping for hazard zoning. This study concludes that managing slopes in fault zones requires an integrated approach combining detailed geological investigation, multi-method numerical analysis, real-time monitoring, and specific mitigation design.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the strategic role of air transportation management in Military Operations Other Than War (MOOTW), particularly in archipelagic contexts such as Indonesia, where rapid humanitarian response, territorial surveillance, and civil–military cooperation are essential for resilience. By applying a Systematic Literature Review (SLR), this article synthesizes findings on humanitarian logistics, technological transformation, and policy frameworks for strengthening national defense readiness. Design/methodology/approach – This study employs a qualitative Systematic Literature Review (SLR) methodology guided by PRISMA principles, analyzing 30 scholarly contributions from 2009–2025, including international peer-reviewed journals, Routledge and Springer volumes, arXiv preprints, and Indonesian academic publications.Results highlight that strategic air  transportation is indispensable for disaster relief, medical evacuation, and supply delivery in archipelagic nations. The adoption of AI, machine learning, UAVs, and reinforcement learning has enhanced responsiveness and equity in humanitarian supply chains. However, persistent challenges include aging fleets, interoperability constraints, and fragmented civil–military coordination. The study underscores the need for modernization of air assets, institutionalized civil–military collaboration, and integration of AI-based routing and command systems. Strengthening these aspects can enhance Indonesia’s resilience and preparedness in MOOTW scenarios. This article uniquely bridges global research on data-driven air power with Indonesian defense perspectives, proposing a scalable strategic framework for air transportation management that advances archipelagic resilience.

Purpose –This article aims to examine Territorial Defense Management (TDM) as an adaptive defense strategy in the contemporary era, with a focus on the synergy of UAV–sensor fusion–C2 technologies, whole-of-defense cyber orchestration and strengthening community resilience in facing multidimensional threats. Design/methodology/approach –This study employed a Systematic Literature Review (SRB) approach, using scientific literature sources from 2021–2025 from Scopus, IEEE, Springer, ScienceDirect, Garuda, and ResearchGate. Thirty-one primary articles were selected through rigorous screening and then analyzed using thematic coding and data triangulation to ensure the validity of the findings. Findings –The study results show that: (1) UAVs with sensor fusion increase the effectiveness of regional surveillance, although they require a counter-UAV system and good spectrum governance; (2) whole-of-defense cyber is proven crucial with the support of threat intelligence, territorial cyber operations centers, and AI for anomaly detection and automated response; (3) community resilience strengthens defense through emergency communications, early warning systems, and community participation in joint training with authorities. Practical implications –The effectiveness of MPT can be enhanced through standardization of IoMT architecture across the military services, counter-UAV and cyber exercises at the regional level, and the development of quantitative metrics to measure community resilience linked to military-level readiness. Originality/value –This article contributes by integrating technology, cyber, and community perspectives into a single adaptive MPT framework, thereby strengthening deterrence, rapid response, and socio-technological resilience. This approach is relevant for strengthening Indonesia's modern defense doctrine.

This study was conducted to examine the effectiveness of Kevlar as a structural material in Medium Altitude Long Endurance (MALE) Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), particularly those designed with winglet innovations. In UAV development, material selection plays a crucial role since it directly affects flight performance, fuel efficiency, and the overall durability of the aircraft structure. Kevlar is widely recognized as a lightweight yet highly durable material, making it an interesting candidate to replace more conventional options such as aluminum and carbon fiber composites. Two approaches were applied in this research: numerical simulations using aerodynamic software and experimental testing on a prototype wing and winglet reinforced with Kevlar. The analysis focused on comparing lift, drag, total aircraft weight, and fuel consumption between Kevlar-based structures and conventional materials. The results demonstrate that Kevlar significantly improves aerodynamic efficiency and extends flight endurance due to its lower weight. Moreover, Kevlar exhibits superior resistance to dynamic loads and impacts, which are critical during certain flight conditions. However, challenges remain in terms of higher production costs and more complex manufacturing processes compared to traditional materials. Despite these limitations, the findings provide valuable insights for developing more efficient and durable MALE UAVs, while also encouraging innovation in aerodynamic design through the application of winglet technology.

Coal is one of the main energy sources and the largest contributor to national revenue; however, its management faces challenges related to limited availability and accuracy in reserve estimation. An essential aspect of mining management is monitoring the Run of Mine (ROM) volume, which plays a critical role in crushing, washing, and blending processes. This study aims to compare the accuracy of ROM volume measurements using Terrestrial Laser Scanner (TLS) and Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) methods in the production area of PT FAD, Berau Regency, East Kalimantan. A quantitative descriptive approach was employed, involving field data acquisition, three-dimensional modeling, and volume analysis using specialized software. The results show that ROM volume measured with TLS was 1,407.669 lcm, while UAV produced 1,387.357 lcm, with a difference of 20.312 lcm or 1.45%. This deviation is within the ASTM D6172-98 tolerance limit (<2%), indicating that both methods are valid. Although TLS offers higher accuracy, UAV is more effective and efficient in terms of measurement time, making it a reliable alternative for modern mining monitoring. This study provides practical insights for the mining industry in selecting ROM volume measurement methods that are not only accurate but also efficient in supporting sustainable operations and data-driven decision-making.

Aerial photo measurement aims to provide a real, fast, and interactive representation of the Earth's surface. Various methods of aerial photo acquisition and correction can be applied to obtain accurate results. The primary objective is to produce photos that present reliable and precise information consistent with actual conditions. A commonly used method in aerial photo mapping is the utilization of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). The correction methods applied include direct correction, known as the Real-Time Kinematic (RTK) method, and post-processed correction, known as the Post-Processed Kinematic (PPK) method. This study aims to identify the highest horizontal orthophoto quality based on the Indonesian Geospatial Information Agency Regulation (BIG) No. 6 of 2018 concerning RBI map accuracy, by comparing the RTK and PPK methods, as well as variations in flight altitude during UAV data acquisition. The research conducted in Lemo II Village, Teweh Tengah District, North Barito Regency, Central Kalimantan Province revealed that the highest horizontal orthophoto quality was achieved using the PPK correction method at a flight altitude of 120 meters, with a horizontal RMSE value of 0.048 meters and an accuracy of 0.073 meters, which meets Class 1 standards at a 1:1000 scale. These values were obtained from tests conducted on 15 ICP points. Additional tests performed to determine the significance of model and method differences indicated that variations in flight altitude and photo correction methods have a significant impact on horizontal orthophoto quality.

This study investigates the impact of tail configuration variations on flight stability and battery energy efficiency in Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs). Three distinct tail types were tested: the conventional tail, the T-Tail, and the V-Tail. The objective was to compare how these tail designs affected the overall performance of UAVs, especially focusing on the balance between stability and energy efficiency. The experiments were conducted through a series of flight tests in a controlled outdoor environment, providing reliable and accurate data. During these flight tests, several performance metrics were recorded, including IMU-based angular deviations for pitch, roll, and yaw, energy consumption, flight time, voltage, and battery power. The data collected allowed for a thorough analysis of how the tail design influenced the flight characteristics of the UAVs. The results showed that the T-Tail configuration provided the highest flight stability, as indicated by the smallest angular deviations and minimal vibration during flight. This design’s enhanced stability made it the most reliable, especially for missions requiring precision control. In contrast, the V-Tail configuration proved to be the most energy-efficient, consuming only 22.80 Wh. Despite its low energy consumption, the V-Tail showed the lowest stability due to control coupling between the pitch and yaw axes, resulting in higher angular deviations and less precise control. The conventional tail, while not the best in terms of either stability or energy efficiency, struck a reasonable balance between the two. This configuration provided adequate stability while ensuring efficient battery usage, making it a suitable choice for general UAV applications. The findings of this study highlight the direct influence of tail design on UAV performance. There is a clear trade-off between flight stability and energy efficiency, with the conventional tail offering the best compromise.

Optimizing the use of quadcopter drones as personal explosive weapons for Marine Corps has become the focus of innovative research following the global trend of utilizing the latest military technology. The use of First Person View (FPV) drones as explosive weapons in military operations has become a global trend, especially after its success in conflicts such as Russia-Ukraine1. This research aims to optimize the E99 Pro FPV drone as an explosive weapon to increase the effectiveness and flexibility of marine infantry operations in the modern combat era. The methodology uses Research and Development (R&D) design with an applied experimental approach, including system design, prototyping, operator training, and field testing. The test involved 20 Marine Corps infantry soldiers as operators in a combat simulation scenario with questionnaire instruments, observations, and technical test equipment. The results showed that the drone was capable of carrying an explosive load of 10 grams of gunpowder with a flight time of 9.5 minutes and a mission success rate of 85% in attacking weak points of armored vehicles. Its operation is considered easy by soldiers even those who are inexperienced, while reducing the risk of casualties through long-range attacks. In terms of cost, this solution is economical with real-time camera capabilities that increase the accuracy of target identification. In conclusion, the E99 Pro drone is effective as an explosive weapon that is easy to operate, economical, and increases the flexibility of Marine infantry tactics. Its integration extends the attack range and becomes an innovative solution to the threat of armored vehicles. The implications of the research emphasize the need for further development and special soldier training for optimal integration into Marine Corps combat doctrine.

Accurate elevation determination is one of the crucial aspects in oil and gas exploration activities, especially in the planning and management of well areas. This study aims to identify and compare the elevation of the Digital Terrain Model (DTM) obtained from aerial photography with terrestrial measurements, and to convert Digital Surface Model (DSM) data into DTM. The urgency of this study is driven by the need for accurate, efficient, and economical mapping methods, as well as validation of the methods used in topographic mapping. Digital Terrain Model (DTM) is a virtual model that adds elements such as fault lines and observations to correct artifacts from the original data, while DSM includes the height of all objects on the ground surface. The results showed that the largest elevation value in the aerial photo DTM was 14.416 meters at point L06 and the smallest elevation value was 6.567 meters at point A46, with an average elevation of 13.716 meters. Meanwhile, the comparison results of DTM elevation of aerial photography with terrestrial measurements showed the largest difference of 5.513 meters at point A46 and the smallest difference of -2.682 meters at point L21, with an average difference of 0.072 meters. The level of vertical accuracy (Z) based on the LE90 value is 0.2076 meters, which meets the geometric accuracy standard of 1:1000 class 1 scale according to BIG Regulation Number 15 of 2014. The results of this comparison are also supported by a 3D model of DTM elevation of aerial photography. This study provides an important contribution to the validation and improvement of the efficiency of topographic mapping methods based on aerial photography, as well as providing an overview of the accuracy of the data produced.    

Coastal defense operations require efficient and effective monitoring of activities along the coastline. The use of UAVs has become an attractive solution to improve this monitoring capability. This study aims to conduct an in-depth analysis of the use of UAVs in coastal defense operations. The methods used include a literature survey on current UAV technologies, appropriate hardware and software, and effective monitoring methodologies. In addition, case studies of various UAV implementations in coastal defense operations are explored to understand their effectiveness and challenges. The results of the analysis indicate that UAVs have great potential in improving the monitoring capabilities of coastal defense operations. With the ability to cover large areas in a relatively short time, UAVs can provide accurate and real-time data on activities along the coastline, including intrusion detection, vessel movement monitoring, and environmental condition assessment. However, several challenges were also identified, including limited range and battery life, complex data integration, and privacy and security issues related to UAV data collection and use. To overcome these challenges, an approach involving the development of more modern UAV technologies and appropriate personnel training is needed.

The use of drones in responding to aircraft accidents in remote areas is an important innovation to improve response and efficiency in emergency situations. The purpose of this study is to explore the optimization of drone use in this context using qualitative research methods and a descriptive approach with interviews, observations, and document analysis. The research showed that drones have a variety of benefits, among others: These include fast and accurate monitoring of accident sites, detailed real-time data collection for situation assessment, and the ability to provide medical assistance and rescue equipment quickly and efficiently. In addition, drones can reach areas that are difficult for traditional rescue teams to access, thereby reducing the risk to rescue workers and speeding up the search for victims. However, some obstacles have also emerged, including limited communication infrastructure that can hinder drone operations in remote areas and difficulties in coordinating drone operators with rescue teams on the ground. Other technical challenges include the limited battery life of drones, extreme weather conditions that can affect drone performance, and the need for drone operators to use their drones. effectively and safely. Future research is suggested to focus on evaluating the effectiveness of drone use in various emergency situations, further development of drone technology, and analysis of the regulatory and legal aspects of drone use. The aim of this initiative is to ensure the optimal and safe use of drones in future rescue operations, especially in remote areas that are difficult to reach by traditional methods. Cooperation between the government, technology service providers and rescue teams is also essential to overcome barriers and maximize the potential of drone use.

VSAT Sailor is a communication aid in KRI that is able to support communication by working directly with satellites, so that KRI can still communicate with other ships and contact bases on land even though it is in the middle of the sea, but in its use, there are still several obstacles that make the VSAT performance itself not optimal so that communication in KRI becomes disrupted and not real time. In this research, the author tries to find out the source of the problems from the obstacles that are often encountered by VSAT users, one of which is KRI, and tries to provide suggestions so that in the future VSAT at KRI can be used optimally and minimize the obstacles that occur. In this study the authors took the problem formulation "How to optimize the use of VSAT Sailor at KRI?". This research uses descriptive qualitative methods. From the research data, the relevance of the literature review, and various theories used as a reference. The data taken for this study came from several KRIs that use VSAT Sailor in the ranks of Koarmada II. With data taken from several KRIs and processed using management theory, it shows that there are still several obstacles in the use of VSAT Sailor that make its performance not optimal. To optimize the performance of the VSAT Sailor at KRI, steps are needed in the form of routine maintenance and maintenance.    

This thesis discusses the selection of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) that can be used by KRI R.E Martadinata class to help improve the ability of KRI R.E Martadinata class in carrying out operational tasks effectively and efficiently.The formulation of the problem in this study is the utilization of UAV technology through Strength, Weakness, Opportunities and Threat (SWOT) data analysis by first determining the UAV using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method so that the appropriate UAV is obtained and can be operated at the R.E Martadinata class KRI. This research discusses the selection of UAVs on the R.E Martadinata class KRI with various criteria owned by UAVs and briefly discusses the use of UAVs as a tool in warfare. This research uses capability theory as the main theory to analyze the use and advantages gained from the operation of UAVs in the R.E Martadinata class KRI with the support of sea power and interoperability theories. The quantitative research results show that the effective and efficient use of UAVs can improve the ability of the R.E Martadinata class KRI in anti-surface ship warfare. This research is expected to provide recommendations for the Navy on the utilization of UAV technology in anti-surface ship warfare operations using the R.E Martadinata class KRI.  

Soil plays an important role for all living things, where soil is a source of livelihood. It acts as a planting medium, a water reservoir, and a place for us to do activities. All of these activities are carried out on the land (Natasha Hutabarat et al., n.d.). In the community itself, land ownership is always a problem that is often encountered, whether it is the problem of unfixed land boundaries, land tenure, and land grabbing. The National Land Agency (BPN) as the institution that organizes land registration has a Complete Systematic Land Registration (PTSL) program that makes it easier for the community to register land so as to avoid land conflicts. In order to accelerate land registration, PTSL in Samarinda City this time uses media or tools to take measurements using the photogrammetric method, namely the Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) to obtain aerial images or the latest images. In its implementation, the community is asked to install boundary signs that have been delivered or socialized by BPN employees. So that the boundaries of the land plot can be seen from the UAV and visible from aerial images