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This study aims to analyze the relationship between epistemology and scientific logic in the development of scientific knowledge using a library research approach by reviewing relevant literature in the fields of philosophy of science, theory of knowledge, and principles of scientific logic. The findings indicate that epistemology serves as a philosophical foundation for understanding the origin, structure, and validity of knowledge, while scientific logic functions as a systematic tool that guides reasoning in constructing rational and consistent scientific truth. Both have a complementary relationship, where epistemology provides a normative framework for determining the criteria of knowledge validity, and scientific logic ensures that the reasoning process is structured, coherent, and free from fallacies. Therefore, the integration of epistemology and scientific logic plays a crucial role in producing scientific knowledge that is objective, measurable, and academically accountable, while also enhancing the overall quality and credibility of the scientific process.

Digital technology has significantly transformed adolescents’ lives, including the process of character formation. While the digital era provides broad opportunities for accessing information and developing personal potential, it also presents challenges such as identity crises, individualism, instant culture, cyberbullying, moral relativism, and declining spiritual engagement. These conditions create unique challenges for Christian adolescents in maintaining values and character grounded in biblical teachings. This study aims to examine the challenges of Christian adolescent character formation in the digital era, analyze the perspectives of the Christian worldview and educational psychology on character development, and explain the relevance of integrating these perspectives in addressing contemporary challenges. The research employed a qualitative approach using a library research method. Data were collected from books, scholarly journals, and other relevant academic sources and analyzed through content analysis. The findings indicate that the Christian worldview provides a theological foundation for shaping identity, values, and character based on biblical truth, while educational psychology offers scientific insights into adolescent development and effective character-building strategies. The integration of these perspectives creates a holistic approach that addresses spiritual, moral, social, emotional, and cognitive dimensions. Therefore, this integration is essential for helping Christian adolescents navigate the challenges of the digital era wisely, responsibly, and in accordance with Christian values.

This article theologically analyzes the role of the Holy Spirit in the lives of believers through a study of the doctrine of pneumatology, traced from the testimony of Scripture to its impact on the practice of Christian faith. The purpose of this study is to explain how the work of the Holy Spirit is understood not merely as a theological concept, but also as a spiritual reality that shapes the identity, character, and dynamics of believers’ service. The method employed is qualitative research with a library research approach, involving the analysis of relevant theological and biblical sources to construct a conceptual framework concerning the work of the Holy Spirit in guidance, conviction, the sealing of salvation, spiritual transformation, and empowerment in ministry. This research is necessary because there remains a limited understanding of pneumatology that tends to be doctrinal and disconnected from concrete faith experiences. The findings of this study indicate that the presence of the Holy Spirit plays a vital role in leading believers into truth, forming Christian character, strengthening their identity as children of God, and empowering them to serve effectively within the community. Therefore, pneumatology holds significant practical relevance in fostering a dynamic, reflective, and transformative life of faith in the contemporary Christian context.

The acceptance of family witnesses in divorce cases resulting from violations of taklik talak remains a subject of legal debate within the Indonesian Religious Courts. This debate arises from the normative tension between Article 145 of the Het Herziene Indonesisch Reglement (HIR), which restricts testimony from family members, and the need to uncover material truth in private domestic disputes, particularly in default judgments where the defendant fails to appear before the court. This study aims to analyze the legal basis underlying judges’ considerations in accepting family witnesses in divorce cases caused by violations of taklik talak, using Decision Number 32/Pdt.G/2017/PA.Pkl as a case study. The research employs a normative juridical approach with a descriptive-analytical method. Data were collected through library research and document analysis of relevant court decisions. The analysis links legal facts with procedural law in religious courts, the theory of rechtsvinding, and the concept of substantive justice. The findings indicate that the acceptance of family witnesses can be legally justified based on Article 76 of Law Number 7 of 1989 concerning Religious Courts as a lex specialis provision, the judges’ authority to conduct legal discovery under Law Number 48 of 2009 concerning Judicial Power, and principles of ushul fiqh and fiqhiyyah that support the realization of substantive justice. This study offers a reconstruction of the juridical legitimacy of family witness acceptance through the integration of positive law and Islamic law to strengthen legal certainty in religious court practices.

This study examines the interpretation of the Qur’anic verse mentioning the lion in QS. Al-Muddathir [74]: 51 through the approach of tafsir ilmi (scientific exegesis). The aim of this research is to analyze the theological meaning of the term qaswarah, explore the interpretations of classical and contemporary exegetes, and relate them to the perspective of animal science as well as the underlying wisdom. This study employs a qualitative method with a library research approach, using primary sources from Qur’anic verses and classical tafsir works, and secondary sources from books, journal articles, and relevant scientific literature. The results show that the term qaswarah in QS. Al-Muddathir [74]: 51 has various interpretations, such as lion, hunter, or something frightening. However, most exegetes tend to interpret it as a lion due to its relevance to the context of the parable in the verse. The parable illustrates people who turn away from the truth like wild donkeys fleeing in fear from a predator. From the perspective of tafsir ilmi, this depiction aligns with scientific facts that identify the lion as an apex predator capable of triggering a fight-or-flight response in prey animals. Furthermore, the mention of the lion in the Qur’an is not merely descriptive but also contains theological, ecological, moral, and psychological values. The lion serves as a symbol to describe irrational human behavior in rejecting the truth. Thus, tafsir ilmi demonstrates a harmonious relationship between revelation and science, where natural phenomena are used as a medium to convey profound moral and spiritual messages.

He rapid advancement of digital technology has significantly transformed human life, particularly in the way information is accessed, processed, and distributed. While this development brings numerous benefits, it also generates serious challenges such as information overload, misinformation, and the decline of critical thinking skills among digital users. This study aims to examine the relevance of the philosophical thought of Al-Kindi on intellect (aql) and knowledge in addressing these contemporary issues within the digital era. The research employs a qualitative approach through library research, analyzing classical philosophical texts and contemporary scholarly works related to epistemology and digital literacy. The findings show that Al-Kindi positions intellect as the primary faculty of human beings in understanding truth and organizing knowledge systematically and rationally. According to Al-Kindi, knowledge must be grounded in logical reasoning to achieve certainty and clarity. In the context of the digital era, this perspective is highly relevant as individuals are required to critically evaluate vast and unfiltered information circulating in digital spaces. This study concludes that Al-Kindi’s rational philosophy provides a strong intellectual foundation for developing digital literacy, strengthening critical thinking skills, and promoting responsible engagement with technology in modern society.

Pastoral care within the Voice of Truth Gospel Church throughout North Sumatra has experienced a decline in quality in fostering the maturity of faith and the spiritual life of the congregation. The purpose of this study is to determine the extent to which emotional intelligence influences the quality of pastoral care within the Voice of Truth Gospel Church throughout North Sumatra. This study uses a quantitative approach. The data obtained were analyzed using simple linear regression techniques. This study proves that: Based on data reduction, it is known that the emotional intelligence of pastors, administrators, and servants of the Voice of Truth Gospel Church in the North Sumatra region is in the high category; Based on the results of data reduction, it is also known that the majority of respondents assess that pastoral care within the Voice of Truth Gospel Church throughout North Sumatra has been running quite effectively; Emotional Intelligence has a positive and significant effect on the variable of Pastoral Care Quality. This can be seen from the calculated t (8.857) > t table (1.65437) and Sig. (0.000) < 0.05, and based on the results of the coefficient of determination test, it is known that the Quality of Herding is influenced by the Emotional Intelligence variable with a value of 61.2% and the remaining 39.8% is influenced by other variables outside this study.

This study examines the integration of biblical authority into curriculum design and pedagogical practices as a foundation for developing a transformational Christian education model in a global, digital context. The main issue raised is the dichotomy between normative theological approaches and contemporary pedagogical practices that are often secular, leading to a weak integration of faith and learning in Christian education. The purpose of this study is to formulate an integrative model that harmonizes biblical authority with modern pedagogical approaches in a contextual, relevant, and applicable manner. The research method uses a qualitative approach through systematic literature study and conceptual analysis of various recent journals and books in the fields of Christian education, curriculum, and transformational pedagogy. The results show that the integration of biblical authority can be constructed through three main dimensions: epistemological (the Bible as a source of truth), curricular (the integration of biblical narratives into the curriculum structure), and pedagogical (learning practices oriented towards character transformation and spirituality). The research synthesis produces the "Biblical Transformative Curriculum-Pedagogy Integration (BTCPI)" model that emphasizes the relationship between theological truth, character formation, and the practice of faith. In conclusion, the holistic integration of biblical authority and modern pedagogy contributes significantly to developing students who are not only academically competent but also possess contextual spiritual and moral maturity.          

The development of globalization and digital culture has given rise to an epistemological crisis that shifts the authority of truth from revelation to social construction, so that the authority of the Bible in Christian education is increasingly marginalized. This condition has an impact on the low internalization of the value of faith, where students understand the Bible cognitively but do not live it in daily practice. This research aims to reconstruct the authority of the Bible in Christian education through an integrative and contextual approach in the midst of global cultural fragmentation. This research uses a qualitative approach with a library research method that integrates theological, pedagogical, and digital cultural contexts. Data were obtained from theological literature, educational theory, and relevant journal articles, which were analyzed using content analysis techniques and theological-constructive reflection. The results show that the crisis of biblical authority is influenced by epistemic shifts, the dominance of post-truth culture, low internalization of values, and non-contextual pedagogical approaches. This research creates a model of reconstruction of biblical authority that integrates the epistemological, pedagogical, and bruxistic dimensions in a transformational manner. In conclusion, this reconstruction does not change the theological substance of the Bible but updates the approach to learning to be more dialogical, reflective, and contextual, so that the authority of the Bible remains relevant in shaping the faith and character of learners in the global era.  

The crisis of authority in global culture is a complex phenomenon reflecting a fundamental shift in how humans understand truth, values, and the sources of legitimacy of knowledge. This research focuses on the dynamics of epistemological change in global society influenced by digital technology, cultural relativism, and value pluralism. The main issue studied is how this crisis of authority influences the construction of truth and value systems in contemporary society, as well as its implications for social and spiritual life. The aim of this research is to develop an interdisciplinary analysis that integrates perspectives from philosophy, sociology, theology, and media studies in understanding this phenomenon. The method used is a qualitative approach based on systematic literature studies with a critical analysis of recent academic sources. The main findings indicate that the crisis of authority is characterized not only by the weakening of traditional institutions but also by the emergence of "alternative authorities" based on algorithms, public opinion, and subjective experience. This results in the fragmentation of truth, the relativization of values, and a crisis of epistemological legitimacy. The synthesis of this research confirms that the reconstruction of authority requires an integrative approach that combines rationality, ethics, and spiritual dimensions. In conclusion, the crisis of authority in global culture is not merely a challenge, but rather an opportunity to build a new epistemological paradigm that is more holistic, reflective, and rooted in transcendent values.  

This article examines Christian epistemology in the context of theological education by highlighting the integration of divine revelation, human rationality, and theological formation processes in a global era characterized by pluralism, digitalization, and a crisis of truth authority. The main problem raised is the epistemological fragmentation in modern theological education that tends to separate revelation from rationality, thus impacting the weakness of faith formation and theological integrity. This study aims to formulate an integrative model of Christian epistemology that can address these challenges. The method used is a qualitative approach with a systematic literature study of classical and contemporary theological sources, as well as a conceptual analysis of Christian epistemological paradigms. The results show that the integration of revelation, reason, and faith experience produces a holistic epistemological model that not only strengthens theological foundations but also shapes students' spiritual character in a transformative manner. The main synthesis of this study is the Epistemological Theological Integration Framework (ETIF) model, which emphasizes that theological truth must be understood as a unity between biblical authority, rational reflection, and the practice of faith. In conclusion, an integrated Christian epistemology can serve as a solid foundation for theological education in facing global challenges and shaping a generation of contextual, reflective, and spiritual theologians.  

This article examines the role of Christian theology in dealing with pluralism and secularism in the era of globalization. The era of globalization is marked by an increasing plurality of religions, cultures, and various perspectives on life that in many ways are moving away from a theocentric perspective. In that context, Christian theology is faced with the responsibility to be present as a reflective and transformative force that carries messages of peace, truth, and certainty of faith. This research aims to explore the role of Christian theology in an increasingly pluralistic society and influenced by the currents of secularism that have the potential to erode the values of faith. The method used is a literature study by analyzing various literature related to the concept of Christian theology, the impact of secularism on the life of faith, and various relevant theological responses in dealing with these challenges. The results of the study show that inclusive theological education, a conciliatory approach in interreligious relations, a holistic transformation of church life, and the active participation of the church in social service are concrete forms of the contribution of Christianity in a pluralistic society. Through this approach, Christian theology functions not only as a doctrinal framework, but also as a praxis that presents the values of the Kingdom of God in social life.  

This article examines the phenomenon of interfaith solidarity rapidly flourishing in Indonesia’s digital sphere during Ramadan, specifically through the viral "war takjil" trend involving active participation from non-Muslim communities. With national social media users reaching 180 million, digital platforms have transformed into crucial interaction spaces facilitating fluid and participatory interfaith communication. This research employs a qualitative approach using literature review, phenomenological analysis, and theological reflection within the Catholic tradition to understand the meaning behind this social behavior. Main findings indicate that this phenomenon is a concrete manifestation of bottom-up pluralism, emerging organically from daily social interactions. Based on the Contact Hypothesis, these digital interactions successfully reduce prejudice by achieving common goals and maintaining equal status in public spaces. Theologically, the phenomenon reflects the spirit of universal brotherhood and solidarity emphasized in the documents Fratelli Tutti and Nostra Aetate. The article concludes that healthy pluralism is the capacity to maintain one's own faith identity while actively building bridges of love with those of different beliefs. The implications emphasize the importance of media literacy for faith educators and catechists to guide the community in responding to digital social dynamics constructively without compromising theological truths. This study serves as a reference for developing inclusive, love-based interfaith communication strategies within Indonesia’s diverse digital society.

The concept of fides quaerens intellectum (faith seeking understanding) in this study is interpreted by emphasizing the rationality of faith as a form of apologia based on 1 Peter 3:15. This study aims to demonstrate that Christian faith is not merely spiritual and normative in nature, but also possesses a rational dimension that can be intellectually justified. In this context, 1 Peter 3:15 serves as a biblical foundation that underscores the importance of believers being prepared to provide a logical and responsible explanation for the hope they possess.This research employs a qualitative approach through library research, combined with an exegetical analysis of 1 Peter 3:15 and a philosophical-theological approach to understand the relationship between faith and reason. Through this framework, the rationality of faith is examined as an integral part of the Christian apologetic tradition. Furthermore, this study affirms that faith and reason are not contradictory realities, but rather complementary elements in the pursuit of truth. The findings indicate that the rationality of faith functions not only defensively but also constructively in fostering dialogue between faith and the intellectual world. Christian faith is understood as a conviction that remains open to rational examination without losing its dimension of mystery. Therefore, fides quaerens intellectum emerges as a relevant paradigm in addressing modern challenges, while also contributing to the development of theological and philosophical studies, particularly in strengthening the integration of faith and reason in the life of believers.

This research deconstructs the manipulative architecture in the propaganda trilogy of the Japanese Army in 1942, namely Nippon Tjahaja Asia, Nippon Pelindoeng Asia, and Nippon Leader Asia, which have often been reduced to mere political euphemisms. With a descriptive-qualitative design, this study integrates Malcolm Coulthard and Alison Johnson's parameter-based Forensic Linguistics as the grand theory, as well as the three-dimensional model of Norman Fairclough's Critical Discourse Analysis (AWK) as an operational analysis instrument. The results of the analysis show that lexical manipulation through the messianic triptych "Light, Protector, Leader" and the use of assertive clauses without copula are engineered to produce false consciousness. Forensic Linguistic Parameters confirm the existence of a planned mens rea (malicious intent) from Sendenbu, with an extreme disparity between commissive speech in the form of a promise of protection and military actus reus in the form of romusha slavery and logistical seizure. This condition fulfills the elements of mass deception. Furthermore, the doctrinal repetition of the slogan is a form of linguistic coercion that exploits power asymmetry to castrate the people's critical reasoning. In conclusion, the invasion of Japanese fascism in Indonesia did not only take place through military equations, but also through a cognitive dictatorship based on language fabrication. This study is relevant as a historical mirror for detecting the anatomy of structural lies in the contemporary post-truth era.

Thomas Aquinas was a major figure in the Era of Scholasticism in the Middle Ages, who was very influential and famous for driving the Western world's resistance to Augustine and Plato's teachings on Eastern mysticism that are still preserved. According to Thomas Aquinas, faith and reason are processes in Christian philosophy. However, please note that this is not possible due to a limitation of reason. Although reason does not transcend mystery, reason can facilitate the understanding of the mystery of God, whereas faith is an intermediary to bridge man's mind with God. Although mystery can overcome the intellect, the two are complementary understandings. Thus, Thomas concludes that two kinds of knowledge do not contradict each other, but that stand side by side, namely natural knowledge, which is based on rare intellect and has things of a general human nature as its object, and the knowledge of faith, which is based on revelation and has divine truth, which is in the scriptures, as its object. Thomas himself provided 5 proofs that God is always there.

The discipline of Qur'anic Studies (‘Ulūm al-Qur’ān) has experienced a significant paradigm shift from the classical textual-normative approach to a modern contextual and hermeneutic framework. This systematic literature review aims to map the dynamics of this growth by evaluating the ontological, epistemological, and teleological boundaries of Qur'anic studies within contemporary Islamic scholarship. Utilizing a qualitative Systematic Literature Review (SLR) design, data were gathered from reputable academic journals published over the last decade and analyzed through thematic synthesis. The findings reveal four major transformations. First, an ontological redefinition where the Qur'an is no longer viewed merely as a static written text, but as a performative living discourse, necessitating a strict demarcation between the Qur'an and Hadith to prevent the sacralization of the profane. Second, an epistemological reconstruction that shifts the discipline from mechanistic auxiliary sciences to a holistic-interdisciplinary methodology integrating social sciences and humanities. Third, an expansion of scope beyond textual analysis into applied realities, notably the emergence of Living Qur'an and Digital Qur'an sub-disciplines responding to the disruption of religious authority. Fourth, a teleological shift where the ultimate goal of studying the Qur'an transitions from individual piety to social transformation, serving as an intellectual defense mechanism against post-truth populism and promoting emancipatory theology. The implication of this study suggests that contemporary Qur'anic studies must proactively offer ethical frameworks for global challenges rather than merely preserving historical dogma

This research is prompted by the unique narrative of Rahab, a Canaanite woman who occupies a critical theological position in Israel’s history of salvation despite her status as an outsider to the chosen people. The primary focus of this study is to explore the dimensions of Rahab’s faith and God’s sovereignty as recorded in Joshua 2:1-12. This study aims to analyze how the confession of faith from a marginalized individual aligns with God's sovereign plan and to determine the relevance of these values for contemporary Christian witness. The method employed is a qualitative approach utilizing library research and exegetical analysis of the text in Joshua 2:1-12. The findings indicate that Rahab's faith was not merely an act of self-preservation but a theological response to the formidable power of God that transcends ethnic boundaries and social status. God's sovereignty is proven capable of working through unexpected subjects to fulfill His divine purpose. The implications of this research assert that modern Christian witness must be inclusive and transformative, where the courage to declare God's truth amidst threatening situations constitutes a tangible form of living faith. The church is called to perceive God's sovereignty as the fundamental basis for mission and witness, unrestricted by social or cultural exclusivity.    

The rapid growth of the Internet of Things (IoT) has driven numerous innovations in wireless communications that not only demand technical efficiency but also raise philosophical questions about the nature of scientific knowledge. One such innovation is Physical Layer Network Coding (PLNC), a communication technique that utilizes signal interference as a source of information to enhance system performance. This paper examines the philosophical dimensions of science within PLNC, focusing on three fundamental aspects: ontology, epistemology, and axiology. Ontologically, PLNC represents a new paradigm in wireless communication that reinterprets interference not merely as noise but as an opportunity. Epistemologically, knowledge of PLNC is derived through scientific methods such as mathematical modeling, experimentation, and simulation—yielding intersubjective and verifiable truths. Axiologically, PLNC holds practical value in terms of energy efficiency, data reliability, and contributions to the sustainability of IoT ecosystems, while also raising ethical considerations regarding privacy and information security. Thus, this study demonstrates that the development of PLNC cannot be separated from philosophical reflection, emphasizing the profound interconnection between technological advancement, scientific methodology, and human values.

This research examines the comparison between Aristotelian Logic and Modern Logic from the perspective of Islamic education. It aims to understand their concepts, significant differences, the perspective of Islamic education, and their contribution to critical thinking. The study employs a philosophical-comparative approach. The findings indicate that Aristotelian Logic, with its deductive approach and syllogism, emphasizes universal truth and coherence. In contrast, Modern Logic focuses on symbolic formalism and empirical verification. Islamic education views logic as an epistemological tool to harmonize reason (`aql) and revelation (naql). The analysis reveals that integrating both logical systems is not only possible but also strategic. Their synthesis gives rise to "tawhidic rationality," a paradigm that combines analytical rigor with spiritual awareness. This integrative model significantly contributes to forming holistic critical thinking skills, where learners are not only intellectually proficient but also grounded in Islamic ethical and spiritual values. Consequently, this study provides a foundation for developing a more relevant Islamic education curriculum.