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This study examines the urgency of foreign nationals' (WNA) legal status and visa compliance in the vehicle rental business in Bali, as well as its impact on business disputes involving local entrepreneurs. The increasing number of international tourists visiting Bali has spurred the growth of vehicle rental services, yet it has also given rise to illegal practices by foreign nationals such as misuse of tourist visas for commercial purposes, tax evasion, and unfair business competition. This research adopts a normative juridical method using statute, conceptual, and case approaches, referring to key legal documents including Law No. 6 of 2011 on Immigration, Law No. 6 of 2023 on Manpower, Ministerial Regulation No. 21 of 2016, and Bali Regional Regulation No. 5 of 2016 on Tour Guiding. The findings highlight the vulnerability of rental contracts under Article 1548 of the Indonesian Civil Code, risks of breach of contract, and widespread violations of the Electronic Traffic Law Enforcement (ETLE) system, the penalties of which are imposed on rental owners. Nationality disparities and weak immigration oversight further undermine the effectiveness of law enforcement. This study concludes that legal protection for local business actors relies heavily on the legal clarity of WNA status, the appropriateness of 1 visa categories, and strong inter-agency coordination. The novelty of this research lies in integrating legal analysis of WNA legitimacy with a dispute resolution framework specific to the vehicle rental sector in Bali’s tourism landscape a perspective that has been largely overlooked in prior studies. The recommendations include strengthening rental contracts, enhancing coordinated supervisory mechanisms, and harmonizing civil and criminal law to establish a stronger deterrent effect.

Tourism in Bali, as the backbone of the regional economy, absorbs more than 50% of the workforce and gives rise to complex labor dynamics. Although Law No. 13 of 2003 on Manpower and Law No. 21 of 2000 on Trade Unions guarantee worker protection and freedom of association, the reality on the ground is still marked by the misuse of fixed-term employment contracts (PKWT), violations of outsourcing regulations, and both structural and cultural barriers to union formation. This article employs a normative juridical approach, using statute, conceptual, and case-based methods to analyze the regulatory framework and the responses of workers, employers, and government actors in addressing industrial relations disputes within Bali’s tourism sector. The findings reveal a significant gap between written legal norms and actual practice: repeated extensions of PKWT, outsourcing of core tasks such animal caretaking, union-busting through dismissal of union members, and weak law enforcement at regional level. Trade unions play a role in mediation and advocacy, but their performance is hindered by employer intimidation, low legal literacy among workers, and limited institutional support. Bridging this gap requires strict oversight, legal education for workers, as well as the strengthening of union capacity and the authority of local governments.

The phenomenon of tourist destinations experiencing a decline in popularity after a viral phase (post-viral stagnation) poses significant challenges to the sustainability of urban tourism. This study aims to test a structural model for destination reactivation in Kampung Pelangi, Semarang, focusing on the role of digital transformation in strengthening destination resilience through the mediation of competitive advantage. Using a quantitative approach, data were collected from 150 respondents and analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM-PLS). The results of the hypothesis testing indicate that digital transformation has a positive and significant influence on competitive advantage (β = 0.495; t = 5.820; p < 0.001) and destination resilience (β = 0.312; t = 3.450; p < 0.001). Furthermore, competitive advantage was found to have a strong impact on resilience (β = 0.542; t = 7.115; p < 0.001). A mediation test demonstrated that competitive advantage significantly mediated the relationship between digital transformation and resilience (β = 0.268; t = 4.890; p < 0.001). This model demonstrated a predictive power of 61.2% (R2 = 0.612) for destination resilience. This finding emphasizes that post-pandemic destination reactivation requires the integration of digital capabilities that can restore differentiation and unique value propositions to achieve long-term resilience.

This study examines the integration of Sound Governance principles within the sustainable tourism policy cycle to address institutional fragmentation and evaluation inefficiencies in developing economies. Using a sequential explanatory mixed-methods design, the research develops a multidimensional evaluation framework aligned with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), analyzing policy performance across five strategic domains: Economy, Social-Welfare, Culture-Education, Environment, and Governance. The quantitative phase utilizes 17 adapted SDG indicators to measure policy efficacy, while the qualitative phase employs semi-structured interviews and stakeholder mapping to deconstruct power dynamics in multi-actor co-management structures. The findings reveal that Sound Governance—specifically transparency and accountability—serves as a critical catalyst for policy effectiveness, significantly influencing destination sustainability through an input-process-output-outcome-impact pathway. Empirical evidence from the case of Penglipuran Village, Bali, corroborates these results, demonstrating that indigenous institutional legitimacy enhances social responsiveness but remains vulnerable to overtourism-driven economic dependency. Notably, the study demonstrates that integrating SDGs into the policy evaluation cycle transforms assessments from mere administrative formalities into strategic instruments for long-term demand stability and ecosystem preservation. These findings position Sound Governance as a strategic intangible asset, offering theoretical contributions to development administration and practical guidance for policy-makers navigating the complexities of sustainable destination management in competitive global markets

This study aims to examine the gastronomy of the traditional culinary dish Ayam Napinadar as part of Batak cultural identity, covering aspects of history, ingredients, processing techniques, cultural values, and preservation challenges. The background of this research is based on the importance of maintaining the sustainability of traditional cuisine amid modernization and changes in consumption patterns. The method used is a qualitative approach through in-depth interviews with three informants, namely an MSME (Micro, Small, and Medium Eterprises) practitioner, a traditional leader, and a consumer. The results show that Ayam Napinadar has a unique characteristic in the use of andaliman and blood (gota) as its distinctive flavor. Traditionally, the cooking process involves grilling over firewood to produce a characteristic smoky aroma, although it has now shifted to more practical methods without altering the original recipe. From a cultural perspective, Ayam Napinadar holds symbolic meaning as an expression of prayers, blessings, and joy in various Batak traditional ceremonies. However, there are challenges in its preservation, such as the declining participation of younger generations in traditional activities and the increasing influence of modern foods. In conclusion, Ayam Napinadar functions not only as food but also as a medium for preserving cultural values and ethnic identity. This study provides benefits as a basis for developing gastronomic tourism and strategies for preserving traditional cuisine through education, collaboration, and the use of modern promotional media.

This study examines the tourism development strategy to increase Local Original Revenue (PAD) in Bulukumba Regency, South Sulawesi. Despite having significant tourism potential, such as Bira Beach and the Pinisi shipbuilding tradition, the contribution of the tourism sector to PAD remains fluctuating and has not been fully optimized. Therefore, this study aims to formulate an effective and targeted tourism development strategy. The research employs a quantitative descriptive approach using observation, Likert-scale questionnaires, and documentation, with data analyzed through SWOT analysis, IFAS-EFAS matrices, and the Grand Strategy Matrix. The findings indicate that the tourism sector has strong internal strengths (5,09) and significant external opportunities (4,99), exceeding its weaknesses (4,56) and threats (3,95), placing it in Quadrant I (aggressive strategy). The results suggest that the most appropriate strategy is the SO (Strengths-Opportunities) strategy, which focuses on optimizing tourism potential, enhancing digital promotion, strengthening cultural-based tourism, and expanding investment in infrastructure. The study concludes that implementing an aggressive and integrated strategy can improve the tourism sector’s contribution to PAD and support regional economic development. These findings highlight the importance of aligning tourism potential with strategic planning to achieve sustainable fiscal growth.

This study aims to design and develop a web-based Eweta Village Tourism Promotion Information System using the Codeigniter Framework to facilitate the dissemination of information on village tourist destinations to the community and tourists. Lokomboro Village has natural and cultural tourism potential that has not been optimally managed, especially in terms of digital promotion. This system was built using the Waterfall software development method, which includes the stages of requirements analysis, system design, implementation, testing, and maintenance. This web-based system is equipped with features such as tourist attraction information, photo galleries, tourism activity schedules, and contact details for managers. The CodeIgniter Framework was chosen for its advantages in MVC structure, which facilitates code management, security, and application scalability. Testing results show that the system is capable of displaying promotional information interactively, responsively, and accessible at any time by interested users, making it suitable for use as a tourism promotion medium for Pada Eweta Village.

This study aims to analyze visitors’ Willingness to Pay (WTP) and to estimate the economic value in supporting the development of Gunung Meja Nature Tourism Park (TWA) as a conservation area. This study employed the Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) with a total of 156 respondents. Data were analyzed using descriptive quantitative methods to obtain the average WTP value and its distribution. The results showed that the average WTP of visitors was IDR 19,300 per person, with the highest distribution in the range of IDR 10,000–30,000 and a dominant value of IDR 20,000 (23%). The estimated economic value of the area based on WTP reached IDR 3,939,245,800 per year, which is higher than the actual revenue of IDR 2,755,431,000 per year. The difference of IDR 1,183,814,800 indicates a potential increase in revenue through tariff adjustment. These findings indicate that visitors have a higher willingness to pay compared to the current tariff. Therefore, the WTP value can be used as a basis for determining optimal tariff policies to support sustainable management of conservation areas and to maintain their ecological functions.

The development of digital technology affects tourism promotion strategies. Promotion of cultural tourism in remote areas. The Tarung Traditional Village (KA) is one of the trains located in West Sumba district that has cultural heritage and historical value but still cannot be promoted properly due to the lack of digital media. Therefore, the researcher created a website as a medium for promoting cultural tourism destinations for Tangung Train. The system development method applied is the waterfall model with phases of needs analysis, system design, implementation, and testing. Information collections are carried out through literature studies, observations with traditional and community managers, and direct interviews. The process of developing this system must be able to meet the community's information needs related to the profile of customary areas, customary houses, customary ceremonies, photo galleries and tour guides of the Tarong Train. The result of this research is to get promotional media for the Tarung Train in the form of an informative site about the potential of the Tarung Train containing train profiles, traditional houses, traditional ceremonies, photo galleries, and tourist guides. As well as promotion in the form of a website that is able to increase access to information from the general public and also introduce cultural image.

This study aims to design and implement an information technology-based economic and tourism potential mapping system in Tema Tana Village. This village faces several problems, including manual data management, limited access to information, and the absence of an integrated system for efficiently presenting village potential data. This study uses a descriptive approach with data collection techniques through observation, interviews, and documentation studies. In developing the system, the Waterfall method is used, consisting of the stages of planning, design, implementation, and testing. The system design was carried out using the Unified Modeling Language (UML) to ensure a clear system structure and flow. The results of the system development indicate that the system is able to present information in the form of interactive digital maps and reports that are easily accessible to users. Testing using the Black Box Testing method shows that all system features function well and are in accordance with predetermined needs. Thus, this system is expected to improve the effectiveness of data management and support better decision-making processes in developing village potential, particularly in the economic and tourism sectors.

This study aims to identify domestic visitor segments in Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park (TNBTS), Indonesia, based on travel characteristics and consumption patterns to support the development of quality tourism in protected areas. Using snowball sampling, 283 domestic visitors was analysed by Two-Step Cluster Analysis in SPSS by integrating length of stay, activity preferences, and expenditure patterns. The results reveal a two-cluster solution as the most optimal segmentation, supported by the highest ratio of distance measures, with cluster quality rated as fair (silhouette = 0.20). Cluster 1 (39.2%) represents short-stay, lower-spending visitors who primarily seek iconic experiences (“Sunrise Seekers”), while Cluster 2 (60.8%) reflects longer-stay, higher-spending visitors who prefer village tourism activities (“Village Experience Seekers”). The strongest differentiating variables across segments are length of stay, activity preference, expenditure style, and age, whereas gender, education level, origin, and travel companions have limited role in segment separation. This study contributes empirical evidence of data-driven visitor segmentation in a conservation-based ecotourism destination within a volcanic national park, extending prior expenditure-focused profiling by integrating length of stay and activity preferences to capture visitor heterogeneity more comprehensively.

This study aims to analyze the contribution and potential of the Lampung Province tourism sector to national economic growth in the 2020-2025 period. Using a quantitative descriptive approach using the Location Quotient (LQ) and Shift Share methods, this study processes secondary data on Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP) at constant prices from the Central Statistics Agency. The analysis shows that although Lampung's macroeconomic performance is still dominated by the primary sector, the tourism sector, particularly the accommodation and food and beverage subsector, has demonstrated post-pandemic resilience with a significant positive growth trend. In 2024, the GRDP value of this subsector at the provincial level reached IDR 4,616.76 billion, with strategic areas such as Bandar Lampung City confirming the accommodation sector as a base sector (LQ > 1) with a high competitive advantage. The integration of a creative economy based on local wisdom, such as the use of Tapis cloth and digital marketing, has been proven to increase the attractiveness of destinations, capable of driving the volume of domestic tourist trips to reach 17.87 million trips by 2024. This finding confirms that Lampung's tourism sector is not only a regional economic driver, but also makes a substantial contribution to national income through a multiplier effect on job creation and increasing domestic foreign exchange. Optimizing collaboration between policymakers and accelerating infrastructure development are key to strengthening the strategic position of Lampung tourism in the future.

This study aims to analyze the organizational performance of the Dinas Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata Kota Tanjungpinang in managing the tourism sector. Tanjungpinang has significant cultural and historical tourism potential; however, tourist visit trends remain fluctuating and unstable. This research employs a descriptive qualitative approach using a case study method and library research as the data collection technique. Data were obtained from official government documents, statistical data from the Central Bureau of Statistics, and relevant previous studies. The analysis is based on the public sector organizational performance theory proposed by Agus Dwiyanto, focusing on two main indicators: productivity and accountability.   The findings indicate that administratively the agency has consistently implemented programs and organized cultural events in accordance with planning documents. However, the increase in the number of activities has not consistently contributed to stable growth in tourist visits. In terms of accountability, reporting mechanisms have been implemented, yet substantive transparency and public access to information still require improvement. Therefore, the organizational performance can be categorized as administratively adequate but requires enhancement in program effectiveness and public transparency.

This study aims to analyze the implementation of spatial planning regulations in the development of tourism accommodations and law enforcement against spatial planning violations in the Bingin Beach area, Badung Regency. The rapid development of tourism in the area has encouraged the construction of various facilities such as villas, hotels, and restaurants, some of which are located in coastal areas and do not fully comply with spatial planning and licensing regulations. This study uses empirical legal research methods with a legislative approach, case approach, and legal sociology approach. Data was obtained through observation, interviews, and document studies, then analyzed qualitatively. The results show that the implementation of spatial planning regulations in Bingin Beach has not been optimal because there are still tourism accommodation buildings that violate zoning and coastal boundary line regulations. This condition is influenced by weak supervision, rapid tourism development, and lack of compliance with licensing procedures. Law enforcement is carried out by the local government through the imposition of administrative sanctions and efforts to control buildings that do not comply with spatial planning. This law enforcement aims to maintain order in the use of space and protect the sustainability of the coastal environment.

Trenggalek Regency is one of the regencies located in the southern part of East Java that has high potential for natural tourism, such as caves, waterfalls, and beaches. However, this potential is not yet widely known by people from outside the region, especially the younger generation. The low level of awareness among people outside the region is influenced by limited access to information about Trenggalek’s tourism. Therefore, an effective medium that can attract the attention of young people is needed, such as an illustrated book. Based on the questionnaire results, the majority of respondents show a high interest in illustrated books. In an illustrated book, an engaging character is needed to convey messages so that readers do not feel bored. The method used in this study is a mixed-method approach with a descriptive analyze. This approach is applied to analyze data obtained from observations, interviews, literature studies, and questionnaires, as well as to develop design concepts and outcomes. This research aims to increase awareness and knowledge of people outside Trenggalek about Trenggalek’s tourism. By highlighting the topic of character design in the illustrated tourism book of Trenggalek, it is expected that readers can easily absorb and understand the content of the book.

Plastic waste management in rural areas, particularly in tourism villages, remains an environmental challenge that requires sustainable solutions. Negeri Tongging Village, as a tourism area around Lake Toba, has experienced an increase in household plastic waste that has not been managed optimally, potentially affecting environmental quality and community well-being. This community service activity aimed to enhance community awareness and capacity in plastic waste management through the implementation of a circular economy approach based on a waste exchange program and ecobrick production. A participatory approach was employed by actively involving the community in all stages of the activity, including socialization, program implementation, and evaluation. The program was carried out during the 2025 Community Service Program of Universitas Islam Negeri Sumatera Utara, consisting of circular economy socialization, collection of plastic waste through an exchange scheme with basic necessities, training on ecobrick production, and the provision of supporting facilities for environmental cleanliness. The results indicate an increase in community participation and environmental awareness, a reduction in improperly disposed plastic waste, and an improvement in community skills in processing plastic waste into useful products. In addition, the activity strengthened mutual cooperation and environmental responsibility among community members. In conclusion, the application of a circular economy approach through ecobrick-based activities can serve as an effective alternative solution for plastic waste management while simultaneously supporting sustainable community empowerment in rural tourism areas.

Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) play a vital role in supporting the Indonesian economy, especially in rural areas where they contribute significantly to employment and local income. Sait Buttu Saribu Village in Simalungun Regency possesses considerable potential in the agricultural, tourism, and culinary sectors, which can be developed through strong MSME activities. Nevertheless, many local MSMEs continue to experience challenges related to limited promotion, weak branding, and restricted market access. This study aims to analyze visit-based and promotional strategies for MSMEs as an effort to strengthen the village economy and enhance business competitiveness. The research methods consist of a literature review of relevant previous studies and field observations conducted through community service activities in the village. The findings indicate that industrial visits, digital promotion via social media platforms, the utilization of Google Maps for location visibility, and branding that highlights local wisdom are effective strategies for expanding market reach and increasing MSME competitiveness. Through strong synergy among the village government, MSME actors, and the local community, MSMEs in Sait Buttu Saribu Village can grow more optimally and contribute to sustainable economic development and tourism.

This study examines the influence of memorable tourism experiences and operational risk management in tourist train transportation on positive Word of Mouth (WOM), with tourist satisfaction serving as a mediating variable. A quantitative approach was employed, and data were processed using SEM-PLS 4. The research sample consisted of 247 respondents who had used tourist train services within the past year. The results reveal that both effective risk management practices and memorable tourism experiences perceived by tourists significantly impact tourist satisfaction. Additionally, tourist satisfaction plays a crucial mediating role in generating positive WOM. The study highlights that memorable tourism experiences, including aspects such as comfort, scenic views, and the quality of service, significantly enhance tourist satisfaction. Furthermore, operational risk management, which includes ensuring passenger safety, maintaining service reliability, and handling emergencies effectively, is essential for cultivating satisfaction and positive WOM. The findings suggest that businesses in the tourism industry, particularly those operating tourist trains, should prioritize both risk management and creating memorable experiences to foster customer loyalty and enhance WOM. This study contributes to understanding the dynamic relationship between risk management, customer satisfaction, and WOM in the tourism sector, providing valuable insights for improving service strategies in tourist train transportation.

The development of rural economies based on locally superior commodities is an integral part of inclusive and sustainable development strategies. Sumberdem located in Wonosari Subdistrict, Malang Regency, possesses significant potential for the development of coffee-based ecotourism. However, this potential remains largely underutilized due to several structural and institutional constraints. Key challenges include inadequate supporting infrastructure, limited capacity of local human resources, and the absence of downstream processing for coffee products. This community engagement program implemented an adaptive approach known as the Lumintu model, rooted in the Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) framework. Field assessments revealed critical limitations such as poor road access to plantation areas, insufficient agricultural irrigation, and weak digital connectivity. Moreover, the capacity of village institutions—such as the Village-Owned Enterprises (BUMDesa) and coffee farmer groups—remained low, resulting in local coffee products with limited added value. The initial implementation of the program has shown promising results, particularly in strengthening institutional capacity through training on tourism business management and high–value coffee processing. Furthermore, product diversification through the development of coffee-based agrotourism and digital marketing innovations has been successfully introduced. Overall, this community engagement initiative has provided a concrete solution to rural development challenges in Sumberdem Village. Moving forward, the village is expected to strengthen its position as a sustainable coffee ecotourism destination and improve the long-term economic well-being of its residents. The proposed development model also holds the potential for adaptation and replication in other rural areas with similar characteristics, thereby supporting the broader achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

MICE tourism (Meetings, Incentives, Conferences, Exhibitions) is a sub-sector with high economic value and a unique capacity to play a diplomatic role through interaction between international actors. At the regional level, the ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) Summit (Summit) has been used by Indonesia not only for economic purposes, but also as an arena for public diplomacy and soft power development. This article examines how the ASEAN Summit (especially the series of ASEAN 2023 activities spread across several locations including Labuan Bajo, Yogyakarta, and Jakarta) shows the function of MICE as a soft power instrument in Indonesian tourism diplomacy. By combining a literature review on soft power and tourism diplomacy, an analysis of official documents, MICE industry reports, and a case study of the 2023 ASEAN Summit, this paper identifies the mechanisms of influence, determinants of effectiveness, economic and reputational impact, and policy challenges. The results show that the ASEAN Summit provides a great opportunity for nation branding and international public engagement, but its effectiveness depends on policy synergy, MICE infrastructure readiness, image management, and post-event strategies to turn temporary exposure into long-term benefits.