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This study investigates the effect of total risk on firm performance and sustained growth among consumer non-cyclicals manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) over the period 2019–2023. Total risk is operationalized through the systematic risk proxy (Beta/β), estimated via the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) framework as the covariance between individual stock returns and the market return divided by the variance of market returns, using the Jakarta Composite Index (JCI) as the market benchmark. Firm performance is measured through Return on Assets (ROA), Return on Equity (ROE), and Tobin’s Q, while sustained growth is operationalized following Gerson et al. (2025) as SG = b × ROE, where b denotes the earnings retention ratio. Panel data regression analysis is applied to 225 firm-year observations drawn from 45 companies, with model selection guided by the Chow and Hausman specification tests. The Fixed Effect Model (FEM) is adopted for ROA, ROE, and SG, while the Random Effect Model (REM) is applied for Tobin’s Q. Results indicate that systematic risk exerts a significant negative effect on ROA (β = −0.312; p < 0.01) and ROE (β = −0.278; p < 0.01), but is statistically non-significant for Tobin’s Q, suggesting that capital market pricing in Indonesia does not fully incorporate systematic risk information. Critically, systematic risk exerts the largest and most significant negative effect on sustained growth (β = −0.347; p < 0.01), revealing a dual transmission mechanism through which risk suppresses ROE while simultaneously inducing more conservative dividend policies, both of which constrain long-run growth sustainability. These findings carry important implications for corporate risk management strategy and empirically enrich the literature on risk, performance, and growth in emerging capital markets.

The banking sector plays a strategic role in supporting financial system stability and capital market development. Market performance, reflected through stock returns, represents investor confidence in a firm’s prospects and sustainability. In recent years, investors have increasingly considered non-financial factors such as intellectual capital and corporate social responsibility in evaluating firm value. However, empirical findings regarding the effect of these factors on market performance remain inconsistent, particularly in the Indonesian banking sector. This study aims to examine the effect of intellectual capital and corporate social responsibility on market performance of conventional commercial banks listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange during the 2021–2024 period. This research employs a quantitative approach using secondary data obtained from annual reports and sustainability reports. Intellectual capital is measured using the Value Added Intellectual Coefficient method, while corporate social responsibility is measured using a disclosure index based on the Global Reporting Initiative. Market performance is proxied by stock returns. Data analysis is conducted using multiple linear regression with the Ordinary Least Squares approach. The results indicate that intellectual capital and corporate social responsibility have a positive and significant effect on market performance. These findings suggest that effective management of intangible assets and social responsibility disclosure can enhance investor perception and firm value. The results provide important implications for bank management in formulating value-enhancing strategies and for investors in making investment decisions.  

This research investigates the effect of fundamental factors, namely the current ratio, debt to equity ratio, and return on equity on stock returns of mining firms listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) during 2021–2023. The research highlights the utility of understanding a firm’s financial performance in guiding investment selection within the capital market. Although the mining industry contributes significantly to Indonesia’s economy, stock movements in this sector are often subject to uncertainty due to market fluctuations and commodity price volatility. This research utilizes secondary data from annual financial statements and stock price records of 51 IDX-listed mining companies over the study period. Panel data regression, combined with descriptive and quantitative statistical techniques, was employed using E-Views 12 software. The findings reveal that stock returns are significantly influenced by the current ratio, debt to equity ratio, and return on equity. These results provide useful insights for investors, financial analysts, and corporate management by emphasizing the function of fundamental indicators in assessing stock performance, particularly within the mining sector.

This study examines the impact of Market Value Added (MVA), Economic Value Added (EVA), and Financial Value Added (FVA) on stock returns in energy-sector mining companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) during 2018–2023. A quantitative approach with multiple linear regression was applied to 23 purposively selected firms based on data availability. Secondary data were obtained from annual reports and stock prices published on the IDX website. The findings show that EVA has a significant effect on stock returns (p = 0.048 < 0.05), while MVA (0.075) and FVA (0.080) are not significant individually. However, the three variables collectively influence stock returns (p = 0.031 < 0.05). The adjusted R² of 0.396 indicates that 39.6% of return variability is explained by the model, with the rest influenced by other factors. Overall, EVA emerges as the key indicator for investors in evaluating return potential, while market-based measures such as MVA are less decisive, and historical value indicators (FVA) are less statistically relevant as predictors of stock returns. From a managerial perspective, firms are encouraged to focus on capital efficiency and sustainable economic value creation to enhance their investment appeal.

In the investment world, stock returns are the leading indicator of a company’s performance and the basis for investor decision-making in the capital market. Fluctuations in stock returns reflect market expectations of the company’s prospects. The retail sector in Indonesia is facing significant pressure from post-pandemic shifts in consumer behavior and increased competition. This study aims to analyze the effect of financial distress, company size, liquidity, operating cash flow, and accounting profit on stock returns in retail sub-sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) during the period 2021 to 2023. This type of research is causally associated with a quantitative approach. The data used is secondary, in the form of financial statements from retail companies. The sampling technique used was purposive, yielding a total of 39 data points from 13 retail companies. Data testing was carried out using SPSS version 24. The results showed that partially, the variables of financial distress, company size, liquidity, and accounting profit had no significant effect on stock returns. Meanwhile, operating cash flow positively impacts stock returns. These findings indicate that fundamental indicators are not always the main determinants of stock returns. Therefore, investors are advised also to consider external factors such as market sentiment, macroeconomic conditions, and government policies that may have a greater influence on stock performance in the capital market.

This study evaluates the impact of TATO, ROA, DER, stock returns, and firm size on company value (PBV) for 28 infrastructure companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) during 2021–2023. The background to this research is the crucial role of the infrastructure sector amid government budget dynamics that affect corporate performance and investor perception. The results show that ROA, DER, and stock returns have a significant positive effect on company value. This indicates that high profitability, optimal debt management, and good stock returns send positive signals to the market. Conversely, TATO was found to have a significant negative effect, reflecting that inefficiencies in asset management can reduce investor confidence. Meanwhile, firm size had no significant impact on company value. This study recommends that investors use ROA, DER, and stock return as key indicators in decision-making. At the same time, companies are advised to optimise profitability and debt management to enhance their value in the eyes of investors.

This research aims to examine the effect of profit optimization on market reaction and the mediating role of tax avoidance in this relationship among insurance sub-sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange during the 2020–2023 period. Profit optimization is proxied by Return on Assets, market reaction by stock returns, and tax avoidance by the Effective Tax Rate. This research employs a quantitative approach using secondary data obtained from the financial statements of 17 insurance sub-sector companies, with a final sample of 10 companies selected through purposive sampling. Data analysis was conducted using classical assumption tests, multiple linear regression, and path analysis. The results indicate that profit optimization has a positive and significant effect on tax avoidance. However, tax avoidance does not influence market reaction, and profit optimization also does not have a direct effect on market reaction. Furthermore, tax avoidance is able to mediate the effect of profit optimization on market reaction. This study contributes to a deeper understanding of how earnings information quality, taxation strategies, and investor responses interact in shaping capital market dynamics within the insurance industry. The findings also provide a foundation for future research to explore external factors that may influence these relationships, offering additional academic value for strengthening subsequent studies.

This research explores the impact of stock returns, financial literacy, and risk perception on investment decisions among Generation Z investors who use the Ajaib application in Indonesia. The study is driven by the increasing involvement of young digital investors and the growing importance of financial knowledge, risk awareness, and return expectations in shaping their behavior. A total of 250 respondents were surveyed, and the data were processed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). The findings reveal that stock returns (β = 0.436, p < 0.001), financial literacy (β = 0.429, p < 0.001), and risk perception (β = 0.209, p = 0.002) each exert a positive and significant influence on investment decisions. The model explains 68% of the variance in investment decisions (R² = 0.626), confirming the robustness of the proposed framework. These results suggest that Gen Z investors with higher financial literacy, stronger risk awareness, and favorable return expectations are more likely to make confident and deliberate investment choices. The study contributes theoretically to behavioral finance literature and provides practical insights for improving financial literacy programs, enhancing investor education, and designing fintech features that foster trust. The findings can also inform policymakers in creating targeted initiatives to encourage responsible investment behavior among younger generations in Indonesia.

This study aims to analyze the effect of changes in interest rates, exchange rates, economic growth, and world oil prices on stock returns in the transportation and logistics sector in Indonesia during the period 2006–2024. This sector was chosen because it is highly vulnerable to fluctuations in macroeconomic factors that have a direct impact on companies' operating costs and financial performance. The method used is multiple linear regression with an annual panel data approach, using a sample of transportation and logistics companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. The independent variables include changes in interest rates, exchange rates, economic growth, and oil prices, while the dependent variable is stock returns. The results show that, partially, only changes in interest rates have a significant negative effect on stock returns. Conversely, exchange rates, economic growth, and oil prices have no statistically significant effect. Simultaneously, these four variables also show no significant effect on stock returns. This study makes a new contribution through the use of a long observation period and a focus on the transportation and logistics sector, thereby providing a deeper understanding of this sector's sensitivity to macroeconomic conditions.

This study aims to analyze the effect of financial ratios, specifically the Current Ratio (CR) and Return on Assets (ROA), on stock returns of food and beverage subsector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (BEI) during the period 2022–2024. The approach used is quantitative with a descriptive method and multiple linear regression analysis, along with classical assumption tests to ensure data validity. The sample consists of 18 companies that meet the purposive sampling criteria based on the availability of complete financial statements, observation periods, and no losses. Data were obtained from annual financial reports available on the official BEI website and individual companies. The analysis results show that, simultaneously, both Current Ratio and Return on Assets have a positive and significant effect on stock returns, indicating that liquidity and profitability are important factors affecting investment returns in this sector. Partially, ROA has a significant positive effect on stock returns, while the effect of CR is positive but not significant. These findings provide strategic implications for companies in managing financial aspects and for investors in making investment decisions based on financial indicators. This study is expected to contribute to the development of knowledge in corporate finance.

This study aims to examine the effect of Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) disclosure and energy price volatility on stock returns of energy sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) during the 2022–2024 period. A quantitative approach was employed using multiple linear regression as the analytical method. The sample consisted of 10 energy companies selected through purposive sampling, based on the availability of sustainability reports, stock price data, and research completeness. The results indicate that ESG disclosure has a positive and significant effect on stock returns, suggesting that companies with higher sustainability transparency tend to gain stronger investor confidence. Energy price volatility also shows a positive and significant effect on stock returns, reflecting the sector’s sensitivity to global energy price dynamics. Simultaneously, both variables significantly influence stock returns, although the relatively low coefficient of determination implies that other factors should also be considered. This study highlights the importance of integrating internal factors (ESG) and external factors (energy price volatility) for investors when making investment decisions in the energy sector.

Stock returns represent a crucial parameter that serves as a reference for investors in evaluating company performance. A decline in returns has occurred in several mining companies listed on the IDX, despite the sector’s vital role in the national economy. This study aims to examine the effect of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), Return on Assets (ROA), Return on Equity (ROE), Debt to Equity Ratio (DER), and Firm Size on the stock returns of mining companies listed on the IDX during the 2022–2024 period. The sample was determined using purposive sampling, resulting in 56 observational data after outliers were removed. To meet the assumptions of classical tests, several variables were transformed using natural logarithms, and data were analyzed using multiple linear regression. The results indicate that CSR, ROE, and Firm Size have no significant effect on stock returns, whereas ROA and DER show a significant positive effect. These findings suggest that investors tend to emphasize financial fundamentals, particularly profitability and capital structure, rather than non-financial aspects such as CSR activities. The implication for companies is the need to enhance operational efficiency and optimize financial structures to attract investors and improve returns. Future researchers are encouraged to incorporate external variables such as global commodity prices, market risk, and macroeconomic indicators, as well as expand the observation period and apply more diverse methodological approaches to provide a more comprehensive understanding of stock return dynamics in the mining sector.

This study aims to determine whether there is a significant difference in stock returns before and after stock splits among companies listed in the LQ-45 Index on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) during the 2019–2023 period. A stock split is a corporate action believed to provide a positive signal to investors. This research uses a quantitative approach with an event study method. The sample consists of 14 companies that carried out stock splits while being listed in the LQ-45 Index. Stock returns are calculated using an 11-day event window and a 60-day estimation period. The data analysis technique employed is the paired sample t-test to examine the difference in returns. The results show a significant difference, with a p-value of 0.006 < 0.05. However, the difference is negative, as most companies experienced a decline in stock returns after the stock split. This decrease may be caused by investors engaging in profit-taking after the stock split euphoria, or due to the short observation period, which may not have fully captured the market’s response. The author recommends that companies carefully consider the timing and implications of stock splits and ensure transparent communication with investors.

This study aims to analyze the effects of Carbon Emission Disclosure (CED), liquidity, and leverage on firm value, as well as to examine the role of stock returns as a mediating variable. A quantitative research method was employed, utilizing multiple regression and path analysis on data from companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange, particularly within sectors related to environmental issues. The findings indicate that CED significantly affects firm value both directly and indirectly through stock returns. Stock returns also demonstrate a significant positive effect on firm value. In contrast, liquidity and leverage do not exhibit significant effects, either directly or when mediated by stock returns. These results suggest that investors respond more to non-financial information, especially sustainability disclosures, than to traditional financial indicators. This study implies that companies should enhance the quality of their CED reporting as a strategy to build investor trust and sustain long-term firm value. This study is limited to companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange, focusing mainly on environmentally related sectors, which may limit the generalizability of the results to other industries or geographical contexts. Moreover, reliance on quantitative methods and secondary data may overlook qualitative perceptions of stakeholders. Future research is recommended to expand sampling across diverse industries and regions to validate these findings further. Incorporating qualitative approaches could provide deeper insights into investor reactions to carbon emission disclosures. Companies are encouraged to adopt more transparent and standardized carbon emission disclosure practices and integrate sustainability into their broader strategic management to effectively enhance firm value.

This study aims to compare the effectiveness of the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) and Arbitrage Pricing Theory (APT) in predicting stock returns through a literature review of 30 relevant studies. The findings show that CAPM, which relies solely on market risk, is more frequently proven accurate (18 studies) compared to APT (6 studies), while the remaining studies found no significant difference. Financial behavior also plays an important role in enhancing the accuracy of both models. Overall, CAPM is more effective in stable market conditions, while APT is more suitable in complex economic environments. Model selection should be based on market conditions and investor needs.

Stock return refers to the level of profit gained by investors from stock ownership. The volatility of a company's stock return can be influenced by financial information such as profitability. However, over time, there has been growing pressure on companies not only to pursue financial profit but also to consider non-financial information, such as carbon emission disclosure and green accounting. This study aims to empirically examine the effect of profitability, carbon emission disclosure, and green accounting on the stock returns of energy sector companies. The research was conducted on energy sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) during the 2021–2023 period. The sample was selected using a non-probability sampling method with a purposive sampling technique, resulting in 39 companies and a total of 117 observations. Data were collected using a non-participant observation method, and the data were analyzed using multiple linear regression analysis. During the data analysis stage, outliers were detected in the dependent variable, which affected the results of the normality and heteroskedasticity tests. To address this, the winsorizing method was employed to minimize the influence of outliers without eliminating the data. The findings indicate that profitability (measured by ROA), carbon emission disclosure, and green accounting all have a positive effect on stock returns. The implications of this study provide empirical evidence on the influence of profitability, carbon emission disclosure, and green accounting on stock returns in the energy sector on the IDX during the 2021–2023 period. Furthermore, the findings offer valuable insights for corporate management to enhance transparency on sustainability issues, provide strategic guidance for investors, and raise public awareness on the importance of supporting environmentally friendly businesses.

This study aims to analyze the influence of factors such as financial distress (FD), firm size (SIZE), liquidity (CR), and operating cash flow (OCF) on stock returns in the food and beverage sub-sector industry listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) from 2019 to 2023. The issue addressed relates to the importance of analyzing internal company factors in affecting stock returns, particularly in the consumer goods industry. The data used in this study is sourced from annual financial reports published by the companies, with a sample size of 40 data points from 8 companies selected through purposive sampling. In this study, data analysis was conducted using multiple linear regression methods via the STATA application. The findings of the study indicate that both financial distress and firm size have a significant impact on stock return performance. On the other hand, the variables of liquidity and operating cash flow do not have a significant impact on the company's stock return.

This study aims to test the influence of financial performance as measured by Current Ratio and Debt to Equity Ratio on stock returns. The data used are secondary data from the Annual Report. The sample used in this study was 15 Multifinance Sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for the period 2020-2023, so that the data observed was 60. The type of research used is descriptive and associative with a quantitative method that aims to determine the influence of independent variables on dependent variables, with SPSS analysis tool. The findings of this study indicate that the Current Ratio and Debt to Equity Ratio partially does not have a positive effect on stock returns. On the other hand, Earning per Share (EPS) has successfully influenced stock returns.

This study aims to examine in depth the influence of financial variables consisting of Current Ratio (CR), Return on Equity (ROE), Debt to Equity Ratio (DER), and Earning per Share (EPS) on Stock Returns in primary consumer sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) during the 2018–2022 period. This study uses a quantitative approach by utilizing secondary data in the form of annual reports published through the official websites of each company and the Indonesia Stock Exchange page, so that the data used can be accounted for its validity. Sample selection was carried out through a purposive sampling technique with certain criteria resulting in 15 sample companies with a total of 75 observation data which were then analyzed using Eviews 13 statistical software. The analysis focused on partial and simultaneous relationships between variables to determine how much each factor contributed to the movement of Stock Returns. The results showed that the Current Ratio had no significant effect on Stock Returns with a probability value of 0.4079, so that company liquidity in the short term was not a major determining factor for investors. Return on Equity also did not show a significant effect with a probability value of 0.2591, indicating that the company's efficiency in generating profits from shareholder equity has not been a consistent benchmark for investment returns. Conversely, the Debt to Equity Ratio was shown to have a significant negative effect on Stock Returns with a probability value of 0.0053, meaning that the higher the company's leverage level, the greater the risk borne, thus implying a decrease in investor interest and a decrease in returns. Earnings per Share also did not have a significant effect on Stock Returns with a probability value of 0.2989, indicating that although EPS is one of the fundamental indicators, in the context of this research period its effect was inconsistent on the returns received.

Stock return refers to the gain that investors may obtain when allocating their funds in the capital market. The stock returns of infrastructure sector companies experienced consecutive declines over the three-year period from 2021 to 2023. These declines may be attributed to both internal and external factors affecting the companies. The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of profitability, liquidity, inflation, and interest rates on stock returns. This research was conducted on infrastructure sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for the period 2021–2023. The study employed quantitative data derived from secondary sources published by the Indonesia Stock Exchange and Bank Indonesia. The sample comprised all 56 companies in the population, selected using a saturated sampling method. The research employed a non-participant observation method. The analytical technique used was multiple linear regression. The results show that profitability has a positive and significant effect on stock returns, while liquidity, inflation, and interest rates do not have a significant effect on stock returns. These findings suggest that profitability serves as an important signal for investors when making investment decisions.