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The aim of this research is to develop a new strategic model for Indonesian border defense by recalibrating the Lykke Framework. It assesses the relevance of the traditional ends–ways–means framework in addressing modern border threats and proposes adding a risk pillar to improve adaptability and multi-domain integration. Using a Systematic Literature Review (SLR), the study examines policy developments, defense doctrines, surveillance technologies, and geopolitical dynamics influencing Indonesian border security. Literature was sourced from international and national databases (ScienceDirect, SpringerLink, SINTA, BRIN, etc.) for publications between 2018–2025. The findings reveal that Indonesia's border regions face complex threats such as sovereignty violations, transnational crime, cyberattacks, and ideological penetration. These challenges highlight the inadequacy of the traditional ends–ways–means framework without incorporating a fourth risk pillar. The study introduces the New Lykke Model, which enhances the strategic framework for integrated military management, considering geopolitical, operational, socio-cultural, and environmental risks. This model offers practical guidance to stakeholders like the Indonesian National Armed Forces (TNI), Bakamla, and the National Police (Polri), aiming to improve border security operations and policy planning. The study is among the first to adapt the Lykke Model to Indonesian border defense, incorporating an integrated risk pillar for a more comprehensive security strategy.

This study investigates Indonesia’s long-term economic transformation across four pivotal eras: the colonial period, the Old Order, the New Order, and the Reformasi era. Employing a descriptive qualitative design with historical analysis, the research elucidates how political transitions, institutional reforms, and global dynamics have interacted to shape the nation's economic architecture. Results indicate that colonial legacies entrenched deep structural inequalities and a dualistic economy, creating a path dependency that continued to influence policy direction after independence. During the Old Order, efforts to assert economic sovereignty were constrained by macroeconomic instability, limited state capacity, and shifting political coalitions. The New Order marked a turning point toward industrialization, macroeconomic stabilization, and openness to foreign investment, generating high growth but also deepening inequality and dependence on external capital. Entering the Reformasi era, decentralization, democratization of governance, and fiscal transparency reshaped institutional frameworks; however, persistent challenges such as regional disparities, productivity gaps, and vulnerability to global shocks remain evident. The study concludes that Indonesia’s economic evolution is non-linear, shaped by historical constraints and gradual institutional adaptation rather than abrupt shifts. Strengthening governance, enhancing domestic industrial competitiveness, and expanding inclusive development policies are essential strategies for supporting long-term resilience. These findings highlight the importance of continuity in policy reform to achieve sustainable growth and to realize the national vision of Indonesia Emas 2045.

This community service activity aims to provide an understanding of maritime law to fishermen and coastal communities in Setokok Village, Bulang District, Batam City, specifically regarding the supervision of foreign vessels in Indonesian waters. The methods used were direct outreach with a participatory approach, group discussions, and case simulations. This activity involved 85 participants consisting of fishermen, community leaders, and village officials. The results of the activity showed an increase in participants' understanding of the rights and obligations of fishermen, procedures for reporting foreign vessels, and the importance of maintaining the sovereignty of Indonesian waters. This activity had a positive impact in the form of increased awareness of maritime law and community participation in monitoring water areas.

Natuna waters are the most vulnerable area to illegal fishing because there is abundant potential for fishery resources. It was recorded that from May to December 2016, there were 280 foreign vessels in Natuna waters, which resulted in economic losses of 2.98 trillion Rupiah. This study aims to examine and assess the policies and actions that the Indonesian government has implemented in overcoming illegal fishing activities in the area. The results of this study are that the Natuna Waters Area is part of the Indonesian Archipelago Sea Lane (ALKI) and functions as a global waterway. The Natuna Waters Area borders with neighboring countries and is connected to open waters, making it vulnerable to illegal fishing activities. The Indonesian government's strategy in dealing with cases of unlawful fishing in Natuna waters effectively increases the protection of state sovereignty and marine resources through policies such as sinking ships and maritime diplomacy. However, this implementation policy overcomes obstacles in the form of intimidation from other countries, such as China, and weaknesses in supervision and coordination between domestic institutions, which can affect microorganisms in fisheries management and maritime security in the area.

This region faces significant legal and geopolitical challenges due to the maritime conflict in the South China Sea, particularly China's unilateral claims over vast areas based on the Nine-Dash Line. This essay evaluates the direct impact of China's claims on Indonesia's sovereign rights, particularly in the North Natuna Sea, while critically examining the legitimacy of those claims in the context of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) 1982. It is clear from legal precedents such as the 2016 ruling of the Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) that the Nine-Dash Line is baseless under UNCLOS, which rejects historical claims as a legitimate basis for maritime rights. China's claimed maritime borders have included portions of Indonesia's Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), which has resulted in frequent incursions by Chinese coast guard and fishing vessels. This has put Indonesia's maritime sovereignty, national security, and marine-based economy at risk. Indonesia has responded with a multi-pronged approach that includes deploying maritime forces to exert sovereignty over the disputed waters, strengthening domestic law in accordance with UNCLOS, and submitting diplomatic protests to the UN. Additionally, Indonesia is still pushing through ASEAN procedures for a regional code of conduct that is legally obligatory. The results highlight the international legal foundation of Indonesia's legal and policy responses and uphold UNCLOS's dominance as the main legal framework for maritime governance and dispute settlement in the Indo-Pacific area.

QRIS (Quick Response Code Indonesian Standard) is a national digital payment innovation launched by Bank Indonesia to strengthen Indonesia’s digital and economic sovereignty. By integrating various payment platforms into a single QR code standard, QRIS simplifies domestic transactions—especially for Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs)—while reinforcing state control over financial infrastructure and data flows. This policy reduces reliance on international payment networks such as Visa and Mastercard, which previously dominated digital transactions and stored data abroad. On a global scale, QRIS functions as a tool of digital economic diplomacy through cross-border payment initiatives like ASEAN Pay, enabling Indonesia to expand its influence in the global digital payment ecosystem. However, the United States has criticized QRIS, arguing that it restricts access for foreign companies and poses a barrier to trade. In response, the Indonesian government asserts that QRIS is designed to protect national interests while promoting fair international collaboration. This study employs a normative juridical and descriptive qualitative approach to analyze QRIS-related regulations, its impact on digital sovereignty, and its implications for international trade relations. Secondary data is sourced from literature studies and official documents. The findings reveal that QRIS plays a vital role in accelerating MSME digital transformation, enhancing financial inclusion, and strengthening Indonesia’s bargaining position in global digital finance. Ultimately, QRIS stands not only as a transaction tool but also as a strategic symbol of Indonesia’s digital independence and competitiveness in the international financial landscape.

This research discusses the implementation of Pancasila values in building national economic independence that is free from neo-imperialism. Indonesia's economic dependence on foreign countries, which has increased in line with the global crisis, poses a challenge to foreign dominance in strategic sectors. This research aims to analyze how Pancasila values such as cooperation, social justice, and independence can be the basis for independent and equitable economic policies. The method used is library research with literature study and analysis of economic policy documents. The results show that the application of Pancasila values in the development of cooperatives and MSMEs as well as the distribution of economic resources can confront neo-imperialism and strengthen economic sovereignty. The research highlights the importance of synergy between the government, the private sector, and the community as well as policy reforms in favor of economic independence. In conclusion, the implementation of Pancasila values in economic policy can be a strong foundation for building sustainable national economic independence.

Iraq needs to correct public finances to achieve stability and rebuild financial reserves, by adopting a program to measure and analyze the current situation and forecast macroeconomic policies to eliminate the imbalance between domestic demand and aggregate supply, which is usually manifested in the problems of the balance of payments, high inflation, and low output growth, and financial programming is an essential tool for managing policies to achieve stability and rebuild financial reserves.Analyze the current situation and forecast macroeconomic policies to address economic imbalances. However, there is a difficulty in applying the financial programming tool because of  the lack  of accurate information systems to estimate the rate of inflation, unemployment, economic growth, exchange rate, balance of payments and the general budget, in addition to irrational fiscal policy that depends on excessive expansion of government spending, with the sovereignty and control of the public sector over the macroeconomy, compared to the weak and weak role of the private sector. As a result of the policies pursued by successive governments and thus constitute weaknesses for the application of financial programming.