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The rapid growth of Solar Power Plant (PLTS) installations in Indonesia faces efficiency challenges due to the continuously changing position of the sun. Fixed panel systems cannot absorb solar radiation optimally throughout the day. This study aims to evaluate and compare the efficiency of various solar tracking system methods developed over the last five years using a simple literature review approach. The research method was conducted by collecting, screening, and synthesizing secondary data from five reputable scientific journals using a synthesis matrix. The review results indicate that single-axis tracking systems increase power efficiency by 15% to 24.5%. Meanwhile, dual-axis systems achieve higher efficiency, ranging from 30% to 35%, by tracking both horizontal and vertical solar movements. In terms of control systems, astronomical algorithms are found to be more reliable in cloudy weather conditions than pure light sensors. However, the internal power consumption of the actuator motors remains a critical factor that can reduce the system's net energy gain. The implication of this study emphasizes the importance of shifting future research focus toward energy-saving algorithm optimization to maximize net power yield in dynamic solar panel implementations.

The increasing global energy demand drives the search for efficient and sustainable renewable energy solutions. Solar panels have become one of the most widely used technologies; however, their efficiency remains limited when installed in a static position. This research aims to analyze the performance of a single-axis auto tracking system on a 10WP solar panel integrated with the Internet of Things (IoT) for real-time monitoring, specifically in powering a portable powerbank. The research method employed was a quantitative experimental design with three testing scenarios: powerbank charging using an auto-tracking solar panel, a static solar panel, and conventional household electricity as a comparison. Charging data were collected via an IoT system integrated with the Blynk application in real-time. The results indicate that the auto-tracking system increased charging efficiency by around 10%, compared to only 6% with a static panel in one hour. This performance is nearly equal to household electricity charging, which reached approximately 10–11%. The study concludes that the single-axis IoT-based auto-tracking system significantly enhances the performance of small-scale solar panels and holds strong potential for portable energy solutions in remote areas.

Enhancing the efficiency of renewable energy on ships is crucial for reducing dependency on fossil fuels. This research employs the Research and Development (R&D) method, aiming to design and implement a solar panel optimization system for battery charging, with a focus on increasing power efficiency and providing real-time performance monitoring. The system is designed using Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) technology to maximize the solar panel's power output. A 200Wp solar panel with dimensions of 1290 x 760 x 30 mm was utilized. Static testing results show that the deployed sensors possess a high degree of accuracy, with an average error of 0.71% for the temperature sensor and only 1.81% for the light sensor used to monitor environmental conditions. Dynamic and system integration tests prove that the MPPT implementation significantly increases power output efficiency by 30.83% compared to a system without MPPT. Furthermore, the system with MPPT charges the battery approximately 27% faster. Additionally, the developed Modbus protocol-based monitoring system enables comprehensive and remote monitoring of key parameters such as voltage, current, temperature, and light intensity via a cloud database. Data communication reliability tests confirmed the system's capability to transmit entire data packets to a Google Sheets database at a periodic interval of 15 seconds without failure. Based on these results, the developed solar panel optimization system is feasible for implementation in maritime environments to enhance the utilization efficiency of renewable energy and the operational reliability of onboard systems.

This study analyzes the influence of solar panel type and solar charging technology on the charging performance of lithium-ion batteries. Two types of solar panels, monocrystalline and polycrystalline, were tested alongside two charging technologies: Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) and Pulse Width Modulation (PWM). Experiments measured voltage, current, and charging time parameters, and calculated the State of Charge (SoC) as a performance indicator. The results showed that the combination of monocrystalline panels with MPPT technology achieved the highest charging efficiency and shorter charging times compared to other combinations. These findings indicate that selecting the appropriate panel type and solar charging technology significantly affects lithium-ion battery charging performance, providing valuable considerations for portable solar energy system designs and renewable energy applications.

This paper presents an IoT-enabled dual-axis solar tracking system that integrates  a Kalman filter and a Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controller to enhance tracking accuracy, energy efficiency, and operational stability. Addressing the ongoing challenge of maxi- mizing photovoltaic (PV) panel output, the proposed system leverages an ESP32 microcontroller and the Blynk platform to provide real-time monitoring, remote parameter adjustments, and flexible connectivity. Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) sensors measure sunlight intensity from multiple directions, while MG90S servo motors dynamically adjust the panel’s azimuth and elevation. The Kalman filter refines noisy sensor data to yield precise sun position estimates, enabling the PID controller to respond quickly and accurately to deviations in panel orientation. Through extensive testing conducted over several days, including both clear and partially cloudy conditions, the system achieved an average Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) as low as 1.2° under clear skies and maintained RMSE below 2.0° even under partial shading. Compared to a fixed-panel baseline, daily energy harvesting improved by approximately 43%. These results confirm that advanced estimation and control algorithms, when combined with IoT functionali- ties, significantly outperform simpler tracking methods and static installations. Furthermore, the low-cost, compact design and user-friendly interface facilitate practical deployment in a range of scenarios, including small-scale and off-grid installations. By ensuring continuous alignment of the PV panel with the sun, the system not only increases overall energy capture but also reduces maintenance requirements through remote oversight. This research thus offers a robust, scalable approach to improving solar energy utilization in diverse and evolving environmental conditions.

The development of interactive education as learning in education generally has several influencing factors, such as teachers who teach experiencing difficulties in keeping up with developments in information technology, learning media support tools for teaching in institutions are still limited in their use, only a few teachers use information technology in learning media because they have the knowledge to apply it to the teaching process, then from the problems that occur, the objectives include this research, designing an application interface display concept as an innovation in the use of learning technology according to needs, then creating an augmented reality learning application about the solar system according to the design created, after knowing the objectives What will be carried out in this research is implementing the use of an augmented reality application for the solar system using the marker based tracking method, where there is 3D object scanning of each planetary object in the solar system, while testing the application on 50 students of SDN Kebon Jeruk 15 Pagi, both classes VI A and B uses the user acceptance model (UAT), from the explanation explained if it is analyzed it produces an augmented reality application that has been created regarding the Android-based solar system so that it can be concluded that the testing process can be categorized as good or not in terms of AR applications and 3D object marker flashcards for students at school.

Karena meningkatnya kebutuhan listrik masyarakat Indonesia setiap tahunnya, penelitian sedang dilakukan untuk mengubah energi matahari menjadi energi listrik yang ramah lingkungan melalui konversi panel surya yang menghasilkan arus searah (DC). Karena sebagian besar panel surya diletakkan dalam posisi statis atau tidak bergerak, kemampuannya dalam menyerap sinar matahari tidak maksimal. Dengan menggunakan solar tracking sumbu ganda, posisi panel surya harus selalu melacak pergerakan cahaya matahari guna memaksimalkan energi matahari. Untuk mengetahui cara terbaik dalam menyerap sinar matahari, penelitian ini akan membandingkan daya listrik yang dihasilkan panel surya dengan dan tanpa solar tracking (statis). Penelitian ini menggunakan metodologi komparatif untuk mengetahui perbedaan keluaran daya antara solar tracking dan panel surya statis. Tegangan (V) diukur dengan multimeter, dan arus (I) diukur dengan tang ampere. Empat sensor LDR digunakan pada pelacak surya ini untuk mendeteksi sinar matahari. Mikrokontroler Arduino membaca keluaran sensor LDR dan menyalurkannya ke motor servo yang menggerakkan panel surya. Pengujian menggunakan panel surya statis dan solar pelacak, serta pengumpulan data arus (Ampere) dan tegangan (Volt) selama delapan jam, mulai pukul 08.00 WIB hingga pukul 16.00 WIB. Berdasarkan hasil pengukuran tegangan dan arus diperoleh daya total (P) sebesar 6,30 W tanpa solar tracking (statis) dan 30,37 W dengan menggunakan solar tracking. Hasil perhitungan panel surya dengan solar tracking dan tanpa solar tracking memperoleh persentase arus sebesar 78,37% dan daya sebesar 79,26%. Hasil penelitian ini mengungkapkan bahwa panel surya dengan menggunakan solar tracking lebih efisien dan optimal dalam menyerap sinar matahari dibandingkan tanpa solar tracking (statis).

Solar energy is a potential solution to meet the electricity needs of TNI AD posts and bases in border areas. However, conventional solar energy systems have limited efficiency because they can only absorb sunlight from one direction. The efficiency of solar energy systems can be improved by using a dual-axis tracking system equipped with a LDR sensor. The LDR sensor is used to detect the direction of sunlight. The change in the LDR sensor resistance due to the change in the intensity of light that hits it is then processed by a microcontroller to move the solar panel in the appropriate direction. Based on the results of testing, the dual-axis tracking system with an LDR sensor significantly increases the power generated compared to conventional solar energy systems. At the peak of performance during dynamic testing at 12:00 pm, the total power reached 2,196 W, while the static test reached a total power of 1,311 W. Therefore, the dual-axis tracking system with an LDR sensor can be a more optimal choice to improve the performance and efficiency of solar energy systems in generating electricity at TNI AD posts and bases in border areas.

Orbital perturbation is a phenomenon in which the orbit of a satellite changes due to one or more external influences such as an anomaly in the Earth's gravitational distribution, gravitational disturbances from the moon, meteor impacts or other objects, or solar radiation pressure. These maneuvers use small rockets (thrusters) that are on the satellite body and the direction is set according to the correction direction. Ignition of these small rockets will consume fuel brought by satellites from Earth as a provision. Communications satellites have demonstrated their capabilities since the last three decades. that the communication satellite mission in the 60s was an alternative point-to-point transmission between continents, due to its ability to see approximately one third of the earth's surface from the geostationary orbit altitude just above the equator.

This study aims to obtain an effective solar panel tracking mechanism using energy-efficient electric actuators. Furthermore, we designed and implemented a semi-active solar tracking system. A tracking system is proposed to control solar panel orientation using a moving mass, a spring system, and an actuator. The weight of the moving mass and the spring constant are optimized to reduce actuator size. A stepper motor was used for this case. This electric drive is not the prime mover of the solar tracker; hence, it works against mass elements lighter than solar panel weight as used in the active solar tracker. Experimental results suggest that the average power required by the stepper motor is 0.21% of the energy generated by the solar tracking system. The results indicate that the proposed solar panel tracker works satisfactorily to control solar panel orientation.