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Rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) is an important plantation commodity that contributes to improving rural livelihoods. However, the productivity of smallholder rubber plantations remains relatively low due to various technical constraints, socio-economic conditions, and limited farmers’ knowledge and technology. This study aims to analyze the influence of technical aspects of cultivation and socio-economic aspects on farmers’ knowledge and technology in rubber cultivation in Desa Antutan, Kecamatan Tanjung Palas, Kabupaten Bulungan. This research employed a mixed methods approach with a descriptive design. Quantitative data were collected through questionnaires distributed to 30 rubber farmers selected using purposive sampling, while qualitative data were obtained through in-depth interviews and documentation. Quantitative data were analyzed using multiple linear regression with SPSS software, while qualitative data were analyzed through data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing The results indicate that technical aspects of cultivation and socio-economic aspects simultaneously influence farmers’ knowledge and technology in rubber cultivation. Partially, technical cultivation aspects have a more dominant effect than socio-economic aspects. Qualitative findings reveal that the main problems faced by farmers include improper tapping techniques, aging rubber trees, rubber price fluctuations, and limited access to agricultural training and extension services.

Sugarcane plays crucial and strategic role in the economy as the primary raw material for sugar production, thus ensuring proper procurement of sugarcane in the production process is crucial for smooth and successful production. This study aims to determine the management of sugarcane procurement and the constraints faced in meeting the demand for sugarcane at the Madukismo Sugar Factory in the Special Region of Yogyakarta. The basic method is descriptive. The location was determined intentionally at the Madukismo Sugar Factory in the Special Region of Yogyakarta, research was conducted from December 22, 2021, to January 15, 2022. The sampling technique was purposive sampling. Data collection methods included observation, interviews, and recording. The data analysis method was descriptive. The results of the study indicate that the procurement mechanisms for sugarcane include: factory capacity, planting area, planting schedule, and cutting schedule. Sugarcane planting is carried out in stages, starting from May to December, through partnership plantations and smallholder plantations. Harvesting and delivery of sugarcane to the Madukismo Sugar Factory are carried out in stages to prevent stockpiling of raw materials. Cutting is scheduled according to the harvest schedule, as the sugarcane harvest period is 12 months. Excess sugarcane raw materials at the Madukismo sugar factory will be processed the following day. Obstacles affecting the procurement of sugarcane raw materials at the Madukismo sugar factory include cutting labor, transportation, and the COVID-19 pandemic, which caused difficulties providing harvesting labor, resulting in delayed raw material delivery to the sugar factory in 2020 and 2021.

Oil palm plantations are often confronted with the problem of uncontrolled land expansion and suboptimal management, which potentially threaten the sustainability of the business from environmental, social, and economic perspectives for surrounding communities. This condition calls for a comprehensive evaluation of management practices implemented by independent smallholders. This study aims to determine the sustainability status of smallholder oil palm plantations in Parindu Subdistrict, Sanggau Regency, assessed from five main dimensions: ecological, economic, social, institutional, and technological. In addition, the study analyzes attributes that have sensitivity levels affecting the future sustainability of oil palm farming as a basis for formulating improvement strategies. A total of 36 respondents were selected using purposive sampling techniques and in-depth interviews. The research method employed was quantitative descriptive using the Rap-Palmoil approach and qualitative descriptive supported by kite diagrams to clarify the analysis results. The findings indicate that the management status of oil palm plantations falls into the moderately sustainable category, with MDS values of 53.61 for Embala Village and 55.75 for Maju Karya Village. The dimensions that require priority improvement in both villages are the ecological and technological dimensions.

Muaro Jambi Regency is one of the main centers of smallholder oil palm plantations that plays an important role in the economy of Jambi Province through its contribution to crude palm oil (CPO) exports and tax revenues. This study aims to analyze farmer characteristics and the effects of land area (X1), plant age (X2), forest and land fire impacts (X3), labor (X4), and fertilizer use (X5) on the production of fresh fruit bunches (FFB) of smallholder oil palm in Kumpeh District. This study used a descriptive quantitative approach with primary data collected through a survey of 139 respondents and analyzed using multiple linear regression with the help of SPSS version 25. The results show that the average characteristics of farmers include an age of 44 years, an average of 2 dependents, land area of 2 hectares, plant age of 10 years, high fire impact scores, labor use of 2 workers, fertilizer use of 1,120 kg, and production of 20,000 kg. The regression results indicate that land area, plant age, and fertilizer use have a significant effect on production, while labor and forest and land fires do not have a significant effect on smallholder oil palm production.

The People’s Palm Oil Replanting Program (PSR) is a national policy aimed at improving the productivity of smallholder plantations through the replanting of aging and unproductive oil palm trees. This study reviews the implementation of PSR in Indonesia by analyzing ten scholarly articles through a literature study approach. The findings indicate that program effectiveness is significantly influenced by technical support such as training, mentoring, the application of Good Agricultural Practices (GAP), and strategic partnerships for harvest absorption. However, implementation faces several challenges, including limited human resources, damaged equipment, inadequate funding, prolonged replanting periods, weak coordination among stakeholders, and lack of policy dissemination. Local institutions such as cooperatives (KUD) and farmer groups (Gapoktan) play crucial roles in ensuring program sustainability and inclusiveness by acting as managers and conflict mediators. Although farmers are generally ready and actively participate, regulatory constraints—particularly the requirement of financial guarantors—remain a barrier. The study recommends strengthening local institutional capacity, enhancing stakeholder synergy, and simplifying financial schemes as strategic steps to improve the long-term effectiveness of the PSR program.

The purpose of the study was to analyze the impact of the crude palm oil export ban on the income of oil palm farming businesses in Danau Embat Village, Maro Sebo Ilir District. The study was conducted from January 2023 to August 2023. The types of data used were primary data and secondary data. The sample determination was carried out by simple random sampling. Data analysis was carried out qualitatively and quantitatively. Quantitative analysis was carried out using the Paired Sample t Test (Test of two paired average differences). The results of the analysis of the two average differences test were significant for oil palm farming business income between before and after the CPO export ban, this can be seen from the significant value of 0.001 which is smaller than the probability value (α) of 0.05, which means that the impact of the CPO export ban has an effect on the decline in the income of oil palm farming businesses on smallholder plantations in Danau Embat Village. The CPO export ban should be reviewed because it will have an impact on the income of oil palm farmers.

Indonesia is one of the world's main producers of cinnamon (Cinnamomum burmannii), but in the last five years, Indonesian cinnamon exports have decreased by around 10.13% per year. This decline is influenced by various factors that are closely related to competitiveness. As one of the plantation sub-sector commodities, cinnamon plays an important role in national economic development, especially in improving people's welfare. Cinnamon is used as an ingredient in food, beverages, medicines, cosmetics, and other industries. In addition to supporting income, this plant also contributes to environmental preservation, especially in river basins and conservation areas.Most of Indonesia's cinnamon exports come from areas such as Kerinci, West Sumatra, Central Java, and Yogyakarta, which are dominated by smallholder plantations. One of the MSMEs in Simarito Village, North Sumatra, is a cinnamon exporter with a capacity of 500-1000 tons per year. The success of this MSME is supported by the implementation of an effective STP (Segmentation, Targeting, Positioning) marketing strategy, product innovation, and a focus on quality and customer satisfaction. In an increasingly competitive market, developing marketing strategies and improving quality are the main keys to maintaining the sustainability of Indonesian cinnamon exports.

Indonesia is one of the largest coffee-producing and exporting countries in the world. The role of coffee in the Indonesian economy in its position in the world economy illustrates that currently and in the future, coffee commodities have very potential and need to be developed, especially in terms of increasing coffee competitiveness and performance in the international market. Indonesian coffee exports are one of the most in-demand in the world. The quality of Indonesian Robusta coffee is recognized as superior to Vietnamese Robusta coffee. Some Indonesian Robusta coffees can get high marks so they are considered specialty coffees. In addition, the quality of Indonesian Arabica coffee is also recognized as being able to compete with Brazilian Arabica coffee. The purpose of the study was to analyze the effect of tourism, international coffee prices, total coffee production, land area of plantations producing smallholder plantations, and the exchange rate of the rupiah against the US dollar on the export performance of Indonesian coffee commodities. The research method in this study is the Error Correction Model. The research variables used were tourism, international coffee prices, the amount of coffee production, the area of plantations producing smallholder plantations, and the exchange rate of the rupiah against the US dollar which in this study functioned as an independent variable that affected the export performance of Indonesian coffee commodities, which functioned as the dependent variable. The results showed that (1) tourism, international coffee prices, total coffee production, land area of plantations producing smallholder plantations and the exchange rate of the rupiah against the US dollar simultaneously had a significant effect on the export performance of Indonesian coffee commodities, (2) tourism, international coffee prices, the amount of coffee production, land area of plantations producing smallholder plantations partially have a significant and positive effect on the export performance of Indonesian coffee commodities, (3) the exchange rate of the rupiah against the US dollar partially has a significant and negative effect on the export performance of Indonesian coffee commodities.

The main objective of this research is to find out the role of women in the people's coffee management system in North Sumatra. The approach in this research is qualitative. The population of this study comes from 5 city districts in North Sumatra including karo, dairi, humbang hasundutan, simalungun, north tapanuli and mandailing natal districts. The sampling technique uses incidental sampling, namely any female farmer who is found in the field and meets the criteria of the researcher, the sampling number used is 60 farmers. This research data analysis technique uses descriptive analysis. The results of data analysis show that in the management of smallholder coffee plantations in North Sumatra, women take a considerable share. Where 8 out of 10 jobs in coffee management are done by women, while 2 more things are done by men. The roles played by women in coffee management are Land Preparation, Seed Planting, Plant Maintenance, Fruit Picking, Fruit Processing, Seed Drying, Seed Cleaning, Storage, and Distribution, while Pest and Disease Control and seed Grinding are carried out by men.

Soil pH value either with KCl solution or with H2O are two important indicators needed to describe soil acidity. This study aims to determine the distribution of soil pH values in smallholder rubber plantations with different land topography classes in Pelepat Ilir Subdistrict, Bungo Regency, Jambi Province. The study used a survey method with a toposequence concept approach at a semi-detailed level, where observation points were made based on the upper tread polypedon, middle tread polypedon, and lower tread polypedon at each level of percent slope 15-24%, 8-15%, and 3-8%, and flat tread polypedon at a percent slope of 0-3%. Ten composite soils were taken from a mixture of 3 individual soil samples at each polypedon using a soil drill at a depth of 0-30 cm from the soil surface. Soil pH value analysis was conducted in the laboratory on each composite. The results showed that the pH value of the soil with 1:2 H2O solution was very acidic, and acidic for 1:2.5 KCl solution. The distribution of soil pH values showed that the lower slope had a higher pH value than the middle slope, and the upper slope had the lowest pH. Soil pH values decreased as the slope increased, and soils with flat topography were considered more fertile than those with high slopes. This result can be a recommendation in determining liming and fertilization doses, where higher doses are required for high slope soils than flat soils for optimum agricultural yields.

Soil pH value either with KCl solution or with H2O are two important indicators needed to describe soil acidity. This study aims to determine the distribution of soil pH values in smallholder rubber plantations with different land topography classes in Pelepat Ilir Subdistrict, Bungo Regency, Jambi Province. The study used a survey method with a toposequence concept approach at a semi-detailed level, where observation points were made based on the upper tread polypedon, middle tread polypedon, and lower tread polypedon at each level of percent slope 15-24%, 8-15%, and 3-8%, and flat tread polypedon at a percent slope of 0-3%. Ten composite soils were taken from a mixture of 3 individual soil samples at each polypedon using a soil drill at a depth of 0-30 cm from the soil surface. Soil pH value analysis was conducted in the laboratory on each composite. The results showed that the pH value of the soil with 1:2 H2O solution was very acidic, and acidic for 1:2.5 KCl solution. The distribution of soil pH values showed that the lower slope had a higher pH value than the middle slope, and the upper slope had the lowest pH. Soil pH values decreased as the slope increased, and soils with flat topography were considered more fertile than those with high slopes. This result can be a recommendation in determining liming and fertilization doses, where higher doses are required for high slope soils than flat soils for optimum agricultural yields.

The research aims to find out how the palm oil mill workforce and how the production of oil palm smallholders contributes to the income of employees who work in oil palm plantations. The Rokan Hilir method used is interviews and documentation. Sampling was done purposively. The productivity of the palm oil mills is very high because the oil palm farmers are always pressing their superiors to achieve the targets they achieve. Meanwhile, oil palm farmers who have to reach the target of factory employees are unable to calculate how much % of their income is very large, so that the used palm fruit piles up in the factory until they have to fertilize the used palm fruit which is commonly called by the local community as janjangan. The saplings are thrown into the forest or into the oil palm, which the smallholders haven't harvested yet, why throw it back into the oil palm because the saplings can fertilize other palm oil. The research was conducted 3 times to interview employees of the palm oil mill. the pressure of oil palm farmers to achieve the target because their income is already optimal.