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Food safety of fresh fish is an important concern because fish is highly perishable and may be misused with hazardous preservatives such as formalin. This study aimed to determine formalin content and analyze the relationship between length and weight of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and formalin levels in traditional markets of Gorontalo City. The study was conducted from January to February 2026 in five traditional markets, namely TPI Tenda, Moodu, Potanga, Andalas, and Sentral. Nile tilapia samples were analyzed using a formaldehyde test kit, and formalin levels were expressed in ppm. Total length and fish weight were measured, and the relationship between physical size and formalin content was analyzed using Pearson correlation. The results showed that all Nile tilapia samples tested positive for formalin, with concentrations ranging from 0.11 to 0.23 ppm. The highest formalin levels were found in TPI Tenda and Moodu, each at 0.23 ppm, while the lowest level was found in Sentral at 0.11 ppm. Fish length ranged from 19.43 to 25.61 cm, while fish weight ranged from 0.17 to 1.78 g. The correlations between length and formalin content and between weight and formalin content were both very strongly negative, with r = -0.97. These findings indicate that smaller fish tended to contain higher formalin levels. Market supervision, trader education, and formalin-free fish handling practices should be strengthened to protect consumer health.

The difference in the determination of when a divorce takes effect between Islamic law and statutory law raises issues in the judicial practice of the Sharia Court. In a number of cases, judges have issued a single bain sughra divorce even though, according to Sharia law, the husband has already issued three divorces. This raises issues regarding the validity of reconciliation and its legal implications for the status of the children. This study aims to analyze the differences in the concept of divorce, the reasons for the judges’ decisions, the validity of reconciliation, and the legal consequences for children in both legal systems. This study employs a mixed-methods approach (normative and empirical) using legislative, conceptual, and comparative frameworks. The analysis is conducted through comparative theory, legal certainty, maqāṣid al-syarī’ah, and child protection. The results indicate a fundamental difference between substantive validity in Islamic law and formal validity in positive law. The Sharia Court’s ruling on a single bain sughra divorce is based on procedural caution, yet it creates a dualism regarding the validity of reconciliation and the potential for legal uncertainty. Regarding children, positive law provides full recognition, while Islamic law continues to emphasize the caution regarding lineage but is oriented toward protecting the best interests of the child. This study offers an integrative approach by recognizing out-of-court divorce as a substantive legal fact to bridge legal certainty and justice.

This study aims to analyze the relationship between legal compliance and the internalization of the constitution in strengthening the concept of the rule of law through a constitutional rights approach and the theory of Islamic Sociological Jurisprudence. The main issue addressed is the low level of legal compliance, which is often caused by a weak understanding and internalization of constitutional values in society. This research employs a normative juridical method with conceptual and sociological approaches, supported by an analysis of Islamic legal theory that emphasizes the interconnection between legal norms, social values, and morality. The findings indicate that legal compliance does not solely depend on formal law enforcement mechanisms, but also on the process of internalizing constitutional values as part of public legal awareness. The constitutional rights approach positions individuals as primary subjects who possess awareness of their rights and obligations, while the theory of Islamic Sociological Jurisprudence reinforces the moral and social dimensions in the formation of legal compliance. The integration of these two approaches can create a legal system that is not only normative in nature but also responsive to the social and religious values of society. Therefore, strengthening the rule of law requires a comprehensive strategy through legal education, the internalization of constitutional values, and the enhancement of moral awareness based on Islamic principles. This study is expected to contribute both theoretically and practically to the development of integrative and contextual legal studies in Indonesia.

The phenomenon of tourist destinations experiencing a decline in popularity after a viral phase (post-viral stagnation) poses significant challenges to the sustainability of urban tourism. This study aims to test a structural model for destination reactivation in Kampung Pelangi, Semarang, focusing on the role of digital transformation in strengthening destination resilience through the mediation of competitive advantage. Using a quantitative approach, data were collected from 150 respondents and analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM-PLS). The results of the hypothesis testing indicate that digital transformation has a positive and significant influence on competitive advantage (β = 0.495; t = 5.820; p < 0.001) and destination resilience (β = 0.312; t = 3.450; p < 0.001). Furthermore, competitive advantage was found to have a strong impact on resilience (β = 0.542; t = 7.115; p < 0.001). A mediation test demonstrated that competitive advantage significantly mediated the relationship between digital transformation and resilience (β = 0.268; t = 4.890; p < 0.001). This model demonstrated a predictive power of 61.2% (R2 = 0.612) for destination resilience. This finding emphasizes that post-pandemic destination reactivation requires the integration of digital capabilities that can restore differentiation and unique value propositions to achieve long-term resilience.

This research examines digital charity practices within Christian media communication on YouTube, focusing on two distinct donation formats: marapthon live stream donations (e.g., 24‑hour fundraising events) and sermon‑based donations (offerings collected during or after online worship services). Despite the rapid growth of faith‑based online giving, a critical problem remains: the absence of an integrated system that aligns these two donation models with Christian values of transparency, accountability, and community stewardship. Existing platforms often treat live marapthon and sermon donations separately, leading to fragmented donor experiences and inefficient fund utilization. Therefore, this study aims to develop a conceptual framework for an integrated digital charity system by comparatively analyzing media communication strategies in both donation contexts. The proposed method is a netnographic comparative analysis, involving systematic observation of YouTube comments, chat logs, and video descriptions from 10 Christian channels (5 marapthon‑focused, 5 sermon‑focused) over six months, supplemented by semi‑structured interviews with content creators and donors. The main findings reveal that marapthon donations emphasize urgency and real‑time social proof, while sermon donations rely on theological framing and pastoral trust. The synthesis proposes a hybrid system architecture incorporating real‑time donation tracking, automated acknowledgment, and weekly theological reflection modules. In conclusion, integrating both models into a single development framework enhances donor engagement and aligns digital charity with Christian communication ethics, offering practical guidelines for church‑based YouTubers and platform developers.

Citizen Lawsuit (CLS) is a legal instrument through which citizens file lawsuits against the government for its negligence in fulfilling and protecting public rights. This study aims to analyze juridically the ruling in the CLS case concerning Jokowi’s diploma based on Decision Number 211/Pdt.G/2025/PN Skt. The method employed is normative legal research using both the statute approach and the case approach. Primary legal materials consist of court decisions, while secondary legal materials include relevant literature, journals, and legal doctrines. The findings indicate that the judges’ considerations in this case focused on the plaintiff’s legal standing and the government’s responsibility to fulfill citizens’ rights. The judges appear to have adopted a more progressive perspective in assessing state responsibility, although the implementation of the ruling still faces obstacles due to difficulties in effective enforcement. This study emphasizes the strategic role of CLS as a mechanism for monitoring public policy while also highlighting the urgency of strengthening regulations and ensuring consistency in judicial decisions to provide optimal protection of citizens’ rights.

This research aims to analyze the legal protection of workers' rights during Termination of Employment (PHK) due to company bankruptcy, as well as assessing the conformity between applicable legal provisions and practice in the field. The method used is normative legal research with a statutory and factual approach. The research examines various legal regulations related to employment and bankruptcy, as well as the implementation of these regulations in resolving employment disputes. The research results show that the regulation of layoffs according to Law Number 6 of 2023 concerning Job Creation emphasizes that layoffs are the termination of the employment relationship due to certain things which result in the end of the rights and obligations between workers and employers which is a last resort. In practice, however, workers often experience difficulties in obtaining their normative rights, especially when companies face financial instability or insolvency. Then the responsibilities that can be carried out by companies to realize fair legal protection for workers are divided into 2 (two) efforts, namely preventive and repressive. Preventive efforts include compliance with labor regulations and transparent communication, while repressive efforts are carried out through dispute settlement and fulfillment of workers’ compensation rights. This research confirms the existence of a gap between legal norms and practice in the field. Therefore, it is necessary to increase legal awareness and strengthen regulatory enforcement to ensure the fulfillment of the rights of workers affected by layoffs.

Abstract. The right to health is an integral part of human rights guaranteed by the Constitution and further reinforced by Law Number 17 of 2023 on Health, which places the state as the party responsible for ensuring the provision of safe, high-quality, and non-discriminatory health services for all citizens. However, in practice, the fulfillment of the right to health continues to face various challenges, particularly in the delivery of health services for participants of BPJS Kesehatan. This study aims to analyze the legal protection of the right to health in Indonesia and to examine the refusal of medical services to BPJS patients that resulted in death in Papua from a human rights perspective. The research employs a normative legal research method using statutory, conceptual, and case approaches. The findings indicate that although the national legal framework has clearly regulated the obligations of the state and health care facilities in providing emergency services, its implementation remains weak due to administrative barriers, unequal access to health services, and inconsistent law enforcement. The refusal of medical services to BPJS patients in Papua reflects a tension between hospitals’ administrative compliance and the professional obligation of medical personnel to save human lives. The implications of this study emphasize the need to strengthen supervision, ensure consistent law enforcement, and improve health service governance so that the right to health is truly protected as part of human dignity within the Indonesian rule of law. 

The president's prerogative is a form of power inherent in the president's position as head of state. One form of this prerogative is the granting of abolition, which is the abolition of legal proceedings against a person or group of people who are or will undergo judicial proceedings. However, in its implementation, the president's authority to grant abolition is not absolute, but is limited by the applicable legal provisions and constitutional mechanisms. This study aims to analyze the limits of the president's power in exercising the prerogative in the form of abolition and review the juridical aspects that govern the procedure and its considerations. The research method used is normative juridical research with a statutory approach and a conceptual approach. Data sources are obtained from relevant laws and regulations, legal literature, and scientific works. The results of the study show that the president's authority in granting abolition is regulated in Article 14 paragraph (2) of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia, which requires the president to pay attention to the considerations of the House of Representatives (DPR). Thus, this authority is not an absolute prerogative, but is limited by the principle of checks and balances in the Indonesian constitutional system. The conclusion of this study emphasizes that the restriction is a form of constitutional supervision over the use of presidential power to remain in line with the principles of the rule of law and constitutional democracy

This study examines the Hybrid Model of Restorative Justice from a comparative perspective between Civil Law and Common Law systems as a reflection of the transformation of criminal law policy. The Civil Law system, rooted in legal positivism, emphasizes formal legal certainty through codification, whereas the Common Law system allows broader judicial discretion and judge-made law. These differing paradigms significantly influence the development and implementation of restorative justice. Indonesia, as a Civil Law country, has demonstrated a shift toward a hybrid legal policy by incorporating Common Law values into its criminal justice reforms, particularly through the National Criminal Code. This research employs a normative juridical method using conceptual, statutory, and comparative law approaches. The findings indicate that the Hybrid Model of Restorative Justice represents a strategic legal policy choice aimed at harmonizing legal certainty and substantive justice in accordance with the Pancasila legal ideals.

Village institutions play an important role in supporting participatory and sustainable rural development. The Village Law No. 6 of 2014 recognizes village autonomy and emphasizes the importance of community participation through Village Community Institutions (Lembaga Kemasyarakatan Desa/LKD). However, the implementation of these institutions in practice has not always functioned effectively. This study aims to analyze the role of village community institutions in supporting village development and to identify the factors that influence their effectiveness in Oematamboli Village, Lobalain District, Rote Ndao Regency. This research employs an empirical legal research method with a qualitative approach. Data were obtained through interviews and field observations involving village government officials, community institution administrators, and community leaders, while secondary data were obtained from documents and relevant regulations. The results indicate that the functions of LKD, including the Community Empowerment Institution (LPM), Neighborhood Associations (RT), and Community Associations (RW), have not been implemented optimally in supporting village development. This condition is reflected in the limited participation of LKD in development planning, weak absorption of community aspirations, and low community participation in development activities. Several factors influencing this condition include limited human resource capacity, inadequate infrastructure, low community participation, and limited development funding. Therefore, strengthening institutional capacity, improving coordination, and increasing community participation are necessary to enhance the effectiveness of village development.

This practice is essentially based on clauses in employment contracts intended to prevent employees from resigning before the contract term expires. However, from a legal perspective, this practice raises challenges regarding the validity of employment contracts and the legal protections afforded to employees. The objective of this study is to evaluate the validity of the diploma retention practice through the lens of labor law and civil law, as well as to explore the types of legal protections that may be available to employees. The research methodology employed is a normative legal approach, utilizing a legal and conceptual framework, and supported by a literature review of primary and secondary legal sources. This analysis emphasizes the principles of contract law, labor protection principles, and relevant human rights standards. The research findings indicate that the practice of withholding diplomas lacks a clear legal basis under Indonesian law and potentially violates the criteria for the validity of contracts, particularly regarding the abuse of circumstances (misbruik van omstandigheden). Furthermore, this practice can be categorized as an illegal act because it infringes upon workers’ property rights and their freedom to seek employment. Legal protection for workers can be facilitated through preventive strategies, such as strengthening labor regulations and oversight, as well as through enforcement actions, including civil litigation and the resolution of industrial disputes.

This study analyzes the Public Relations communication strategy of PT Kereta Api Indonesia (Persero) Daerah Operasi 8 Surabaya in socializing the Access by KAI digital application to the Surabaya community. Using a descriptive qualitative approach, data were collected through in-depth interviews with PR staff and Railfans Surabaya community members, participatory observation of socialization activities, and documentation of digital publications. Data analysis followed the interactive model of Miles, Huberman, and Saldana (2014). The findings reveal that PR communication strategies are implemented through a synergy of push communication, pull communication, and pass communication, supported by Two-Way Symmetrical Communication principles developed by Grunig and Hunt (1984). Push communication disseminates official information via social media platforms; pull communication attracts audiences through visually compelling and educational content; while pass communication emphasizes two-way engagement that builds public trust and loyalty. The study demonstrates that public engagement, interactive dialogue, and message adaptation to local audience characteristics positively contribute to increasing public understanding and acceptance of the Access by KAI application. The integration of these three strategies creates a holistic communication ecosystem that effectively bridges the gap between digital innovation and user behavior. Future research is recommended to examine similar strategies in other operational regions or employ quantitative approaches to measure adoption levels.

The development of Pantai Indah Kapuk 2 (PIK 2) presents serious issues, including eviction, the loss of traditional livelihoods, and the marginalization of local communities within a modernization agenda that disregards social justice and sustainability. This research questions the extent to which the dominant modernization bias influences the socio-economic conditions of the surrounding community, as well as how public participation practices are implemented in the planning and execution of the project. The PIK 2 project has led to social inequality, the deprivation of rights, and environmental degradation, illustrating a pattern of systemic exploitation of coastal communities through the economic and political power of development elites. The dominant development theory framework proposed by Melkote and Steeves is used to examine modernization bias, supplemented by Islamic concepts such as mustadh’afin and ghasab to strengthen the social justice perspective. In this study, the author employs a qualitative case study approach, utilizing in-depth interviews, field observations, and documentation involving affected residents, community leaders, and policymakers. The results of the analysis indicate very low levels of public participation, instances of intimidation during land acquisition, and a significant loss of access to employment and basic facilities for the community. The conclusion of this research emphasizes the need for policy reform to ensure that development is more transparent, participatory, and equitable, in order to protect the rights of local communities from dominant and exploitative development patterns.

Law Number 11 of 2012 emphasizes restorative justice, diversion, and the protection and fulfillment of children’s rights within the juvenile justice system. In addition, Law Number 22 of 2022 highlights the importance of guidance and assistance aimed at supporting the social reintegration of children in conflict with the law. However, the implementation of these legal provisions at the Class I Correctional Center (Bapas) in Banda Aceh has not been fully effective due to several challenges, including the limited number of officers, inadequate initial assistance, and constraints in reporting and inter-institutional coordination. This study aims to analyze the implementation of assistance provided to juvenile correctional clients at Bapas Class I Banda Aceh and identify factors affecting its effectiveness. The research employs an empirical juridical method with descriptive qualitative analysis based on interviews, documentation, and legal literature. The findings reveal that assistance has been provided throughout all judicial stages, including pre-adjudication, adjudication, and post-adjudication processes. These activities involve community research, assistance during diversion and court proceedings, and post-verdict guidance. Nevertheless, implementation remains suboptimal due to internal factors such as limited Community Advisors and heavy workloads, as well as external factors including insufficient family support, limited community acceptance, and weak coordination between institutions. These issues affect the effectiveness of assistance and hinder children’s successful social reintegration.

This literature study examines the process of self-regulation in transforming compliance with school rules originating from external pressure into behavioral regularity emerging from personal awareness, and its impact on the effectiveness of student learning outcomes. Using a qualitative approach with content analysis method, this study synthesizes relevant literature to build a theoretical framework on how self-regulation facilitates the internalization of disciplinary values. The findings reveal that self-regulation occurs through a series of interconnected stages including goal setting, strategy planning, self-monitoring, evaluation, and adjustment. The success of this process is determined by internal motivation, appropriate environmental support, positive direct experiences, and healthy emotional management. Strong self-regulation directly impacts learning outcome effectiveness through improved cognitive strategies, strengthened intrinsic motivation, enhanced time and environment management, and developed capacity to constructively cope with failure. Learning outcomes achieved through self-regulation processes are characterized by lasting understanding, knowledge transfer ability, and the formation of lifelong learning dispositions. Schools and teachers play strategic roles in strengthening self-regulation through curriculum design that supports autonomy, formative feedback, role modeling, and collaboration with parents. This study contributes theoretically by positioning self-regulation as the central mechanism bridging external influences and internal disposition formation.

This research investigates how digital transformation contributes to innovation in public services as part of the move toward smart governance. The study employs a literature review approach by evaluating a variety of pertinent materials, which include global journals, scholarly books, and official publications from the years 2018 to 2025. Results show that digital transformation notably enhances the quality of public services regarding their efficiency, effectiveness, openness, and ease of access. The incorporation of technologies like e-government platforms, mobile apps, artificial intelligence, and big data analysis allows governments to provide services that are quicker and more responsive. Additionally, digital platforms foster public involvement by offering means for communication and participation in decision-making activities. Despite these advancements, there are still several obstacles to overcome, such as the digital divide, insufficient infrastructure, low levels of digital skills, and resistance to change within bureaucracy. These issues emphasize the need for cohesive strategies that include investment in technology, development of human resources, and regulatory assistance. The study concludes that digital transformation is vital for achieving smart governance; however, its effectiveness relies on the preparedness of infrastructure, institutions, and society to embrace digital advancements.

This study explores how young legislative candidates at the local level utilize Instagram as a campaign medium in the era of political digitalism. The focus is on two DPRD candidates in Tangerang City during the 2024 election in Electoral District 3 (Cipondoh–Pinang): Muhamad Azka Nur Fauzi from the National Mandate Party and Ashma Nafilah Maulida from the Prosperous Justice Party. Employing a qualitative descriptive approach and in-depth interviews with key informants, this research analyzes their personal branding strategies using Peter Montoya’s eight laws of personal branding.  The findings reveal that despite their relatively small number of followers, both candidates successfully built authentic and community-relevant political images. MANF emphasized UMKM development and religiosity, aligning with his personal background, while ANM highlighted humanistic social programs and her unique writing hobby. Nevertheless, both still showed weaknesses in several of Montoya’s principles, particularly distinctiveness and visibility consistency. The study concludes that Instagram is not merely a low-cost promotional tool but a strategic platform for local candidates to foster public trust, provided their personal branding remains authentic, consistent, and responsive to local needs.

This research is motivated by the escalating prevalence of illegal online lending practices in Indonesia, which generate a multitude of legal problems, particularly those concerning the validity of loan agreements and debt collection practices. The simplicity of access through smartphone applications, rapid processing times often approved within minutes and minimal administrative requirements have rendered these services immensely popular among the public. However, this accessibility also paves the way for unlicensed providers to operate unchecked, preying on desperate borrowers. The study aims to analyze the legal validity of illegal online loan agreements pursuant to the Indonesian Civil Code (KUHPerdata) and regulations issued by the Financial Services Authority (Otoritas Jasa Keuangan, OJK). Additionally, it examines the legal position of debt collection from a civil law perspective. A normative juridical method is employed, utilizing statutory and conceptual approaches, with qualitative analysis of the data. The results demonstrate that illegal online loan agreements fail to fulfill the requirements for a valid contract, especially regarding the legal capacity of the parties and lawful cause, categorizing them as null and void by operation of law. Nevertheless, in practice, unlicensed providers continue debt collection efforts, frequently employing methods that violate the law, such as harassment and intimidation. This reveals a significant gap between legal norms and field implementation. The implications emphasize the critical need for robust law enforcement, enhanced consumer protection mechanisms, and stricter oversight of fintech lenders to establish legal certainty and justice for society.

This study aims to systematically examine empirical evidence on the effectiveness of role play in improving EFL students' speaking skills. Using Systematic Literature Review (SLR) methodology guided by the PRISMA framework, this study analyzed 20 peer-reviewed articles obtained from Google Scholar, ERIC, and Scopus databases. Inclusion criteria focused on studies investigating role play as an instructional technique targeting speaking skills in EFL or ESL contexts. Findings reveal that role play consistently and significantly improves key speaking components including fluency, accuracy, pronunciation, vocabulary, and confidence. Additionally, role play reduces speaking anxiety and promotes a more communicative and interactive learning environment. This review also identifies moderating factors such as class size, student proficiency level, and teacher facilitation quality that influence role play effectiveness. These findings suggest that role play is a highly effective pedagogical strategy for improving speaking competence, particularly in EFL contexts, and its systematic integration into curriculum design is strongly recommended.