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Dysphagia in extremely elderly patients represents a significant clinical challenge because it is frequently associated with frailty, malnutrition, and an increased risk of aspiration. Multifactorial etiologies and atypical clinical manifestations may complicate diagnosis and delay appropriate management. This study aimed to describe the diagnostic evaluation and clinical findings of dysphagia in an extremely elderly patient through a case report supported by a scoping review. A 105-year-old woman with chronic progressive dysphagia underwent comprehensive assessment, including physical examination, upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, histopathological evaluation, and chest radiography. Relevant literature on dysphagia in geriatric populations was reviewed to provide contextual understanding of diagnostic challenges and underlying etiologies. The evaluation revealed chronic active gastritis and a hamartomatous polyp in the gastroesophageal region without evidence of malignancy. Comprehensive assessment successfully excluded malignant and acute obstructive causes, emphasizing the complexity of dysphagia diagnosis in extremely elderly individuals with frailty and aspiration risk. These findings underscore the importance of endoscopic and histopathological examinations in distinguishing benign from malignant etiologies and support early recognition of multifactorial non-malignant causes to optimize clinical management and reduce the risk of adverse outcomes in this vulnerable population

Postoperative pain is a prevalent condition encountered by patients after surgical interventions and may negatively influence physical recovery as well as psychological well-being when inadequately managed. Conventional pain management strategies that primarily depend on pharmacological agents may lead to undesirable side effects, thereby emphasizing the importance of complementary non-pharmacological approaches. One intervention increasingly applied in nursing care is guided imagery. This review aimed to systematically evaluate the effectiveness of guided imagery in alleviating pain intensity among postoperative patients. A scoping review methodology was employed, with article identification guided by the PICO framework across national and international academic databases. Eligible studies included full-text research articles published within the past five years, written in either Indonesian or English, and specifically examining the use of guided imagery in postoperative settings. A total of ten studies met the inclusion criteria and were subjected to in-depth analysis. The results consistently demonstrated a significant reduction in pain intensity following the implementation of guided imagery across various surgical procedures, including cesarean delivery, appendectomy, fracture surgery, cholelithiasis, and abdominal operations. The intervention, delivered for 10–20 minutes per session, effectively reduced pain levels from moderate to severe to mild, with statistically significant outcomes (p < 0.05). Moreover, guided imagery was found to enhance patient relaxation, comfort, and psychological stability. These findings indicate that guided imagery represents a safe and effective non-pharmacological nursing intervention that can be integrated into evidence-based postoperative pain management.  

Cold compresses or cryotherapy are one of the non-pharmacological therapies often used in nursing practice to help reduce pain, especially in patients with fractures. Fractures are often accompanied by acute pain that can inhibit mobilization, prolong recovery time, and reduce patient comfort. Therefore, a safe, effective, and easy-to-use pain management method is needed. This article was compiled with the aim of identifying and mapping scientific evidence regarding the effectiveness of cold compresses in reducing pain intensity in fracture patients. This study used the Arksey and O'Malley model in conducting the analysis, with articles searched through PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar for the 2021–2025 publication period. The article selection process followed the PRISMA flow. A review of ten articles showed that most studies used quantitative designs, both experimental and quasi-experimental. The results of the analysis of 11 articles consisted of 8 quantitative articles with experimental and quasi-experimental designs, while 2 articles were case studies. These articles generally discuss the effectiveness of cold compresses in reducing pain intensity in fracture patients using various measurement instruments, such as NRS, VAS, Wong-Baker Faces Scale, and Bourbanis Pain Scale. In addition to reducing pain, several studies also reported that cold compresses can reduce edema, increase mobility, and improve patient comfort. However, variations in the duration, frequency, and method of cold compress application were still found, so there is a need to develop a more standardized protocol in nursing practice.

Postoperative pain is a common clinical condition experienced by patients after surgical procedures and may hinder the recovery process if not properly managed. In addition to pharmacological therapy, safe and effective non-pharmacological interventions are needed, one of which is early mobilization. This study aimed to analyze the effect of early mobilization on pain reduction in postoperative surgical patients. A scoping review method was conducted based on the Arksey and O’Malley framework. Literature searches were performed using ScienceDirect, PubMed, and Google Scholar databases with a PICO strategy, including articles published within the last five years. From a total of 167,948 identified articles, 10 studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in the analysis. The results showed that early mobilization performed gradually and according to patients’ clinical conditions had a significant effect on reducing postoperative pain intensity. In addition, early mobilization was associated with improved comfort, enhanced functional recovery, and faster postoperative rehabilitation without increasing the risk of complications. Although variations were found in the timing and type of mobilization across studies, overall evidence supports that early mobilization is safe and effective. In conclusion, early mobilization can be recommended as an evidence-based nursing intervention for postoperative pain management.

Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) is one of the most common complications following surgery under general anesthesia, with an incidence of 20–70% in the general population and exceeding 80% in high-risk patients. PONV can reduce patient comfort, delay recovery, and increase the risk of dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, and surgical wound dehiscence. This article aims to analyze the effectiveness of single antiemetic therapy compared with combination antiemetic therapy in reducing the incidence of PONV in adult patients after general anesthesia, based on evidence from randomized controlled trials (RCTs). This study applied the Arksey and O’Malley framework for analysis. Literature was obtained from ScienceDirect, PubMed, and the Cochrane Library, published between 2020 and 2025. Identification and selection of studies followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines (Moher et al., 2009). A total of 10 articles were included and analyzed, focusing on outcomes such as the incidence of nausea and vomiting, complete response rates, and the need for rescue antiemetic therapy. The findings indicate that single antiemetic therapy remains effective in low-risk patients, whereas combination antiemetic therapy with multiple mechanisms of action provides more optimal protection, particularly in high-risk patients. These results provide an evidence-based foundation for healthcare professionals in selecting the most effective PONV prevention strategies according to individual patient risk and clinical conditions.

Postoperative pain is a common physiological response following surgical procedures, and its suboptimal management can have physiological and psychological effects, including sleep disturbances, decreased functional capacity, increased anxiety, and deterioration in quality of life. This scoping review aims to describe the empirical evidence regarding the effectiveness of music therapy in reducing the intensity of postoperative pain in surgical patients. A systematic search was conducted through four major databases (ScienceDirect, PubMed, Neliti, and Google Scholar) using Boolean operators and keywords such as ‘postoperative pain,’ ‘music therapy,’ and ‘pain scale.’ Inclusion criteria included articles published in the last decade, in English or Indonesian, and available in full text format. In accordance with PRISMA-ScR guidelines, this review analysed 10 articles. The synthesis of results showed that music therapy consistently reduced pain intensity, anxiety, and analgesic requirements through mechanisms such as increased endorphin secretion, decreased stress hormone levels, and activation of the gate control theory. Typically administered for 15–30 minutes, music therapy is a safe, cost-effective, and patient-acceptable non-pharmacological modality. This intervention is recommended as an adjunct component in perioperative pain management in nursing practice, although further standardised research is needed to improve consistency.