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This study examines how Nicolás Maduro's anti-neoliberal politics in Venezuela triggered a systematic securitization process by the US from 2014 to 2026. Drawing on Securitization Theory (Buzan et al., 1998) and a Neo-Gramscian perspective (Cox, 1981), this study argues that Maduro's anti-neoliberal policies constitute a counter-hegemonic challenge created by the United States. This threat is framed as a threat to democracy, regional security, and ultimately the narco-state, ultimately leading to the military intervention of January 2026. Economic sanctions failed to pressure the regime, exacerbated the humanitarian crisis, and set a dangerous precedent for the norm of state sovereignty in international law, suggesting that this securitization process proved ineffective. By addressing temporal and conceptual gaps in previous research, this study adds to the Security Studies literature. This study also highlights implications for international law, regional stability in Latin America, and the broader debate on securitization practices in contemporary global politics and US foreign policy strategy and international security governance frameworks debates.  

People with disabilities still face various barriers in exercising their equal rights, including in accessing public facilities and tourism sites. This study aims to analyze the factors that support and hinder the implementation of Cimahi City Regulation No. 20 of 2018 on the Protection and Fulfillment of the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, particularly at tourist attractions in Cimahi City. The approach used is qualitative, employing a case study method to explore the phenomenon of policy implementation in depth using various data sources. The research findings indicate that supporting factors include strong legal legitimacy, the local government’s political commitment, coordination across Local Government Agencies (LGAs), the use of social media for outreach, and the involvement of the disability community in the planning process. Meanwhile, inhibiting factors include budget constraints, suboptimal accessibility facilities, a weak database system for disability needs, uneven public outreach, low empathy among tourism managers, and weak enforcement of sanctions. This study implies the need for strengthened oversight, optimization of resources, massive legal education, and a shift in mindset to achieve substantive inclusivity.

Unemployment remains a serious challenge in Aceh, with an Open Unemployment Rate (OUR) of 8.24% (2025) in Lhokseumawe City and 6.54% (2025) in Banda Aceh City. This study compares the implementation and effectiveness of unemployment alleviation policies in the two cities using Van Meter and Van Horn's policy implementation framework with four effectiveness indicators: training absorption, job placement rate, corporate compliance, and community participation. A descriptive qualitative method with a literature study approach was employed, utilizing secondary data from journals, theses, and official documents. The findings show that Banda Aceh focuses on competency-based training through the Job Training Center (BLK) with certification and third-party partnerships. Lhokseumawe prioritizes Qanun Number 1 of 2020 on local labor priority (minimum 40%). Based on the indicators, Banda Aceh is more effective (55% of graduates employed) compared to Lhokseumawe, where local labor priority implementation is weak due to the absence of sanctions and non-existent coordination with PT. PAG. The novelty of this study lies in its systematic comparison of two Acehnese cities using a policy implementation model that integrates demographic bonus and local context. Specific recommendations: Banda Aceh needs to expand BLK capacity, extend training duration (9–12 months with internships), and mandate graduate absorption reports. Lhokseumawe needs to revise the qanun by adding administrative sanctions, recruit permanent instructors, establish a tripartite supervisory team, and establish an energy-sector BLK in the Arun area in collaboration with PT PAG.

Air quality in the Special Capital Region of Jakarta has shown a concerning decline in recent years, largely due to high emissions from motor vehicles as the main source of pollution in urban areas. The Provincial Government of DKI Jakarta issued Governor Regulation Number 66 of 2020 concerning Exhaust Emission Testing for Motor Vehicles as a public policy instrument aimed at controlling air pollution. This study aims to analyze the implementation of the regulation from a public policy perspective and to identify supporting and inhibiting factors in its execution. The research employs a normative juridical method with statutory and conceptual approaches, supported by qualitative analysis of policy documents and reports on the implementation of emission testing. The results reveal that the implementation of the regulation has not been optimal due to limited emission testing infrastructure, low levels of public awareness and socialization, and inconsistent enforcement of administrative sanctions. Nevertheless, there are opportunities to improve policy effectiveness through strengthened inter-agency coordination, digitalization of monitoring systems, and increased environmental literacy among the public. Therefore, the success of emission control policy implementation is highly dependent on resource support, regulatory consistency, and community awareness, necessitating a comprehensive and continuous multi-stakeholder improvement strategy and stronger commitment.

Overcrowding or excess capacity in correctional institutions is a serious problem in the criminal justice system in Indonesia. One alternative that could be a solution is the application of social work punishment. Social work punishment offers a more humane approach and does not burden correctional institutions. Aim. This study aims to examine the policy of social work sanctions in Indonesia as an alternative sentencing approach and its potential as a solution to address the issues of overcrowding in correctional institutions. It explores the feasibility and effectiveness of implementing social work penalties within Indonesia’s legal framework, specifically in mitigating prison overcrowding and improving rehabilitation outcomes for offenders. Methods. The research employs a normative juridical approach by analyzing laws, regulations, and relevant literature related to criminal sanctions in Indonesia. In addition, qualitative data is gathered through interviews with legal practitioners, corrections officers, and policymakers to understand the perspectives and readiness of the criminal justice system to implement social work penalties. Comparative analysis with international practices is also included to evaluate the adaptability and potential challenges in Indonesia. Results. Findings reveal that social work penalties can serve as an effective alternative to custodial sentences for non-violent offenders, reducing the burden on correctional facilities. Implementation challenges include the need for regulatory support, coordination among institutions, and public awareness. Nevertheless, social work sanctions show promise in promoting rehabilitative justice, lowering recidivism, and creating a more balanced criminal justice system in Indonesia.

This study aims to examine the normative construction and practical implementation of criminal sanctions against narcotics abusers from the perspectives of Islamic criminal law and Indonesian positive law, as well as to formulate an integrative policy model that is more just, humane, and context-sensitive in Bungo Regency. Narcotics abuse constitutes a multidimensional problem involving legal, social, moral, and public health dimensions. Therefore, a comprehensive approach is required to integrate the normative values of Islamic criminal law with the national legal system. This research employs a normative-empirical approach using comparative legal analysis, examining statutory regulations, doctrines of Islamic criminal law, and law enforcement practices at the local level. The findings indicate that Islamic criminal law frames narcotics abuse within the protection of maqāṣid al-sharī‘ah, particularly the preservation of intellect (ḥifẓ al-‘aql) and life (ḥifẓ al-nafs), thereby emphasizing not only punitive but also educational and rehabilitative orientations through the instrument of ta‘zīr. Meanwhile, Indonesian positive law, particularly Law No. 35 of 2009 on Narcotics, provides legal space for rehabilitation; however, its implementation still encounters structural and cultural challenges. This study concludes that integrating Islamic criminal law principles with the national legal framework may produce a more responsive sentencing model that upholds substantive justice, human rights protection, and effective narcotics control. Policy reformulation grounded in religious values, restorative approaches, and social rehabilitation is recommended as a strategic direction for national criminal law reform.

The revocation of business licenses by the President of the Republic of Indonesia against 28 companies proven to have violated forest utilization regulations signifies a shift in environmental law enforcement from a predominantly punitive criminal approach to preventive administrative measures. This article aims to analyze the legal basis of the President’s authority to revoke business licenses related to natural resource utilization, to position license revocation as an instrument of environmental law enforcement within Indonesia’s legal system, and to assess its implications for environmental protection and legal certainty for business actors. This study employs a normative juridical research method using statutory and conceptual approaches. The findings indicate that Presidential license revocation possesses juridical legitimacy within the framework of the rule of law and environmental and forestry legislation. Nevertheless, the implementation of such a policy requires clear administrative procedural standards to ensure legal certainty and to prevent potential abuse of power. This article concludes that license revocation can function as an effective environmental law enforcement instrument provided that it is accompanied by adequate oversight mechanisms and due process of law.

The implementation of a reward and punishment system is considered capable of improving employee work discipline. Rewards are given to encourage employee morale, while punishments are given as a reminder of the consequences of misconduct. This study aims to describe the implementation of the reward and punishment system in the Civil Service. Through a qualitative approach with in-depth observation, structured interviews with employees, and documentation studies. The results of the study found that the implementation of the reward and punishment system has been carried out well, with rewards given based on the level of discipline and performance of employees, while punishments are given based on the type of violation committed. The rewards given include Additional Employee Income, the Satyalancana Karya Satya award, exemplary employee awards, internship certificates, and retirement awards. Meanwhile, the punishments given include verbal warnings, written warnings, deductions from Additional Employee Income, and severe sanctions for employees with serious violations.  

Drug abuse in Indonesia has reached an alarming level and has become a complex legal and health problem. This study aims to examine the criminal law policy applied to drug abusers from a health perspective, with a focus on the rehabilitative approach as an alternative to punishment. The method used is normative legal research with a statute approach and a conceptual approach, through a literature study of laws and regulations, court decisions, and relevant scientific literature. The results of the study indicate that Law Number 35 of 2009 concerning Narcotics contains a dualistic approach, namely punishment (penal) and rehabilitation (non-penal), but its implementation still tends towards imprisonment. From a health perspective, drug abuse is an addictive disorder that requires a medical and psychosocial approach, not solely a criminal repressive approach. An ideal criminal law policy should combine proportional criminal sanctions with a comprehensive medical and social rehabilitation program. This study recommends policy reforms that are more oriented towards the health recovery of drug abusers without neglecting the aspect of law enforcement against drug dealers and traffickers.

This study analyzes the implementation of Pohuwato Regency Regional Regulation Number 4 of 2020 concerning the Implementation of Public Order and Community Peace in addressing prostitution, focusing on the disparity between repressive and rehabilitative approaches; the background of the research is based on the gap between normative provisions and implementation reality, characterized by an increase in raids without a corresponding decline in prostitution practices. The research aims to examine the normative position of the regional regulation within the legal hierarchy and to evaluate the effectiveness of law enforcement in the field; the method employed is empirical legal research (socio-legal research) through in-depth interviews, observation, and secondary data analysis. The findings reveal that, normatively, the regional regulation potentially conflicts with the hierarchy of laws and regulations due to the imposition of detention sanctions without judicial oversight mechanisms, while implementation-wise, law enforcement only targets sex workers through a repressive approach without adequate social rehabilitation and economic empowerment programs. The implications of this study underscore the necessity of revising the regional regulation to align with the supremacy of law and integrating a rehabilitative approach into a more comprehensive and equitable prostitution prevention policy.

This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of legal protection for children as victims of sexual violence based on Law Number 35 of 2014 concerning Child Protection. Sexual violence against children constitutes a serious violation of human rights and has long-term impacts on the physical, psychological, and social development of victims. Normatively, the law regulates various forms of protection, including prevention, handling, rehabilitation, and the imposition of stricter sanctions against perpetrators. However, in practice, several obstacles remain in the implementation of such legal protection. This research employs a normative legal research method using statutory and conceptual approaches. The legal materials consist of primary, secondary, and tertiary sources analyzed qualitatively through legal interpretation techniques. The analysis evaluates the conformity between the legal norms stipulated in the legislation and their implementation in practice. The results indicate that, normatively, Law Number 35 of 2014 provides a relatively comprehensive legal framework for protecting child victims of sexual violence. Nevertheless, its effectiveness is hindered by challenges such as law enforcement issues, limited facilities and infrastructure, lack of inter-agency coordination, and social stigma toward victims. Therefore, strengthening policy implementation and enhancing synergy among stakeholders are necessary to ensure optimal legal protection for children as victims of sexual violence.  

This study analyzes the juridical issues related to the implementation of criminal sanctions below the statutory minimum, as reflected in Cassation Decision Number 7853/K/Pid.Sus/2024. The focus of this research centers on the tension between the rigid provisions of Article 111 paragraph (1) of Law No. 35 of 2009 concerning narcotics and the reality of judicial practice, which often deviates from these provisions. This phenomenon raises debates regarding the extent to which the principle of legality can be compromised in pursuit of justice without undermining the pillar of legal certainty within Indonesia’s criminal justice system. Using a normative legal research method with a statutory and case study approach, this study qualitatively analyzes judges’ considerations. The findings indicate that, although the policy of imposing sentences below the minimum carries the risk of creating legal uncertainty, the Supreme Court in this case reinterpreted the principle of legality. Judges tend to prioritize proportionality and substantive justice to avoid purely mechanical punishment. The study concludes that, while judicial discretion represents a concrete expression of judicial independence, such practice requires clearer normative parameters. Without explicit regulation, deviations from the statutory minimum risk widening disparities in judicial decisions. Therefore, standardized sentencing guidelines are necessary to preserve legal integrity while maintaining a sense of justice for defendants.

This study aims to identify and analyze customary and criminal sanctions imposed on individuals who violate Hinting Pali during the Tiwah ceremony, as well as the legal and customary consequences for those engaged in gambling within the ritual process. The research employs an empirical approach with a qualitative descriptive method through interviews, observations, and document analysis. The focus of this study is the implementation of Dayak Ngaju customary law in addressing violations that occur during the Tiwah ceremony. The findings reveal that Dayak Ngaju customary law plays a crucial role in maintaining social and spiritual harmony by enforcing moral, social, and symbolic sanctions. Furthermore, there is a point of convergence between customary law and national criminal law in promoting justice and social order. This study is expected to contribute academically to the development of customary law in Indonesia and serve as a valuable reference for communities, scholars, and policymakers in preserving cultural values and ensuring fair law enforcement within the framework of local wisdom.

This article examines Indonesia’s public policy on personal data protection in light of Law No. 27/2022, which mandates the establishment of an independent Personal Data Protection Authority (PDP Authority). Despite this legal requirement (Article 58 UU PDP), no such institution has been formed. As a result, there is currently no supervisory authority with the mandate to audit compliance, impose administrative sanctions, or resolve data protection disputes. Enforcement of the law has thus remained reactive rather than preventive, with violations prosecuted only after harm occurs. Experts warn that without a strong implementing agency, deterrence is weak: administrative sanctions cannot be effectively applied and punished violations continue unchecked. Cybersecurity analysts even describe this gap as a national digital protection crisis, as personal data leaks (e.g. millions of citizens’ records exposed in recent breaches) continue unabated. Using a normative legal research approach and literature review, this study analyzes how the lack of the mandated PDP Authority undermines the effectiveness of data protection in Indonesia. The article reviews relevant legal theory on regulatory independence and deterrence, and compares with international best practices (e.g. EU/GDPR). We find that the absence of the agency creates serious implementation gaps, and we urge the government to immediately form the PDP Authority and clarify its powers.

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in Indonesia has undergone a paradigmatic shift from voluntary philanthropic activities to a legally binding obligation grounded in various statutory regulations, particularly Law Number 40 of 2007 on Limited Liability Companies and Law Number 25 of 2007 on Investment. This study aims to analyze the legal framework governing CSR in Indonesia from a public policy perspective, to evaluate the implementation of CSR by corporations, and to identify normative and empirical constraints that hinder the optimization of CSR as an instrument of sustainable development. The research employs a normative juridical method with statutory, conceptual, case-based, and policy analysis approaches. The findings indicate that CSR regulation remains partial in nature, primarily due to the limitation of mandatory obligations to specific sectors, the absence of clear and enforceable sanctions, and the lack of national standards for reporting and oversight.

Although JKN aims to provide equitable and quality health services, fraudulent practices, such as phantom billing and diagnosis manipulation, continue to grow, harming BPJS Kesehatan and participants. This study aims to examine the effectiveness of legal sanctions against JKN claim fraud in FKRTL and identify gaps in their implementation. Although regulations are in place, law enforcement remains weak, with administrative sanctions failing to provide sufficient deterrence. The gap in this research lies in the lack of application of criminal sanctions in fraud cases, especially in existing regulations. The novelty of this research is its comparative approach between current administrative sanctions and the potential application of criminal sanctions in the context of healthcare fraud. The research method uses a normative-descriptive approach, analyzing regulations and fraud audit results, and identifying gaps in the implementation of legal sanctions. The results of the study indicate that strengthening criminal sanctions and integrating technology in claim monitoring can increase the effectiveness of fraud prevention. These findings are expected to strengthen regulations and improve the integrity of the JKN system, as well as provide policy recommendations for more effective law enforcement.

Article 170 paragraph (1) of Law Number 1 of 2022 concerning HKPD emphasizes the synchronization of fiscal planning and policy for integrated national development. However, in the APBA (Aceh Provincial Budget) planning, discrepancies persist between the Aceh Government’s documents and the central fiscal policy direction, leading to synchronization that remains administrative rather than substantive. This issue is further complicated by Aceh's special status under Law No. 11 of 2006, which results in differences in macro indicators, program structure, and a lack of substantive participation from Aceh, creating epistemological inequality and structural injustice in central-regional financial relations. The research aims to understand why APBA management planning is not fully synchronized with government policy and to explore the ideal procedure for achieving synchronization, considering Aceh’s unique autonomy. This study is a normative juridical analysis using a legislative, conceptual, historical, and futuristic approach, with the application of authority theory, policy suitability theory, asymmetric decentralization theory, and good governance principles. The findings reveal that the lack of synchronization is caused by procedural issues, such as the absence of integration between RKPD (Regional Government Work Plan) and RKP (National Government Work Plan) schedules, the lack of a mechanism for reducing KEM-PPKF indicators, unclear fiscal support evaluation, and absence of guidelines and sanctions. Additionally, there are substantial issues like the incompatibility of Aceh's macro indicators with national targets. To achieve ideal synchronization, normative legality, equal central and regional authority, and integrated planning systems are needed.

Tax compliance is a crucial element in supporting state revenue and reflects the integrity of the public bureaucracy. However, the level of tax compliance among State Civil Apparatus (ASN) in Indonesia still faces various challenges. To date, the literature on ASN tax compliance tends to be partial and does not provide a comprehensive overview of the evolution of theories and emerging methodological trends. This study aims to map the development of research related to ASN tax compliance in Indonesia during the 2020–2024 period through a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) approach. This study analyzed ten scientific articles obtained from national academic databases, focusing on the variables, theories, and methods used in previous research. The analysis was conducted qualitatively and descriptively to identify patterns of findings and research gaps. The study results indicate that ASN tax compliance is influenced by factors such as tax knowledge, sanctions, awareness, trust, institutional factors, and digital technology. This study contributes by developing a research map that integrates the Theory of Planned Behavior and Institutional Trust Theory as a basis for fiscal policy for ASN. These results provide a basis for the government to design more effective tax policies and training.

This study aims to evaluate the implementation of civil servant discipline enforcement based on Surabaya Mayor Regulation Number 44 of 2022 at Gubeng Subdistrict. The research employs a qualitative approach with a case study design. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, observation, and document analysis, and analyzed using the interactive model of Miles and Huberman within the Context–Mechanism–Outcome (CMO) framework. The findings indicate that the regulation has generally improved civil servant discipline, particularly in attendance, punctuality, administrative compliance, and public service quality. This improvement is supported by organizational context factors such as daily work culture, active leadership, and the integration of digital attendance systems. Key mechanisms driving compliance include layered supervision, persuasive coaching, and the gradual application of disciplinary sanctions. However, challenges remain, including high workloads and limited human resources, which require continuous guidance for certain employees. The study concludes that the effectiveness of civil servant discipline enforcement is largely shaped by the interaction between organizational context and policy implementation mechanisms.

This study aims to map the direction of criminal punishment policy formulated in criminal law provisions, test claims of humanizing punishment through sanction design and the principle of individualization, and describe forms of repression that operate through normative flexibility, law enforcement discretion, and morally nuanced criminalization. The research method used is normative legal research, utilizing both a legislative and conceptual approach to analyze the norms, principles, and objectives of punishment. The results show that Article 51 articulates the objectives of punishment, including the rehabilitation of offenders, community protection, and the restoration of social balance. However, this provision functions primarily as normative legitimacy for a flexible sanction architecture. The existence of alternative punishments and oversight mechanisms refines the form of punishment while expanding state intervention into the social life of offenders. Furthermore, the regulation of conditional sentences and adjustments to the implementation of sanctions increase the discretion of law enforcement officials. Repression does not disappear, but rather shifts through regulations on morality, public order, recognition of living law, and the threat of symbolic punishment, shifting the relationship between the state and individuals toward ongoing administrative control.