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Low Birth Weight (LBW) refers to infants born with a birth weight of less than 2,500 grams and remains an important issue in neonatal health due to its association with increased neonatal morbidity and mortality. To analyze the determinants of LBW based on primary studies published from 2021 to 2026. A literature review was conducted using the PRISMA approach. Article searches were performed through PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and ProQuest using the keywords low birth weight, determinant factors, risk factors, BBLR, and faktor risiko with Boolean operators AND/OR. The inclusion criteria were primary studies, full-text availability, publication in Indonesian or English, and publication years from 2021 to 2026. A total of 20 articles were included, consisting of 15 international articles and 5 national sources. The review showed that LBW is influenced by interrelated maternal, nutritional, obstetric, and sociodemographic factors during pregnancy. The most dominant factors included multiple pregnancy with an adjusted OR of 21.74, maternal food insecurity with an AOR of 6.85, maternal hemoglobin level <11 g/dL with an AOR of 5.21, lack of iron-folic acid supplementation with an AOR of 4.17, maternal age ≤20 years with an AOR of 3.42, pregnancy interval <1 year with an adjusted OR of 2.92, missed antenatal care visits with an AOR of 2.74, smoking during pregnancy with an OR of 2.18, and maternal hypertension with an AOR of 1.94. LBW is influenced by multiple interrelated factors; therefore, efforts to reduce its incidence should focus on evidence-based interventions, particularly through optimizing antenatal care services, improving maternal nutritional status, and early detection of pregnancy.

Hypertension is a non-communicable disease often referred to as a silent killer because it generally does not present noticeable symptoms. Several risk factors contribute to the development of hypertension, including high body mass index (BMI) and low levels of physical activity. However, data regarding the association between BMI, physical activity, and hypertension at Pakuan Baru Public Health Center, Jambi City, remain limited. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the relationship between body mass index and physical activity with hypertension among adults at Pakuan Baru Public Health Center, Jambi City. This study employed a quantitative approach with a cross-sectional design. The research was conducted at Pakuan Baru Public Health Center, Jambi City, from November 19 to December 6, 2025. The study population consisted of all adult patients with hypertension at Pakuan Baru Public Health Center, totaling 2,797 individuals. A sample of 93 respondents was selected using an accidental sampling technique. Data were collected using observation sheets through measurements of height and weight to calculate BMI, as well as the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ). Data analysis was performed using univariate and bivariate analyses with the chi-square statistical test. The univariate analysis showed that 27 respondents (29.0%) were classified as severely obese, 42 respondents (45.2%) had a low level of physical activity, and 28 respondents (30.1%) were categorized as having stage 2 hypertension at Pakuan Baru Public Health Center, Jambi City. The bivariate analysis revealed a significant relationship between body mass index and physical activity with blood pressure among patients with hypertension (p = 0.000). It is expected that healthcare providers at Pakuan Baru Public Health Center will continue to provide education regarding the importance of controlling body mass index and engaging in regular physical activity, as these factors contribute to increased blood pressure among patients with hypertension.

Low levels of maternal knowledge and appropriate nutritional practices, combined with limited continuity of nutrition education from health workers, remain significant risk factors for maternal and child health problems, including stunting. The GEMPITA Program (Gerakan Edukasi MPASI Tepat dan Aman / Safe and Appropriate Complementary Feeding Education Movement) was implemented as a community service initiative to improve nutritional knowledge, skills, and practices among families in the working area of Teratak Public Health Center. The program employed structured methods, including socialization, education, training, demonstrations, mentoring, and non-formal monitoring and evaluation. The target participants were mothers with children aged 6–24 months, as well as health workers and community health cadres. Program effectiveness was assessed using pretest posttest measurements and direct observation of behavioral changes. The results demonstrated a significant improvement in maternal knowledge regarding appropriate complementary feeding, enhanced skills in age-appropriate food preparation, and improved hygienic and nutritious feeding practices. In addition, the capacity of health workers to deliver nutrition education was strengthened. Overall, the GEMPITA Program proved effective in improving family nutrition practices and reinforcing the role of the public health center in stunting prevention through a sustainable community empowerment approach.

Stunting is a major public health problem that reflects chronic malnutrition and adversely affects children’s physical growth, cognitive development, and future productivity. The first 1,000 days of life represent a critical window during which stunting develops and determines long-term health outcomes. This study aims to review evidence on the determinants of childhood stunting and the effectiveness of prevention interventions within public health policy frameworks in Indonesia.A literature review was conducted using peer-reviewed articles, policy documents, and national reports published in the last decade. The literature was analyzed to identify key risk factors, intervention strategies, and policy impacts on stunting reduc-tion.The findings show that stunting is primarily driven by inadequate dietary intake, low socioeconomic status, limited caregiver nutrition knowledge, and poor access to health and sanitation services. National data indicate a decline in stunting prevalence in Indonesia from 24.4% in 2021 to 21.6% in 2022. Evidence consistently highlights that integrated interventions targeting the first 1,000 days of life, including maternal nutrition improvement, breastfeeding promotion, appropriate complementary feeding, and multisectoral collaboration, are effective in reducing stunting.In conclusion, reducing childhood stunting requires sustained, integrated, and policy-based interventions that prioritize early-life nutrition to improve human capital and support long-term national development.

The increasing proportion of the elderly population in Indonesia has led to a rise in degenerative health problems, one of which is osteoporosis. Osteoporosis is a bone disease characterized by decreased bone density, increasing the risk of fractures, particularly among elderly women. Low calcium intake, lack of physical activity, and limited knowledge regarding osteoporosis prevention are major contributing factors. This community service activity aimed to improve the knowledge of Aisyiyah women in Cirebon Regency regarding osteoporosis in the elderly, including its definition, risk factors, impacts, and prevention strategies through proper nutrition and regular physical activity. The activity was conducted from October to December at the Aisyiyah Study Hall in Cirebon Regency, targeting pre-elderly and elderly women. The methods used included health education through lectures and interactive question-and-answer sessions, supported by laptops, LCD projectors, and PowerPoint presentations. Evaluation of participants’ knowledge was carried out using oral pre-tests and post-tests related to the delivered material. The results indicated an improvement in participants’ understanding of osteoporosis, the importance of adequate calcium intake, and the role of physical activity in maintaining bone health. This community service program is expected to contribute to increasing health awareness and reducing the risk and prevalence of osteoporosis among the elderly.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a growing global health concern that frequently remains undiagnosed until advanced stages. Early detection through simple laboratory screening is essential to prevent disease progression and associated cardiometabolic complications. This community service program aimed to assess kidney function using serum creatinine and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), while increasing public awareness regarding CKD prevention. A total of 59 participants were included, with a mean age of 39.15 ± 15.39 years (range 16–75 years), predominantly female (74.58%). The mean serum creatinine level was 1.0 ± 0.19 mg/dL, and the mean eGFR was 91.08 ± 20.53 mL/min/1.73 m². Most participants demonstrated normal kidney function (28.8%) or mild decline (21.6%). A progressive reduction in eGFR with increasing age was observed, reflecting the physiological decline in nephron mass and renal perfusion. The program also provided education on kidney-protective practices, including optimal blood pressure control, diabetes management, adequate hydration, and avoidance of nephrotoxic agents. This intervention improved participants’ understanding of CKD risk factors and the importance of regular screening. In conclusion, serum creatinine and eGFR evaluation offer simple, accurate, and practical tools for early CKD detection, supporting promotive–preventive strategies to slow disease progression and enhance quality of life in at-risk populations.

Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are the leading causes of morbidity and mortality, particularly among older adults. Integrated Development Posts for Non-Communicable Diseases (Pos Pembinaan Terpadu Penyakit Tidak Menular / Posbindu PTM) play a crucial role in the early detection of NCD risk factors at the community level. This activity aimed to conduct NCD risk factor screening through the measurement of blood pressure, random blood glucose, total cholesterol, and uric acid levels, as well as to provide health consultations for participants of Posbindu Rosella, South Kembangan. The activity was conducted in November 2025 using a descriptive design. A total of 30 Posbindu participants were involved. Health examinations included blood pressure, random blood glucose, total cholesterol, and uric acid measurements. Data were analyzed descriptively and classified into normal and abnormal categories based on clinical guidelines. The majority of participants were female (80%), with a mean age of 60.5 ± 9.7 years. The mean systolic blood pressure was within the hypertensive range. Approximately 50% of participants had impaired glucose regulation, 60% experienced hyperuricemia, and 40% had total cholesterol levels classified as borderline or higher.  Health screening activities at Posbindu revealed a high prevalence of NCD risk factors among participants. Posbindu plays an essential role in early detection and community-based prevention of non-communicable diseases.

Low Birth Weight (LBW) remains a critical global health issue that significantly contributes to neonatal morbidity and mortality, particularly in developing countries such as Indonesia. The main challenge in addressing LBW lies in its complex and multifactorial risk profile, which involves biological, social, environmental, and healthcare-related determinants. This study aims to analyze and synthesize the risk factors associated with LBW based on recent scientific literature. A literature review method was applied by searching articles from Portal Garuda, DOAJ, PubMed, and Google Scholar published between 2020 and 2025 using relevant keywords. The findings indicate that maternal age, interpregnancy interval, nutritional status, anemia, preeclampsia, infections, socioeconomic conditions, environmental exposure, and the quality of antenatal care are significant determinants of LBW. The synthesis of evidence confirms that LBW is influenced by the interaction of multiple individual and healthcare system factors rather than a single cause. In conclusion, this study highlights the urgent need to strengthen antenatal care services, improve maternal nutritional status, control maternal diseases during pregnancy, and implement community-based promotive and preventive strategies as key efforts to reduce the incidence of LBW.

Abortion remains a complex reproductive health issue due to the interplay of multiple interrelated determinants. This study aimed to map the factors influencing the incidence of abortion based on recent scientific evidence. A literature review design was applied by analyzing ten selected articles published within the last five years and retrieved from major scientific databases. The selection process was conducted systematically through title, abstract, and full-text screening based on predefined inclusion criteria. The extracted data included study characteristics, type of abortion, examined determinants, and key conclusions. The synthesized findings indicate that abortion incidence is shaped by a combination of biological, social, and healthcare system related factors. Clinical determinants such as maternal age, endocrine disorders, uterine anatomical abnormalities, obstetric history, anemia, and hypertension play a substantial role in spontaneous and recurrent miscarriage. In contrast, structural factors including income level, contraceptive access, and legal regulations predominantly influence induced abortion. The discussion highlights that abortion should not be viewed as an isolated clinical event, but rather as the cumulative outcome of risks operating across multiple levels of influence. In conclusion, abortion represents a multifactorial phenomenon that requires comprehensive prevention strategies extending beyond medical interventions alone. These strategies should also address healthcare accessibility and broader social conditions. This review contributes to a deeper understanding of the complexity of abortion determinants and provides an evidence-based reference for developing more effective preventive approaches in the future.

Hypertension is one of the major health problems in the elderly and increases the risk of cardiovascular disease. The low level of knowledge among the elderly about risk factors and prevention of hypertension is one of the challenges in controlling this disease. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of health education in increasing the knowledge of the elderly about hypertension at the Meohai Center in Kendari City. The study design used a pre-experimental approach with pre-test and post-test without a control group, involving 22 elderly individuals. The education was conducted through interactive lectures and visual educational media. The results showed an increase in the average knowledge score from 8.04 to 9.09 after the intervention, with a paired t-test yielding a p-value of 0.007, indicating a significant difference. These findings indicate that counseling is effective in increasing the knowledge of the elderly about hypertension. The implications of this study emphasize the importance of continuous education programs to support hypertension prevention efforts in the elderly

Blood pressure is the pressure exerted by blood pumped by the heart against the walls of the arteries. Abnormalities in blood pressure can take the form of high blood pressure or hypertension and low blood pressure or hypotension. Hypertension is a non-communicable disease that is one of the risk factors for cardiovascular disease, and sufferers often do not show any symptoms. This community service activity aimed to examine the results of blood pressure measurements among inmates at the Class IIB Detention Center in Masohi City. This study used a descriptive observational design with a cross-sectional approach. There were 95 inmates who participated in this activity. Data analysis was conducted using quantitative descriptive methods to describe the blood pressure measurement results based on demographic data such as age, gender, education level, occupation, height, and weight. The results showed that most respondents were in the 20-30 age range (44.2%) and male (91.6%). The level of education shows that most respondents only completed high school (54.7%) and the majority worked as farmers (30.5%). Anthropometric characteristics in terms of height show that most respondents were between 140-160 cm (47.4%) and weighed between 51-60 kg (43.2%). The distribution of blood pressure shows that most respondents are in the pre-hypertension (40%), normal (29.5%), grade 1 hypertension (17.9%), and grade 2 hypertension (10.5%). Therefore, routine blood pressure checks need to be carried out so that inmates in detention centers can avoid hypertension, which can be a risk factor for cardiovascular disease.

Preeclampsia is a pregnancy complication that contributes significantly to maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality, especially in developing countries. Despite various preventive measures, preeclampsia is still frequently found at the primary health care level. This study aims to analyze the factors influencing the incidence of preeclampsia in pregnant women at the Tiley Care Community Health Center. This study used an observational analytical design with a cross-sectional approach. The study population was all pregnant women who visited antenatal care at the Tiley Care Community Health Center, with a sample of 60 respondents selected using a total sampling technique. Data were collected through a review of medical records and KIA books, then analyzed univariately and bivariately using the Chi-Square test with a significance level of α = 0.05. The results showed that maternal age, history of hypertension, nutritional status based on body mass index, and adherence to antenatal care visits had a statistically significant relationship with the incidence of preeclampsia. Meanwhile, parity did not show a significant relationship with the incidence of preeclampsia. This study concluded that the incidence of preeclampsia is influenced by various maternal factors and maternal health behaviors during pregnancy. These findings underscore the importance of implementing risk-based antenatal care through early screening, ongoing monitoring, and increased adherence to antenatal care visits as a preventative measure for preeclampsia at the primary healthcare level.

Background: Early marriage remains prevalent among adolescents aged 15–19 years, a period during which individuals are often medically and psychologically unprepared to assume marital responsibilities. Decisions to marry early are influenced by internal factors such as psychological readiness, emotional maturity, and critical thinking ability, as well as external factors including family pressure, cultural norms, and economic challenges. Objective: This study aims to explore the factors influencing adolescents' decisions to engage in early marriage and examine its impacts on their lives. Method: This research employed a qualitative descriptive design. A purposive sampling technique was used to select 10 adolescents who had experienced early marriage. Data were collected through in-depth interviews and document review, and analyzed thematically. Results: The primary factors contributing to early marriage in Delu Depa Village, Kodi Bangedo District, were premarital pregnancy (2 cases), economic hardship (4 cases), and limited educational attainment (4 cases). The consequences included psychological, health, and social impacts. Psychologically, participants reported experiencing stress, anxiety, and depression. Health-related risks included complications associated with immature reproductive organs, such as premature birth, obstructed labor, and preeclampsia. Social impacts included stigma, limited social interaction, school dropout, and employment in low-skilled jobs to fulfill daily needs. Conclusion: Early marriage poses significant risks to adolescents' psychological well-being, physical health, and social functioning. Strengthened preventive efforts and targeted interventions are needed to reduce its prevalence and mitigate negative consequences.

The implementation of risk management is an important method that is carried out in order to identify risk factors that may arise during the implementation of the project. However, the implementation of risk management still faces some obstacles in its implementation. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the barriers to the implementation of risk management in construction projects in Surabaya. A total of 80 respondents filled out questionnaires from construction service providers including contractors and consultants. Respondents involved include professional experts such as Project Managers, Site engineers, Site managers, implementers, estimators, General Managers and Company Directors. Data processing using fuzzy AHP method as a data processing tool and decision making. The results of the study revealed that the main factors that can hinder the implementation of cost risk management are inaccurate cost estimates (Y4) with the highest weight of 0.433, lack of quality Control (Qc) supervision criteria (Y5) is ranked second with a weight of 0.288, poor coordination between stakeholders (owner,contractor and consultant) (Y1) is ranked third with a weight of 0.274, lack of risk management training (Y3) is ranked fourth with a weight of 0.005, and some, old age) (Y2), the work can not be done according to the work drawings (Y6), limited skilled human resources (Y7), materials not according to specifications (Y8), improper initial cost estimation (Y9), late progressive payment from the owner (Y10) ranked fifth jointly because it has an equivalent weight value of 0.These findings conclude that accurate cost estimation (Y4) is very important in construction projects because it becomes the main basis in budget planning, decision making, and risk management.

The Digital transformation in Indonesia’s fast-food industry has accelerated the adoption of self-ordering technology to improve operational efficiency and customer experience. However, the implementation of such systems faces several technical, operational, and social risks that may hinder success. This study aims to analyze the optimization of risk management in the development of self-ordering applications for Indonesian fast-food restaurants. A qualitative approach through a literature review was employed to identify key risk factors and mitigation strategies based on academic sources published between 2020 and 2024. The findings reveal that a comprehensive and contextual risk management approach is critical for successful implementation. Technical risks can be minimized through staged system testing and robust data security, while operational risks can be mitigated through employee training and effective change management. Moreover, adapting system design to local cultural and consumer preferences enhances user acceptance. The study concludes that applying risk management frameworks such as ISO 31000 and PMBOK can strengthen the digital transformation of Indonesia’s fast-food industry and provide practical guidance for decision-makers in managing technology-based restaurant operations.

Obesity among college students is a public health issue that is gaining increasing attention because it is associated with an increased risk of chronic diseases such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and heart disease, and can reduce quality of life and academic productivity. College students, as a group of early adults, are in a transition phase towards independence and are therefore vulnerable to lifestyle changes, including unhealthy eating patterns, fast food consumption, low physical activity due to busy studies, irregular sleep habits, and high academic stress. This study aims to determine the risk factors associated with obesity among students at the Islamic University of Ogan Komering Ilir in 2025. This study used a cross-sectional design with a quantitative approach. A sample of 95 students was selected using a purposive sampling technique. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire and body mass index (BMI) measurement to determine respondents' nutritional status. Independent variables included diet, physical activity, sleep quality, stress levels, and a family history of obesity. The results showed a prevalence of obesity of 17.9%. Bivariate analysis found a significant association between obesity and unhealthy diet (p=0.002), low physical activity (p=0.000), poor sleep quality (p=0.000), and high stress levels (p=0.001). Meanwhile, a family history of obesity showed a tendency to have an effect but was not statistically significant. These findings indicate that obesity in college students is largely influenced by modifiable lifestyle factors. Therefore, this study emphasizes the importance of health promotion interventions on campus, such as balanced nutrition counseling, increased access to sports facilities, stress management, and education on healthy sleep patterns. Promotive and preventive efforts undertaken from a young age are expected to reduce the risk of obesity and chronic disease in the future.

Rapid technological advancements have brought convenience to various fields, including healthcare. Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic degenerative joint disease that often affects the knees and hips, particularly in the elderly, and is a major cause of pain, joint dysfunction, and reduced quality of life. The prevalence of OA increases with age, with risk factors such as obesity, excessive activity, and muscle weakness. Early and accurate diagnosis is essential for appropriate treatment. This study aims to develop a diagnostic system for inflammatory arthritis, specifically osteoarthritis, using the Dempster-Shafer method. This method was chosen because of its ability to combine various evidence and expert beliefs to produce a more accurate diagnosis. By utilizing mathematical proof theory, this system is expected to assist medical personnel in detecting OA symptoms more efficiently. The research findings are expected to contribute to the healthcare sector, particularly in improving the accuracy of osteoarthritis diagnosis, allowing for earlier and more appropriate treatment. This system can also be a supporting tool for doctors and patients in understanding joint health conditions.

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a major global health issue that can lead to serious complications and long-term medical care. This study aims to identify key clinical factors associated with CKD status using binary logistic regression analysis. The dataset, obtained from Kaggle, contains 400 patient records with various clinical and demographic attributes. The dependent variable is CKD status (positive or negative), while the independent variables include age, blood pressure, hemoglobin level, urine albumin level, and serum creatinine. Initial analysis involved descriptive statistics and multicollinearity checks, followed by model estimation and evaluation using likelihood ratio and Wald tests. The final model identified four significant predictors: blood pressure, hemoglobin, urine albumin, and serum creatinine. The model achieved a high classification accuracy of 95.50% and an Area Under the ROC Curve (AUC) of 98.78%, indicating excellent predictive performance. These results highlight the importance of these clinical indicators in early CKD detection and support their use in risk assessment models for kidney disease screening Keywords: Chronic Kidney Disease, Binary Logistic Regression, Likelihood Ratio Test, Wald Test, Classification Accuracy

Based on the data obtained, 157 babies were born with LBW in 2016. In 2017 there were 142 babies born with LBW. In 2018 there were 134 babies born with LBW. Based on the results of an initial survey conducted by researchers at the TK IV 07.01 Lhokseumawe Hospital, the prevalence of LBW every month is still high from the last 3 years. The purpose of this study was to analyse the risk factors for the incidence of low birth weight babies at the Hospital TK IV 07.01 Lhokseumawe in 2024. The design of this study was quantitative research with a retrospective approach. The population of this study was 138 people, the sample was obtained by saturated sampling technique as many as 138 people. Univariate analysis, bivariate using chi-square and multivariate using multiple logistic regression at 95% confidence level. The results showed that the variables that had a risk with the incidence of LBW in Hospital TK IV 07.01 Lhokseumawe in 2024 were multiple pregnancies (p=0.026 <0.05) and a history of premature birth (p=0.017 <0.05). Variables that did not have a risk with the incidence of LBW were maternal age (p=0.847 >0.05), preeclampsia/eclampsia (p=1.000 >0.05), pregnancy distance (p=0.0322 <0.05) and premature rupture of membranes (p=0.439 >0.05). The study concluded that the incidence of LBW was influenced by 2 factors, namely multiple pregnancies and a history of preterm birth. The most dominant factor influencing it is the history of premature pregnancy.

Generation Alpha refers to children born after 2010, who are growing up in a rapidly evolving digital ecosystem. In the Indonesian context, the emergence of depressive disorders among this generation poses a critical mental health challenge that has not been thoroughly addressed. This study aims to analyze the prevalence of depressive symptoms in Generation Alpha, identify the major risk factors, and evaluate current and potential preventive strategies through a narrative literature review approach. Data were collected from national and international journals using platforms such as PubMed, Google Scholar, and Garuda, with inclusion criteria covering articles published between 2019 and 2024 and relevant to children’s mental health. Findings reveal a significant increase in depressive symptoms among children aged 5 to 13 years. Key risk factors include non-democratic parenting styles, academic stress, bullying in school environments, and excessive use of digital gadgets. Additionally, the COVID-19 pandemic and remote learning have exacerbated children’s mental health, particularly among those from low-income families or with limited access to psychological support. On the other hand, preventive strategies involving holistic approaches such as school-based mental health education, play therapy, digital mental health interventions, and Islamic spirituality-based approaches have demonstrated considerable potential in mitigating depressive symptoms. This review highlights the urgency of implementing multi-level and context-sensitive prevention strategies through collaboration between schools, families, and community-based institutions.