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The development of digital media has transformed YouTube into one of the most influential platforms for Islamic preaching, shaping public understanding of religious issues, including religious tolerance. This study aims to analyze the representation of religious tolerance, the patterns of tolerance message delivery, and the tendency of interpreting religious tolerance in Felix Siauw’s YouTube content. The research employs a qualitative approach using content analysis of videos discussing interfaith relations and social diversity.The findings reveal that religious tolerance in Felix Siauw’s content is represented as respect for the rights of followers of other religions in social life without compromising the boundaries of Islamic creed (aqidah). Messages of tolerance are conveyed through persuasive narratives supported by Qur’anic verses, Hadith, and scholars’ perspectives, emphasizing the importance of maintaining Islamic identity within a pluralistic society. The study also indicates that the interpretation of tolerance promoted in the content tends to emphasize social tolerance rather than theological tolerance, namely respecting diversity and fostering peaceful coexistence without equating religious beliefs. Therefore, digital Islamic preaching functions not only as a medium for disseminating religious teachings but also as a platform for shaping public understanding of religious tolerance.

This study aims to examine the implementation of Probolinggo City Regional Regulation Number 2 of 2024 concerning the Respect, Protection, and Fulfillment of the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, specifically regarding entrepreneurial rights in Kanigaran District. A descriptive qualitative approach with a single case study design was employed. Data were collected through in-depth interviews with four key informants, field observation, and documentary study. Data analysis used Miles and Huberman's interactive model, interpreted through Thomas B. Smith's policy implementation theory encompassing four variables: Idealized Policy, Target Groups, Implementing Organization, and Environmental Factors. Findings indicate that implementation has been underway but has not yet reached an optimal state. The policy possesses strong normative substance, yet socialization to target groups remains shallow and uneven. Entrepreneurial motivation among persons with disabilities is high, but constrained by limited capital, social stigma, transportation barriers, and insufficient post-training mentorship. The DKUP has conducted training and marketing facilitation programs, however capital support capacity and sustained mentorship remain critically limited. Environmental factors reveal potential through the KDK community and digital technology, while social stigma and transportation infrastructure continue to pose significant obstacles.

This study examines the implementation of religious freedom in Indonesia, focusing on the case of the sealing of the POUK Tesalonika House of Prayer in Teluknaga, Tangerang Regency, in April 2026. This incident reflects the tension between administrative regulations, specifically the Building Permit, and the constitutional right to freedom of religion as guaranteed in Article 28E and Article 29(2) of the Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia. This study employs a normative legal method with legislative,conceptual, and case-based approaches. The analysis reveals that the sealing action fails to meet the principle of proportionality in administrative law, and results in legal discrimination that contradicts the principle of equality before the law and the spirit of Pancasila. These findings affirm that the right to worship is a non-derogable right that cannot be diminished by technical permitting regulations. Therefore, the state must prioritize a facilitative and protective approach in regulating places of worship, to guarantee freedom of religion and uphold Indonesia’s integrity as a democratic and tolerant rule of law state.

The development of stand-up comedy as part of the creative industry raises legal issues regarding the protection of materials that are often duplicated and distributed without authorization. This study examines the legal qualification of stand-up comedy material as a copyrighted work and the form and scope of copyright protection provided under Indonesian law. This research aims to analyze the legal status of stand-up comedy material and the protection granted to it. The method used is normative juridical research with statutory and comparative law approaches. The results show that stand-up comedy material fulfills the requirements of a protected work as it contains originality and has been expressed in a tangible form. It is classified as a literary work in the form of oral expression as well as a performing art under Law Number 28 of 2014 on Copyright. The protection covers both moral rights and economic rights; however, its implementation remains weak, especially in the digital era where violations such as re-uploading and unauthorized recording are prevalent. In conclusion, stand-up comedy material has a strong legal basis for protection, but further efforts are needed in law enforcement and public awareness to ensure effective protection.

This study analyzes the juridical transformation of freedom of expression after the enactment of Law Number 1 of 2024 as the second revision of the Electronic Information and Transaction Law (ITE Law). The main focus of the research is the reconstruction of defamation offenses from Article 27 paragraph (3) to Article 27A, as well as its implications for constitutional guarantees in Article 28E paragraph (3) of the 1945 Constitution. The method used is normative juridical with legislative, conceptual, and case approaches. The case study of the case of Haris Azhar and Fatia Maulidiyanti is used as a limited empirical analysis. The results of the study show that even though Law No. 1 of 2024 has narrowed insults to absolute complaints, the formulation of norms that are still multi-interpreted, especially in the phrase "attacking honor", still has the potential to threaten freedom of expression and create a chilling effect in the digital space. In addition, the lack of clear parameters regarding public criticism and personal insults creates legal uncertainty. Therefore, consistent interpretation guidelines and harmonization with human rights principles are needed so that the protection of citizens' constitutional rights is guaranteed.

Child support rights after divorce constitute a fundamental right that must be protected to ensure children's welfare and development. However, many children do not receive adequate financial support because parents, particularly fathers, fail to fulfill their obligations after divorce. This study aims to analyze the legal regulation of child support rights after divorce and examine the legal protection available when these rights are neglected. The research employs normative legal research using statutory and conceptual approaches. Legal materials were collected through library research, including legislation, legal literature, scholarly journals, and relevant court decisions. The findings show that Indonesian law provides a comprehensive legal framework through the Marriage Law, the Child Protection Law, and the Compilation of Islamic Law, all of which affirm that divorce does not terminate parental responsibilities. Under Islamic law, the obligation to provide child support remains with the father. Legal protection is available through civil and criminal mechanisms, including enforcement claims and criminal liability for child abandonment. However, weak law enforcement, limited supervision of court decisions, and low legal awareness continue to hinder effective protection. Strengthening enforcement, increasing legal awareness, and enhancing state involvement are essential to ensure the fulfillment of child support rights after divorce.

Within the framework of Islamic family law (fiqh munakahat), the issue of nusyuz plays a significant role, as it is closely related to maintaining harmony and stability in the marital relationship. Generally, nusyuz is often defined as a form of a wife’s disobedience toward her husband. However, Islamic jurisprudence acknowledges that nusyuz can also be committed by a husband if he fails to fulfill the rights, responsibilities, and obligations he owes to his wife, in accordance with the principles of Sharia. This study aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the concept of nusyuz in the context of family life, from the perspective of fiqh munakahat. The discussion covers the meaning and characteristics of nusyuz, its legal basis in Islamic sources, the factors contributing to its emergence, its various manifestations in married life, its implications for family relationships, and existing methods for addressing this issue. This study employs a literature review method supported by a descriptive qualitative approach, drawing on relevant literature from classical and contemporary Islamic legal sources. The results indicate that resolving issues of nusyuz should be approached through a gradual and constructive process, including counseling, dialogue, mediation, consultation, and reconciliation. These steps aim to restore mutual understanding and strengthen family unity. Therefore, raising awareness of each spouse’s rights and obligations is crucial to preventing nusyuz and creating a household filled with peace, love, mutual respect, and intimacy.

The impact of sighar marriage on the younger generation from the perspective of Islamic law, social, and psychological. The main problem raised is the practice of marriage without dowry which places women as objects of exchange, thus ignoring their rights and causing the invalidity of the contract according to a number of scholars. The purpose of this study is to analyze the social, legal, and religious consequences of sighar marriage and its implications on the formation of children's identity and family resilience. The research method uses a literature study with a normative-comparative approach, referring to classical fiqh literature, hadith, and contemporary academic studies that compare the views of the Shafi'i, Maliki, Hanbali, and Hanafi schools. The results of the study show that nikah syighar has an impact on the neglect of women's rights, the normalization of objectification, household instability, the crisis of children's identity, and the weakening of family institutions. In addition, this practice is contrary to maqasid al-shari'ah, thus undermining the sacred value of marriage as worship and a means of moral development. These findings underscore the need for Islamic family law regulation and education to protect the younger generation from the practice of illegal and harmful marriage.

This study examines the relationship between Indigenous Knowledge Systems (IKS) and legal autonomy within the Indian legal and constitutional framework. It explores how ancient Indian governance recognized legal pluralism through customary laws, village autonomy, tribal jurisdictions, and decentralized judicial systems. The study further analyzes the ecological and philosophical foundations of Indigenous Knowledge Systems, emphasizing the indigenous worldview that promotes harmony between humans and nature through principles of sustainability and environmental stewardship. Additionally, the research evaluates the legal challenges faced by indigenous communities under modern intellectual property regimes, particularly concerning communal ownership, oral traditions, and biopiracy. Constitutional protections such as the Fifth Schedule, Sixth Schedule, and the Forest Rights Act (2006), alongside landmark judicial decisions, demonstrate India’s efforts to safeguard indigenous rights and traditional knowledge. The study also highlights international legal mechanisms, including the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), the Nagoya Protocol, and WIPO initiatives, while emphasizing the need for stronger legal frameworks and international cooperation to ensure indigenous sovereignty and long-term protection of Indigenous

Human rights are fundamental rights inherent to every individual from birth and are guaranteed under statutory laws and regulations. These rights are universal in nature, inherent to every person, and must be respected, protected, and fulfilled by the state as well as all elements of society. However, in practice, various conditions continue to trigger human rights violations committed by both individuals and state officials. This phenomenon indicates that the protection of human rights still faces numerous challenges in its implementation. This study aims to examine the relationship between law enforcement officers and civilians, determine the extent to which the actions of law enforcement officers can be categorized as human rights violations, and analyze the mechanisms of oversight and accountability in handling cases of human rights violations. This study employed a qualitative approach using a case study method to obtain an in-depth understanding of the phenomenon under investigation. The data were analyzed descriptively to illustrate the relationship between law enforcement officers and civilians within the context of human rights protection. The findings reveal that power asymmetry is one of the main factors contributing to the abuse of authority by law enforcement officers. This condition subsequently increases the potential for human rights violations and underscores the importance of effective oversight and accountability in ensuring that law enforcement officers perform their duties and exercise their authority in accordance with applicable legal provisions.

This community service program aims to enhance farmers’ literacy on independent fertilizer production and strengthen their understanding of farmers’ rights within national fertilizer governance as an effort to achieve food sovereignty. The program was implemented in Belang Village, Bungkal Sub-district, Ponorogo Regency, involving GAPOKTAN Baungan consisting of farmer groups from Tempel, Kepuh, Pakal, Kanigoro, and Klatakan hamlets. This initiative represents cross-university synergy involving lecturers from Universitas Merdeka Malang, Universitas Soerjo Ngawi, Universitas Muhammadiyah Ponorogo, and Akademi Kesejahteraan Sosial Ibu Kartini Semarang. The implementation adopted a participatory hybrid approach combining Zoom Meeting dissemination and offline field activities. Activities included literacy enhancement on independent fertilizer production, training on organic fertilizer processing, strengthening farmer group institutions, and legal literacy regarding farmers’ rights in accessing subsidized fertilizers, including RDKK mechanisms and national policies. Methods comprised participatory socialization, hands-on training, group discussions, field practice, and monitoring and evaluation. Results show improved understanding of independent fertilizer concepts, increased technical skills in organic fertilizer production, and greater awareness of farmers’ rights and obligations in the fertilizer distribution system. The program strengthened inter-university collaboration and farmer networks, supporting sustainability, farmer independence, reduced dependence on chemical fertilizers, and community-based food sovereignty.

This study discusses the concept of polygamy from the perspectives of Islamic law and positive law in Indonesia, focusing on the principles of justice and its impact on women and families. Polygamy is one of the issues in fiqh munakahat that continues to generate debate because it is considered closely related to patriarchal culture, gender inequality, and violence against women. This study aims to analyze the legal basis of polygamy in the Qur’an, the views of scholars of tafsir and fiqh regarding polygamy, as well as the regulation of polygamy in Indonesian legislation. This study employs a library research method with a normative-sociological approach. Data sources were obtained from books of tafsir, fiqh, hadith, Islamic legal literature, and laws and regulations related to marriage in Indonesia. The findings indicate that Islam permits polygamy under very strict conditions, particularly regarding the husband’s ability to act justly both materially and emotionally. However, justice in emotional aspects and affection is considered very difficult for ordinary people to achieve, as emphasized in Qur'an Surah An-Nisa verse 129. In Indonesian positive law, the primary principle of marriage is monogamy, while polygamy is only permitted under certain circumstances with administrative requirements and court approval. This study concludes that the practice of polygamy in the modern era should be understood contextually by considering aspects of public welfare (maslahah), the protection of women’s rights, family justice, and the primary objectives of Islamic law in establishing a harmonious family characterized by sakinah, mawaddah, and rahmah.             

This community engagement program aimed to strengthen community empowerment through legal and financial literacy initiatives designed to support sustainable social development in Uttarakhand, India. The program involved rural and semi-urban communities, including local residents, youth groups, small entrepreneurs, and women’s associations, many of whom demonstrated limited understanding of legal rights, financial management, and sustainable economic practices. These limitations reduced their participation in local development initiatives and community decision-making processes. To address these challenges, the program implemented participatory workshops, legal awareness campaigns, financial literacy training, and mentoring activities over a three-month period involving 60 participants. The findings indicated significant improvements in participants’ understanding of legal rights, budgeting practices, savings management, entrepreneurial planning, and financial decision-making skills. Qualitative results further revealed stronger community participation, increased confidence in social engagement, and improved awareness regarding social responsibility and sustainable development. Participants also became more actively involved in local economic and community activities after completing the program.

 Toxic work environments are becoming an issue that is getting more and more attention in human resource management because of its destructive impact on the psychological well-being of employees and organizational stability. Unhealthy interpersonal relationships, authoritarian leadership, bullying, and recurrent disrespectful behavior create a work atmosphere full of stress and uncertainty. This condition not only triggers work stress, anxiety, and emotional exhaustion, it further exacerbates these challenges, as high work demands and a lack of work-life balance make employees, especially Generation Z, increasingly vulnerable to mental health disorders. This study aims to analyze the influence of toxic work environments on employees' mental health as well as its impact on the intention to quit their jobs. The method used is a literature study with a qualitative approach, analyzing relevant scientific articles. The results of the study showed that a toxic work environment characterized by violence, bullying, tyrannical leadership, unfriendliness, and exclusion had a significant effect on the increase in work stress, psychological pressure, work stress and intention to quit work. Toxic leadership is the main factor in forming an unhealthy work culture. Social support, especially from supervisors, plays a protective role as a protective factor that mediates these negative relationships. Generation Z was found to be more sensitive to injustice and rights violations in the workplace. The study concludes that organizations need to prioritize psychological safety, implement supportive leadership, and provide tangible organizational policies and support to maintain employees' mental health and reduce work stress rates for long-term organizational sustainability.

This study analyzes the minimum age of marriage in Islamic jurisprudence and compares it with the positive law regulations in Indonesia and Malaysia. Using a normative legal method with comparative and conceptual approaches, the study draws on primary sources, including the Qur'an, hadith, Law Number 16 of 2019 on Marriage in Indonesia, and the Islamic Family Law (Federal Territories) Act 1984 in Malaysia. The analysis focuses on how Islamic legal principles concerning marriage eligibility are interpreted and incorporated into contemporary legal frameworks in both countries. The findings reveal that Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh) associates marital readiness with the concept of baligh (puberty) without prescribing a specific numerical age, whereas state law establishes fixed minimum age requirements to safeguard the rights and welfare of women and children. Indonesia sets the minimum marriage age at 19 years for both males and females, while Malaysia prescribes 18 years for males and 16 years for females, with judicial dispensation available in both jurisdictions under certain circumstances. These legal arrangements demonstrate each country's effort to harmonize classical Islamic jurisprudence with contemporary social protection objectives through institutional ijtihad, reflecting a balance between religious principles, legal certainty, and public welfare in regulating marriage.

Adolescents face significant barriers in accessing reproductive health services due to fears of privacy breaches and social stigma. In primary healthcare facilities, healthcare professionals are often trapped in a dilemma between the obligation to maintain medical confidentiality based on professional ethics and national regulatory demands requiring parental involvement for underage patients. This study aims to analyze the practice of protecting adolescent patient data privacy at Mardi Saras Primary Clinic and identify the gap between practical implementation and the norms of medical ethics and applicable legal regulations. This study employs a socio-legal research method with a qualitative approach. Data were collected through in-depth interviews with doctors and nurses, observation of service procedures, and study of the clinic's Standard Operating Procedures. The results indicate that although Mardi Saras Primary Clinic has implemented basic confidentiality protocols such as closed consultation rooms, there are substantial weaknesses in informed consent management, which still heavily relies on parental presence for all adolescent cases. This practice is driven by healthcare professionals' fear of legal risks, thereby ignoring the principle of developing autonomy in adolescents. These findings indicate a disparity between rigid administrative compliance and the spirit of protecting adolescent health rights within national regulations. The implication of this study underscores the urgency of developing specific SOPs that are sensitive to adolescent rights, as well as the need for continuous training for healthcare professionals regarding the legal and ethical boundaries of maintaining confidentiality for underage patients without compromising legal safety aspects.

This research examines the potential application of the Right to Be Forgotten (RTBF) in Indonesia's criminal justice system, focusing on individuals who have been acquitted or have completed their sentences. The study explores the legal, social, and ethical implications of RTBF in relation to criminal records, aiming to assess how it could support the rehabilitation and reintegration of acquitted individuals. In Indonesia, criminal records often remain publicly accessible long after a person has been legally exonerated, creating barriers to social reintegration due to the stigma associated with past accusations. The study investigates the gaps in the current legal framework, such as the lack of provisions for the removal or anonymization of criminal records for acquitted individuals, and explores how RTBF could promote justice and fairness. The research uses a literature review methodology, analyzing relevant legal texts including Law No. 11 of 2008 on Information and Electronic Transactions (ITE Law), Law No. 39 of 1999 on Human Rights, and the 1945 Indonesian Constitution. The review critically evaluates the challenges and opportunities of implementing RTBF, focusing on balancing privacy rights with public safety concerns. The findings suggest that RTBF could reduce the negative impact of criminal records on individuals who have been acquitted, facilitating their reintegration into society. However, the study also highlights the challenges in implementing RTBF due to societal and legal factors. Legal reforms recommendations allow individuals to request the removal of criminal records, aligning Indonesia's legal system with international human rights standards.

Discrimination in the workplace is a problem that can hinder the creation of a fair and inclusive work environment. Discrimination can take the form of differential treatment of employees based on gender, race, religion, disability, sexual orientation, or other factors unrelated to individual performance and competence. To address this issue, the law plays a crucial role in providing employee protection to ensure equality and non-discrimination in the workplace. Various legal instruments, both national and international, regulate employee protection from discrimination, including the Employment Law, the Human Rights Law, and conventions issued by the International Labour Organization (ILO). However, the effective implementation of these regulations remains a challenge, particularly in terms of implementation, enforcement, and employee awareness of their rights. This study aims to analyze the role of law in protecting employees from discrimination in the workplace by examining applicable regulations and the challenges in their implementation. The research method used is a normative juridical method, which focuses on the study of relevant laws and legal principles. The analysis is conducted on national legal provisions and international legal instruments as references for protecting workers from discrimination. Furthermore, this study identifies barriers to legal implementation and offers recommendations to improve the effectiveness of legal protection for employees. This analysis is expected to provide insight into the urgency of regulatory reform and strengthening so that the law can play an optimal role in creating a fairer and more discrimination-free work environment.

In contemporary legal systems, social conflict between the state and indigenous communities is a complicated matter, especially when it comes to the acknowledgement and defense of indigenous peoples' rights to land, natural resources, and cultural identity. Indigenous peoples' rights, which before the establishment of the modern state, are frequently disregarded by imbalances in official policies that prioritize development interests. In this context, legal reconciliation is a relevant approach to resolving these conflicts in a just and sustainable manner. Legal reconciliation emphasizes the integration of customary law into the national legal system and the harmonization of state policies and the interests of indigenous peoples to create a more inclusive legal order. The study of legal standards relevant to resolving disputes between the state and indigenous peoples is the main emphasis of this research, which employs a normative juridical approach. The approach used in this research includes an analysis of national legislation, international legal instruments related to indigenous peoples' rights, and relevant legal doctrines. Using a statute approach and a conceptual approach, this research explores how legal reconciliation can be implemented in resolving social conflicts. Furthermore, this research highlights the role of legal principles such as restorative justice, legal pluralism, and recognition of indigenous peoples' rights in developing more effective conflict resolution mechanisms. This analysis is expected to establish a strong legal foundation for promoting more inclusive and socially just legal policies for indigenous peoples.

The rapid growth of e-commerce among university students has provided greater convenience in conducting digital transactions. However, it has also created various challenges, including online fraud, discrepancies between advertised and delivered products, delayed shipments, and limited understanding of consumer rights and dispute resolution mechanisms. This community service program aimed to enhance legal literacy and increase students’ awareness of consumer protection in electronic transactions, particularly within the Faculty of Teacher Training and Education (FKIP) of Yapis University Papua. The program employed an educational-participatory approach through counseling sessions, interactive discussions, case simulations, and participant comprehension evaluations. The materials covered consumer rights and obligations, common violations in electronic transactions, complaint procedures on e-commerce platforms, and non-litigation dispute resolution mechanisms. The results demonstrated a significant improvement in students’ understanding of consumer protection laws, their ability to identify violations of consumer rights, and their knowledge of appropriate actions when disputes arise in online shopping transactions. Furthermore, participants showed strong engagement throughout the activities and were able to apply their knowledge effectively during case simulations. The program contributed to the development of more critical, informed, responsible, and legally aware digital consumers who are better prepared to engage safely and confidently in e-commerce activities.