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Improper water management in rice cultivation can lead to water stress, which reduces productivity. Conventional monitoring has limitations on large-scale lands, necessitating more efficient remote sensing technologies. This study aims to develop a water stress identification system for rice plants in the late vegetative phase using multispectral drone imagery integrated with an Artificial neural network (ANN). The research method employs an experimental approach with six water availability levels in Karyamukti Village, Sumedang. Field reference data were obtained through soil moisture sensors converted into Available Water (AW) values. Image processing stages included orthomosaic reconstruction, leaf object segmentation, and transformation of vegetation indices (NDVI, NDRE, GNDVI, etc.) as model inputs. The results show that the ANN model with a four-hidden-layer architecture achieved training and validation accuracies of 94–95%. In the independent testing phase, the model produced an accuracy of 94.60% with an F1-Score of 93.33%. Spatial visualization of the prediction results indicates a consistent water condition distribution across rice plots. In conclusion, the integration of multispectral drones and ANN provides an accurate non-destructive solution for spatial monitoring of water availability in rice plants.

This study aims to analyze the population dynamics of rice plant pests through periodic monitoring during 8 weeks of observation. The research was conducted on 5 rice field plots using direct sampling method and yellow trap. The observation data included 23 pest species from various families such as Acrididae, Muscidae, Culicidae, Lycosidae, Pieridae, Chrysomelidae, and others. Observations showed that pest populations fluctuated during the observation period, with some species showing a downward trend such as mosquitoes (Culicidae) from an average of 19.6 individuals/map in the first observation to 14.2 individuals/map in the last observation, while some other pests such as snail carp (Pomacea canaliculata) showed significant variation. Pests that were consistently found in high numbers were mosquitoes, mealybugs (Pieris rapae), and gold snails. This periodic monitoring provides important information for integrated pest control strategies in sustainable rice cultivation.

Rice is the main source of income for rural communities in Bojonegoro Regency and is one of the main food commodities that is a priority in agricultural economic development both at the national and regional levels, especially Bojonegoro Regency. The Bojonegoro Regency area is crossed by the Bengawan Solo River which is one of the sources of air for rice plants. The purpose of this study was to determine the production and income of rice farming in the Bengawan Solo Hilir Watershed, Bojonegoro Regency. The sample used was 30 farmers taken purposively who had land around the Bengawan Solo Hilir Watershed. The analysis method used was the Cobb Douglas production function method and farm income analysis. The results showed that rice farming in Bojonegoro Regency was profitable. This can be seen from the farm income of Rp. 760,586,000.00. Rice farm income is the difference between revenue and total costs used, which are Rp. 969,050,000 and Rp. 208,464,000, respectively. The production factors used in the model are land, labor, and fertilizer production factors. The production factor that has a significant influence is the land production factor which has a calculated t value of 6.305 which is greater than the t table value of 2.405 at a 95% confidence level.

Rice pest control is one of the main challenges in the agricultural sector in Indonesia. Pests such as planthoppers, stem borers, and rats can cause significant losses to crop yields. Currently, many farmers have difficulty identifying pest types and how to control them quickly and effectively. Therefore, a technological solution is needed that can detect pests directly and provide recommendations for action. This study aims to design an Android-based application that is able to detect types of rice plant pests using visual images and provide recommendations for handling. This application is designed using digital image processing methods and is supported by a large pest database. This technology is expected to be an efficient and practical solution for farmers. The research method used in developing this application is a qualitative method, involving interviews with farmers, agronomists, and data collection related to pests and their damage patterns. This application utilizes AI-based pattern recognition technology to detect pests through photos taken directly by farmers. The results of the study showed that this application was able to detect several types of major pests with an accuracy of up to 85%. In addition, this application provides recommendations for handling steps based on guidelines from the Ministry of Agriculture. The trial showed that this application can help farmers identify pests faster than manual methods. The main contribution of this research is to create a technology-based solution to agricultural problems in Indonesia, especially in the rice sector. With this application, farmers can increase their yields through early identification and proper pest management. In future implementations, this application will continue to be developed to detect additional pests and expand its database. It is hoped that this application can be an important tool in supporting smart farming in Indonesia.

Tomatoes are plants that were first discovered in South America, closely related to eggplant, potatoes and peppers. Tomato is a fruit that has an attractive red color and is rich in vitamins such as vitamin C. So it is not wrong if tomatoes are very useful for maintaining the body's immune system. Each 100 grams of tomatoes contains 20 calories of calories, 1 gram of protein, 0.3 grams of fat, 4.2 grams of carbohydrates, 5 milligrams of calcium, carotene (vitamin A) 1500 SI, thiamin (vitamin B) 60 micrograms, ascorbic acid (vitamin C). ) 40 milligrams, phosphorus 27 milligrams, iron 0.5 milligrams, potassium 360 milligrams. Tomatoes are also vegetables or ingredients for cooking that are sought after by people to meet their daily needs. This makes the supply of tomatoes from farmers is always in shortage. The lack of supply of tomatoes in the market is caused by a decrease in tomato production or yields. This decrease in production was caused by several obstacles, one of the obstacles that caused crop failure was due to disease. Disease attacks on tomato plants can occur from planting to harvest. Diseases that often attack penicillin plants are sptoria leaf spot, anthracnose fruit bud, fusarium and verticium wilt, brown spot and late blight. Therefore, to handle this, of course, sufficient knowledge is needed to deal with and deal with pests and diseases in tomato plants appropriately. To overcome this, it is necessary to build a system that can diagnose diseases in tomato plants. So that farmers are able to overcome and deal with pests and diseases on tomato plants appropriately. Researchers have done a lot of research by building an expert system to diagnose a disease. With the results of research, an expert system is designed to assist farmers and agricultural extension workers in detecting diseases in soybean and rice plants. From the results of tests that have been carried out using an expert system, 14 different cases in the field are then cross-checked with the results of expert analysis and have a suitability of 93%.

Mruwak is one of the villages in Madiun Regency where the majority of residents work as farmers. The food commodity most widely grown in the village is rice, while the rest are corn, sweet potatoes and peanuts. With the existence of a supply chain system, it is hoped that it can help farmers determine rice marketing routes effectively and efficiently. The aim of this research is to determine the supply chain system for rice produced by farmers in Mruwak Village. This research is qualitative in nature and the sample was selected purposively and using snowball sampling. The research results show the rice process, starting from land processing, rice planting, to maintenance and harvest. The farmers in the village have experience in growing rice, on average they have been growing rice for more than 10 years so they understand how to grow rice properly, including selecting superior seeds. The supply chain distribution channel used is a simple distribution channel model (1 to 3 level distribution channel model). Determination of selling prices based on agreements between farmers and buyers through demand and supply mechanisms (market mechanisms).  

Rice plants (Oryza sativa L.) are rice-producing plants which are a source of carbohydrates for most of the world's population. Almost 95% of Indonesia's population consumes rice as a staple food, so every year the demand for rice increases as the population increases. Therefore, farmers must choose quality seeds. In this era of fast and efficient technological progress, this is a very good thing for all progress in various fields. more and more fields of knowledge are developing, one of which is the existence of a decision-making system. a set of model-based procedures for processing and valuing data to help managers make decisions. This decision-making system uses several variables as input consisting of: type of variety, seed shape, seed color, root, seed age. The method used by the author is Fuzzy Tsukamoto. In the Tsukamoto method, it is explained that each consequence in IF-Then must be explained with a fuzzy set that has a membership function that does not change or is monotonous and for programming it uses PHP. The results obtained from the research that the authors conducted were in the form of a decision-making system to get the best seed yields.

Rice is the main product obtained from grain produced by the rice plant (Oryza sativa) whose entire layer has been peeled off and the bran layer has been separated in the form of head rice, whole rice grains, broken rice, and groats. There are several types of pigmented rice such as brown rice, black rice and black glutinous rice. These kinds of rice have not been utilized optimally so that a processing process is needed to increase the economic value of the colored rice. One of the processing is made as flour so that it is durable and easy to distribute and flour can be used as a food processing material that is practical, easy and durable. One of the processed rice is rice flour. Colored rice flour is the result of processing brown rice, black rice and black glutinous rice by milling or flouring. This study aims to determine the optimal temperature in the manufacture of colored rice flour in order to obtain colored rice flour which has high antioxidant activity and high anthocyanins. The result of flouring is in the form of very fine grains. Flour has a low water content so it is more durable and long lasting. In order to reduce the moisture content, drying is carried out. The study used a completely randomized design (RAL) consisting of 2 factors. The first factor was the type of colored rice, while the second factor was the drying temperature of rice flour. The optimal treatment results were a combination of black glutinous rice flour treatment and a drying temperature of 45°C for 60 minutes, the following results were obtained: water content 7.44%, antioxidant activity by DPPH method 69.89%, antioxidant activity by FRAP method 81.35%, yield 25.29%, total phenol 175.85 mg/kg, and anthocyanin levels 327.10 ppm. Changes in temperature during the drying process of colored rice will affect the characteristics of the colored rice.

The sprayer is one of the equipments that is often used in agriculture, especially in rice plants to control pests and diseases. The use of the nozzle rod on the electric sprayer still uses hands resulting in the spray distance on the rice being not constant. To answer this problem, the researcher will create an innovative robotic hand holding the nozzle rod on an electric sprayer that will direct the nozzle rod constantly. Servo MG996r as a rectifier of the motion of the nozzle stem which will determine the distance and area of ​​spraying on rice. To achieve maximum dispersion in rice with a 4:1 legowo system with a servo rod length of 50 cm and a spacing between rice of 25 cm, the servo must move forward and backward at an angle of 110° - 180° which can be seen on the LCD and the distance of the nozzle rod on the object can be up and down to 38 cm and up 24 cm from the starting position. The results obtained by the robotic hand holding the nose bridge can work optimally.

Irrigation is a land irrigation system by damming water sources. Irrigation as the provision, regulation and disposal of water to support agricultural needs. Irrigation is generally used by farmers, especially farmers in rice fields to irrigate and provide water supply to agricultural land, monitoring water stock in rice fields must be done frequently because rice water needs must be balanced with a lack of water supply or excess water supply in rice fields is not good for rice growth . So far, farmers have monitored irrigation channels manually, the location of the rice fields from the farmer's house often causes rice plants to experience scarcity because the floodgates are not opened when the water supply is running low or experiencing water supply. excess because the floodgates are opened for too long, this will greatly disturb the growth of rice plants. Making a monitoring and control system for irrigation channels using a water level sensor installed on the ESP 8266 microcontroller (Wemos D1), the system uses a programming language c. This tool can be used to open the irrigation door if the water supply in the rice fields is below the minimum limit and will close the water gate when the water supply has reached the maximum limit, the servo motor is used to open and close the floodgates. . . The monitoring results obtained will be displayed to users in real time through the android application interface and will be stored in the form of a text file on the storage media.

Recent technological developments determine humans to be creative in creating tools that implement technology in it with the aim of facilitating human tasks in daily activities. Inappropriate use of fertilizers can cause losses, both losses on fertilizer, on plants, as well as on the soil and the environment around fertilization. Losses on plants such as unhealthy plant growth and susceptible to disease pests, plant yields are not as expected or low. From the background above, the writer found an idea to create a system or tool that can help farmers in determining the dose of Nitrogen fertilizer in their rice plants, through the storage of the dosage data of each land. The user did five scans, from each scan producing RGB values, each RGB value from five samples was then matched with the BWD dose color indicator. The sample dose results are then sent by the NodeMcu microcontroller to the webserver database. Based on the assessment of the test conducted by 10 Users by Gapoktan Farmers Group of Tosari Kendal Village, the total value of 372 that has been averaged to be 37.2 is between 31 - 40 which is classified in the category of "Very Valid or Very Effective".