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Bureaucratic reform at the village level is a crucial prerequisite for achieving professional, effective, and accountable village governance. One of the key pillars of this reform is the implementation of a merit system in the management of village human resources, particularly in the recruitment and appointment of village officials. In this context, the Computer-Assisted Test (CAT) has emerged as a policy innovation designed to enhance objectivity, transparency, and procedural fairness in the selection of village officials. This study aims to analyse the contribution of CAT implementation to strengthening the merit system and its impact on transforming village social conditions, especially in building public trust in village government. Quantitative data were collected through a survey of village residents and analysed using descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and multiple linear regression in SPSS. Qualitative data were obtained through in-depth interviews, field observations, and document analysis to elaborate further and explain the quantitative findings. The results indicate that transparency, objectivity, and procedural fairness in the selection process have positive and significant effects on public trust in village government, with procedural fairness emerging as the most influential variable. Qualitative findings confirm that public acceptance of selection outcomes is more strongly influenced by perceptions of fairness and openness in the process than by the selection results themselves. This study concludes that the implementation of CAT functions not only serves as a technical selection instrument but also as an institutional mechanism that helps transform village social relations from patronage-based practices toward merit-based village governance.

Particularly in emerging nations, corporate environmental criminality poses a serious threat to environmental justice, sustainable development, and legal responsibility. With a focus on corporate crime theory and green criminology, this study critically analyzes corporate environmental crime using an integrative framework that blends modern criminological viewpoints with Islamic criminal law (fiqh al-jināyah). This study examines how Islamic legal concepts, particularly the doctrine of maqāṣid al-sharī‘ah, can enhance current models of corporate criminal responsibility and environmental governance using a normative-analytical and conceptual approach. The results show that structural incentives, lax enforcement, and profit-driven rationalization tactics make traditional regulatory and penal measures ineffective at discouraging corporate environmental malfeasance. Islamic criminal law provides a revolutionary framework that places environmental conservation as both a legal requirement and a moral necessity because of its strong ethical orientation and comprehensive view of justice. With a focus on ecological balance (ḥifẓ al-bi’ah), property (ḥifẓ al-māl), and life preservation (ḥifẓ al-nafs), this study offers a value-based corporate accountability approach that goes beyond deterrence-oriented punishment and prioritizes prevention, restoration, and social responsibility. By broadening the doctrinal scope of Islamic criminal law to acknowledge corporate criminal culpability, this integrative approach makes a theoretical contribution. Practically, it informs regulatory enforcement and environmental policy change. The study presents an interdisciplinary paradigm that unites criminological analysis and religious legal reasoning, providing a strong basis for creating environmental governance systems that are just, moral, and sustainable, especially in developing nations and jurisdictions with a majority of Muslims.

The industrial revolution 4.0 has brought rapid advances in technology, one of which is artificial intelligence (AI). AI has the ability to imitate the human thought and action process in solving various problems. However, the implementation of AI raises legal problems related to responsibility for the negative impacts caused, such as cybercrime, information manipulation, privacy violations, and misuse of technology. Indonesia, as a country based on law, is faced with the challenge of regulating AI to be in line with technological developments. Currently, legal regulations in Indonesia do not specifically regulate the legal responsibility of AI. Positive laws, such as the Civil Code and the ITE Law, can be used interpretively, but are not enough to address the complexity of AI. Legal responsibility related to AI is debatable, whether it is imposed on the developer, owner, or user of AI. In addition, AI does not have a “mens rea” in criminal law, so that unlawful acts are more relevant to be imposed on the responsible human. To overcome this problem, legal reform or the creation of special regulations that comprehensively regulate AI are needed. These regulations must include privacy protection, data security, and criminal and civil liability due to the use of AI. With a clear legal framework, the risk of AI misuse can be minimized and its use can be optimized for the welfare of society.

The patent dispute between Apple Inc. and Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd. is one of the largest Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) conflicts in the modern technology industry. This case began in 2007, when Apple launched the first-generation iPhone, revolutionizing the smartphone market with its minimalist design, full-touch screen, and intuitive interface. The success of the iPhone opened new markets and positioned Apple as an innovation leader. Samsung, as the largest electronics manufacturer in Asia, then produced the Android-based Samsung Galaxy smartphone, which quickly became the iPhone's main competitor. This business competition then turned into a legal dispute when Apple considered Samsung's products too similar to its products. This case involves claims of infringement of design patents and utility patents filed in various jurisdictions such as the United States, South Korea, Japan, Germany, and the United Kingdom. This article uses a normative juridical method with a statutory and case approach. The analysis shows that the patent dispute between Apple and Samsung cannot be resolved through a single international forum due to the territorial nature of the patent system. Therefore, litigation takes place in several countries and results in varying decisions.

The Da’wah Institution of Nahdlatul Ulama (NU), as part of Indonesia's largest Islamic organization, faces challenges in adapting to social dynamics, the digital revolution, and the rise of radicalism. In an increasingly diverse and fast-changing society, NU must develop da’wah strategies that are not only moderate and contextual but also adaptable to contemporary shifts. This study aims to explore how NU's social construction of da’wah is structured epistemologically, ontologically, and strategically to strengthen Islam’s role as rahmatan lil 'alamin, promoting social harmony and national unity. The research adopts a multisite case study approach at the Da’wah Institution of the NU Executive Board, employing qualitative methods through document analysis and in-depth interviews. The findings indicate that NU’s da’wah social construction integrates three main dimensions. Epistemologically, NU’s da’wah is grounded in authentic and contextual knowledge, allowing the dissemination of Islamic values in a peaceful, moderate, and inclusive way. Ontologically, the Da’wah Institution acts not only as a formal structure but as a representation of Islam Nusantara, reinforcing Islamic and national identity within a unified da’wah narrative. Strategically, NU’s da’wah is designed to adapt to shifting social, cultural, and technological landscapes by emphasizing participatory methods, utilizing digital media, and incorporating local cultural elements. These three dimensions work together to form a da’wah model that is responsive to contemporary challenges while deeply rooted in the Ahlussunnah wal Jama’ah tradition.

Transparency and accountability in the legal system remain critical challenges in the ongoing efforts to reform governance in the digital era. This article aims to examine the potential and challenges of implementing blockchain technology to enhance transparency and accountability within legal systems. The study employs a qualitative literature review approach, conducting an in-depth analysis of relevant scientific literature and recent publications. Findings reveal that blockchain offers innovative solutions through immutable legal data and decentralized processes, which enhance public trust and efficiency via smart contracts and decentralized dispute resolution systems. However, the implementation of this technology faces obstacles related to regulation, data privacy, and the need for adequate infrastructure development. In conclusion, blockchain has the potential to revolutionize the legal system, provided there is cross-sector collaboration to overcome existing barriers. Further research is recommended to integrate empirical methods and case study explorations to deepen and apply understanding of blockchain adoption in legal contexts.

This study analyzes the dialectic of political interests in the recovery of assets from corruption through the Non-Conviction Based Asset Forfeiture (NCB) mechanism. Using a normative legal approach, the study reveals that NCB is a strategic solution to overcome the limitations of the conventional system, especially in cases where perpetrators flee or have immunity, with the potential to increase asset recovery by up to 40%. Findings indicate that political interests are hindering the enactment of the Asset Forfeiture Bill, despite NCB being mandated by the UNCAC 2003 and proven effective internationally. This study recommends accelerating the legislative process for the enactment of the Asset Forfeiture Bill, which could revolutionize the enforcement of criminal law against corruption in Indonesia

The current global economic situation is facing various complex challenges, including climate change, economic inequality, and technological revolution. The Keynesian theory, which emphasizes the active role of government in stabilizing the economy, remains relevant for designing adaptive and sustainable economic policies. This article discusses the development of Keynesian theory in addressing future challenges, focusing on green investment, equitable redistribution policies, and strengthening technological innovation. The research method used is a descriptive qualitative literature study with thematic analysis of national and international scientific sources. The findings indicate that the renewal of Keynesian theory should not only aim at maintaining short-term stability but also support long-term sustainability by emphasizing the synergy between fiscal policy, technological innovation, and social justice.

The role of corporations dominates everyday life, let alone increased privatization. It is no longer the country that provides the needs, but the corporation. Corporations can increase state and labor wealth, but the revolution of economic and political structures has grown large corporate corporations too dependent on corporations so that countries can be dictated to their interests. Based on the above background, then the problem arises how the current criminal law policy formulation in the face of corporate crime, then how the application of criminal law enforcement for this against corporations that conduct criminal acts and how the policy of criminal law formulation in the face of corporate criminal acts in the future which will come. The research method used in this thesis is normative juridical by using secondary data. Data collection is done by collect and analyzing library materials and related documents. Furthermore, the data are analyzed normatively qualitatively by way of interpreting and constructing statements contained in documents and legislation. The conclusion of this study is that the regulation of corporate criminal sanctions contained in the four laws is inconsistent. The inconsistency in the determination or imposition of the maximum penalty punished on corporations are also the absence of uniformity in determine when a corporation can be said to commit a criminal offense, uniformity in the arrangement of who May be accountable or prosecuted and convicted, US well as the formulation of a criminal type that May be punished on corporation that commits a crime.

The advancement of information and communication technology in the era of the Industrial Revolution 4.0 has given rise to various digital innovations, one of which is deepfake technology that utilizes artificial intelligence and machine learning to manipulate audio-visual content convincingly. Although it has positive potentials in entertainment and education, the misuse of deepfake on social media has caused various legal and ethical issues, such as the spread of hoaxes, defamation, privacy violations, and non-consensual pornography. This study aims to analyze the use of deepfake from the perspective of Indonesian law, particularly through Law Number 11 of 2008 on Electronic Information and Transactions (ITE Law) and its amendments. Using a qualitative descriptive approach and literature study methods, this research examines the technical aspects of deepfake development, the relevance of ITE Law articles in regulating manipulative content, and the challenges of law enforcement amid low digital literacy in society. The findings show that although there are no explicit provisions concerning deepfake in the ITE Law, several articles can serve as a legal basis to prosecute offenders, albeit with interpretative and technical implementation challenges. Therefore, regulatory updates and improvements in digital literacy are necessary to prevent and effectively handle the misuse of deepfake technology.

The Era of the 4.0 Industrial Revolution has transformed various aspects of life, particularly with the advent of Artificial Intelligence (AI), which brings innovation and efficiency to sectors such as healthcare, education, and governance. However, the rapid development of AI also presents challenges related to law and ethics that must be addressed, such as legal responsibility for damages caused, secure management of personal data, and ethical boundaries regarding technological intervention. This article aims to discuss the legal and ethical issues surrounding the use of AI in Indonesia, focusing on the importance of developing an adaptive legal framework and the application of appropriate ethical principles. This research uses a normative research method with a regulatory approach and a conceptual approach. The discussion covers the definition of AI, legal and ethical challenges in its use, and recommendations for responsible technology implementation. The findings suggest that to ensure fair and sustainable use of AI, Indonesia needs to strengthen existing regulations, raise ethical awareness in society, and establish a dedicated regulatory body for AI technology.

The rapid development of digital technology in the era of the Fourth Industrial Revolution has significantly impacted Indonesia’s legal framework, particularly concerning digital privacy protection. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of Undang-Undang Nomor 19 Tahun 2016 as an amendment to Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2008 tentang Informasi dan Transaksi Elektronik (UU ITE) in protecting digital privacy during the administration of President Joko Widodo. This research uses a normative legal method with a statutory and content analysis approach to examine digital legal policy. The findings show that, although there have been advances in regulation and law enforcement, digital privacy protection in Indonesia remains fragmented and has not fully adapted to the dynamic development of technology. The absence of a comprehensive legal framework and delays in the enactment of a dedicated data protection law are major challenges. The implications of this study highlight the urgency of formulating more progressive and holistic legal policies, along with adaptive regulations to ensure the protection of individual rights in the digital sphere.

With the emergence of a vast internet network, the 4.0 industrial revolution is transforming human lifestyles from conventional to modern and impacting various aspects of life, such as culture, social, and economy. The Pulang Pisau District Court uses the e-Court application, which consists of four main features: online case registration (e-filing), fee payment (e-Payment), electronic summons (e-summons), and online conference (e-ligation), launched by the Supreme Court on October 13, 2018. Data collected from various sources in this research were gathered through a qualitative literature study approach. The focus of the research is on how the e-Court application can enhance the efficiency and ease of accessing legal services for the community. The research results show that the electronic court system not only speeds up the legal administration process but also enhances the transparency and accountability of the judicial system. By launching this application, the Supreme Court is making a significant change in the reform of Indonesia's judiciary, making the judicial system cheaper, faster, and simpler for all citizens. It is hoped that the e-Court application can meet the global community's needs to face legal challenges in the digital era.

This study aims to evaluate tennis training in young athletes with the suitability of resources and techniques used by athletes. A qualitative method with a case study design was used in this research. The study involved 15 tennis athletes with an age range of 10-17 years, who followed a training program for beginners. The data collection process involves athletes and parents by using semi-structured interviews. The data were subjected to thematic analysis, including the process of identifying, analyzing, and interpreting the data. According to this study, implementing motion analysis and sport biomechanics into young tennis training enhances long-term skills, confidence, and performance while lowering injury rates. Athletes are inspired and dedicated to their training because the visualized feedback from captivating technology. Biomechanics and motion analysis may revolutionize young sports training by improving performance and establishing new benchmarks. These tech-enabled initiatives support young athletes' success while protecting their health and welfare.  

The Industrial Revolution in the late 18th to 19th century in England and Europe marked the beginning of the widespread use of fossil fuels in manufacturing, mining, and agriculture. By 2015, global fossil fuel consumption had reached 93.7 million barrels per day, with an average increase of 1.9 million barrels per year, driven by the rapid growth of the transportation and oil industries. However, 20 of the world's largest fossil fuel-producing countries, including Germany, plan to increase production by up to 110% by 2030, exceeding the limit required to restrict global warming to 1.5°C. This production level is 69% higher than needed to keep global temperatures below 2°C. These conditions have triggered protests, including acts of vandalism by the activist group "Letzte Generation" in Germany, as a form of resistance against the massive use of fossil fuels.

The 21st century presents significant challenges in education, including the need for critical thinking, creativity, communication and collaboration (4C) skills. This article explores the importance of 4C skills development in Social Science learning to prepare students for the era of globalization and the industrial revolution 4.0. Through a systematic literature review of national and international scientific articles, this research identifies the relevance of 4C skills in improving analytical ability, team collaboration, innovation, and interpersonal communication. The results show that the integration of 4C skills in social studies learning can foster social intelligence, empathy and multicultural awareness. With a holistic approach, social studies education can be an effective tool in preparing students to compete globally amid the complexity of the modern world.  

The digitalization of the banking sector, driven by the Fourth Industrial Revolution, has significantly impacted the ease of financial transactions through digital banking services. However, this progress also creates vulnerabilities to cybercrimes, particularly phishing, which aims to steal customers' personal data via fake websites or messages. This article examines relevant legal frameworks, including Law No. 19 of 2016 on Electronic Information and Transactions (EIT Law), the Indonesian Criminal Code (KUHP), and regulations issued by the Financial Services Authority (OJK), such as POJK No. 12/POJK.03/2018 on Digital Banking Services. Employing a normative qualitative approach, the study explores the legal protection available to customers as phishing victims and the responsibilities of banks in preventing and addressing such threats. This article recommends strengthening banks' technological security systems, enhancing customers' digital literacy, and enforcing laws more effectively to establish secure and reliable digital banking services.  

Human rights are inherent in every human being who has the same rights, including unilateral termination of an agreement, then these human rights are disturbed and not protected. The research method uses normative legal research, namely the doctrinal method, namely inventorying positive law, finding legal principles and doctrines, synchronizing existing laws and regulations and conducting research by reviewing and examining various existing literature. With the Legislative Approach, Historical Approach, Comparative Approach, and Conceptual Approach. The results of the study indicate that unilateral termination of an agreement has the potential to be categorized as an unlawful act if the unilateral termination of the agreement is carried out without a valid reason, violates the principles of propriety and law, and causes losses to other parties. In addition, unilateral termination of an agreement if carried out without a valid reason violates human rights related to the right to legal certainty and human freedom without discrimination.

Knowing how legal remedies are in the use of social media, social media has become a phenomenal and inseparable need for the Indonesian people. Some of the features possessed by social media include uploading statuses, sharing news pages, chatting, audiovisual communication and other features. Even though all people's behavior on social media platforms has been regulated by law, criminal acts as cybercrime still occur. Cybercrime is an unusual form of crime, in fact this crime can not only harm society, but can cause losses, and the peak can even destroy a country. This information age is often referred to as the digital revolution through technological developments and the development of communication tools. The internet is an information and communication technology that is most often encountered in human activities. The internet is one for surfing in cyberspace without any restrictions, a network that is very easy to access. The Criminal Procedure Code (KUHAP) and the Law on Information and Electronic Transactions (UU ITE), namely Law Number 19 of 2016 Amendments to Law Number 11 of 2008 have been applied to cyber crime.

The digital age has revolutionized many aspects of life, including the way we negotiate. Digital platforms such as social media, email and video conferencing have opened up new opportunities to negotiate with parties around the world. However, these changes also present new challenges that require adaptive and innovative negotiation strategies. This research aims to observe and understand the interactions and dynamics of negotiations taking place on digital platforms. Qualitative methods were used to analyze effective negotiation strategies in the digital era through various digital platforms. Data was collected through in-depth interviews with digital platform users, direct observation of the negotiation process on digital platforms, as well as a literacy review of previous research. The results show that negotiations are increasingly turning to online platforms that offer flexibility, wide coverage and easy access to information. However, digital negotiations also face significant challenges such as a lack of non-verbal communication, difficulty in building trust, and potential technological disruptions. To create effective negotiations in the digital age, an adaptive strategy is needed that takes into account the unique characteristics of digital negotiations and helps companies reach mutually beneficial agreements. This strategy includes seven steps outlined by Poerwanto (2014), namely preparation, first contact, assessment, confrontation, conciliation, solution, and post-negotiation.