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Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is an economically important crop whose productivity is increasingly constrained by drought stress under changing climatic conditions. Conventional breeding for drought tolerance is often slow because this trait is quantitatively inherited and strongly influenced by environmental factors. Molecular markers, particularly Simple Sequence Repeats (SSRs), have become valuable tools for improving selection efficiency and accelerating breeding progress. This review examines the role of SSR markers in the development of drought-tolerant tomato cultivars. The physiological, biochemical, and molecular responses of tomato to drought stress, including growth reduction, photosynthetic impairment, osmotic adjustment, hormonal regulation, and oxidative stress responses, are briefly discussed. The genetic characteristics of SSR markers, including their high polymorphism, co-dominant inheritance, and multi-allelic nature, are highlighted as key advantages for genetic analysis and breeding applications. Furthermore, the review synthesizes recent findings on the use of SSR markers for genetic diversity assessment, Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) mapping, and identification of genomic regions associated with drought-related traits such as relative water content, chlorophyll stability, root architecture, and proline accumulation. The application of SSRs in Marker-Assisted Selection (MAS), including marker-assisted backcrossing and QTL pyramiding, is also discussed. Finally, the review evaluates the continuing relevance of SSR markers in the genomic era, emphasizing their complementary role alongside Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) markers, Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS), and Genomic Selection (GS). Integrating SSR-based approaches with modern genomic tools offers a promising strategy for developing climate-resilient tomato cultivars and enhancing future food security.

The role of guidance and counseling teachers in student career planning in vocational schools is still weak. The purpose of the study was to analyze the implementation of the BK service program in career planning for vocational school students. The study used a qualitative descriptive method. The study was conducted at SMK Muhammadiyah Paguyangan with research subjects being BK teachers, vice principals for curriculum, and vocational school students. Data collection through observation, interviews, and document studies. Data validation applied triangulation of sources and methods. Data analysis used the Atlas ti.8 application. Research stages; determining topics, compiling interview guidelines, selecting data collection methods, collecting data, analyzing data, and drawing conclusions. Research results; (1) the role of BK teachers in identifying students' potential, interests, talents, providing guidance in choosing education or careers, as motivators, facilitators, mediators, directors, program managers, and informants, (2) BK teacher strategies in student career planning; providing basic services to recognize self-potential, motivating, encouraging the use of technology, and digital platforms, and (3) implementation of BK programs through an integrated process, including; program planning, resource provision, implementation of evaluation services, feedback, and continuous improvement. Program innovation and monitoring are integral parts to maintain the relevance and effectiveness of BK services. The success of BK program implementation depends on the quality of coordination and commitment of all parties in developing the program.

This study examines the social and moral values contained in the Indonesian film Jumbo and their relevance as teaching materials for writing drama texts for eleventh-grade senior high school students. The background of this research is the need for contextual and value-based learning resources to support students’ drama writing skills. This study aims to identify social and moral values in the film and explain their applicability in drama writing instruction. A qualitative descriptive method with a literary analysis approach was employed. The data consist of dialogues, scenes, and conflicts in the film, collected through observation and documentation techniques. The findings reveal eighteen data of social values and twelve data of moral values, reflected through character interactions and ethical choices. These values are relevant for developing conflicts, characters, and messages in drama texts. This study concludes that Jumbo can serve as an effective and meaningful teaching material to enhance students’ drama writing skills and support character education.

The development of digital technology encourages companies to utilize social media as a digital marketing tool in supporting communication and business service marketing activities. This study aims to analyze the implementation of social media as a digital marketing tool in the Business Services Division of Telkom Bogor and to identify the forms of interaction and audience engagement through social media. This study used a qualitative approach with a descriptive method. Data collection techniques were conducted through observation, semi-structured interviews, and literature studies. The research informants consisted of internal parties involved in managing the company’s social media and followers of the company’s social media accounts as audience representatives. The data were analyzed using thematic analysis techniques. The results showed that social media is utilized as a promotional tool, a medium for delivering service information, increasing Brand awareness, and strengthening relationships with customers. The social media platforms used include Instagram, TikTok, YouTube, Facebook, LinkedIn, and WhatsApp Business, each having different communication functions according to audience characteristics. The implementation of social media is carried out through the stages of content planning, content creation, content publishing, audience engagement, and evaluation and reporting. The findings also indicate that visual content quality, information relevance, and publication consistency influence audience engagement with the company’s social media. Overall, social media is considered effective in supporting the company’s digital marketing activities through interactive digital communication based on audience needs.

Educational evaluation is an essential part of the learning process, serving to measure the achievement of educational goals and to continuously improve the quality of learning. This study aims to analyze educational evaluation theory in learning, including the basic concepts of evaluation, evaluation models and approaches, and their relevance to 21st-century learning. The study employed a qualitative approach with the Systematic Literature Review (SLR) method through a review of various reputable international journals published between 2020 and 2025. Research data was obtained from various scientific sources such as Scopus, ScienceDirect, Springer, Taylor & Francis, and Sage Journals. The results show that educational evaluation theory is evolving from outcome-oriented evaluation to a more holistic, authentic, and competency-based evaluation. Evaluation models such as Goal-Oriented Evaluation, formative and summative evaluation, the CIPP model, authentic assessment, and diagnostic assessment play an important role in supporting modern learning. In addition, the integration of digital technology in learning evaluation provides opportunities to create a more adaptive and contextual assessment system.

This study aims to examine the historical origins and development of the sociology of education, explore the biographies and ideas of key scholars from both Islamic and Western traditions, and analyze their relevance in the context of modern education. The development of education has always been closely linked to social, political, and economic dynamics, which gave rise to the sociology of education as a discipline that investigates the relationship between education and social change. Contemporary challenges such as social inequality, the impacts of globalization and technological advancement, and the growing demand for the democratization of education require a comprehensive examination of the major sociological theories that have emerged over time. This research employs a qualitative approach using a literature review method through the analysis of relevant books and scholarly journal articles. The findings indicate that the ideas of scholars such as Ibn Khaldun, Auguste Comte, Émile Durkheim, Karl Marx, Max Weber, Herbert Spencer, George Herbert Mead, Talcott Parsons, and Ali Shariati have made significant contributions to understanding the functions, conflicts, and interactions within education. Structural functionalist, conflict, and symbolic interactionist theories provide complementary analytical frameworks for explaining education’s role as a means of social integration, an arena for the reproduction of inequality, and a space for the construction of meaning and identity. By adopting a comparative approach across different intellectual traditions, this study offers a holistic perspective for the development of the sociology of education in the modern era.

This study is motivated by the rapid proliferation of hadith dissemination in the digital era, which has Living hadith in a socio-cultural context is a contemporary approach in hadith studies that emphasizes how the traditions of Prophet Muhammad SAW are practiced, internalized, and brought to life within society. This study does not only focus on textual aspects such as sanad (chain of transmission) and matn (text), but also on its practical manifestations in the form of traditions, rituals, and local culture. This paper aims to analyze the epistemology of living hadith, examine the theoretical frameworks utilized, and observe its relevance in modern society, particularly within Muslim communities. The research method employed is qualitative with a descriptive-analytical approach based on a literature review. The findings indicate that living hadith serves as a bridge between normative texts and dynamic empirical reality. In practice, living hadith manifests in oral traditions such as lectures and religious advice, written traditions like hadith calligraphy, and practical traditions like tahlilan and grave visitation (ziarah kubur). Thus, living hadith allows Islamic teachings to remain contextual, adaptive, and relevant in facing modern socio-cultural transformations.

The regulation of the 14-day time limit for investigating regional head election crimes, as stipulated in Article 146 of Law Number 10 of 2016 concerning the election of governors, regents, and mayors, was established to accelerate law enforcement, ensure legal certainty, and maintain the relevance of election crime resolution within the strict and sequential stages of elections. However, in practice, this provision often creates legal problems when investigations must be terminated due to the expiration of the time limit, even though strong indications of election crimes exist. This situation raises a legal issue because law enforcement, although procedurally compliant, does not fully achieve substantive justice and legal utility, particularly in maintaining public trust, legal order, and democratic integrity. This study aims to analyze the theoretical basis of the 14-day investigation limit and examine the application of justice and legal utility principles in terminating election crime investigations due to time expiration. The research uses a normative legal method with statutory, conceptual, and analytical approaches. The findings indicate that the 14-day limit is grounded in the principle of lex specialis, legal certainty, speedy trial principles, electoral justice theory, and the effectiveness of integrated law enforcement. This limitation is intended to prevent prolonged legal processes, protect the legal status of reported parties, ensure smooth election stages, and maintain regional democratic stability.

Background: Labor is a physiological process that is commonly accompanied by pain, causing discomfort, anxiety, and fear that may interfere with maternal well-being and labor progress. Effleurage massage is a complementary, non-pharmacological intervention used to reduce labor pain. Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of effleurage massage in reducing pain intensity during the first stage of labor. Method: A literature review was conducted using articles retrieved from Google Scholar. An initial search identified 45 articles, and after screening based on publication year (2021–2026), relevance, and inclusion criteria, 10 research articles were included for analysis. Data were extracted and synthesized descriptively. Results: The findings consistently showed that effleurage massage reduced labor pain by promoting relaxation, decreasing muscle tension, improving blood circulation, and stimulating endorphin release through the gate control mechanism. Most studies also reported improved maternal comfort during labor. Conclusion: In conclusion, effleurage massage is an effective, safe, affordable, and easy-to-apply complementary therapy that can be integrated into midwifery care to reduce labor pain and enhance maternal comfort.  

This study examines the transformation of business education curricula in response to the rapid expansion of the digital economy. The increasing integration of artificial intelligence, big data analytics, cloud computing, and digital platforms has significantly reshaped industrial demands and professional competencies. Using a qualitative research approach and content analysis, this study explores the challenges and strategic opportunities associated with curriculum transformation in higher education institutions. The findings reveal that universities face critical challenges related to technological infrastructure, faculty readiness, curriculum relevance, and industry alignment. However, digital transformation also provides opportunities for interdisciplinary learning, experiential education, global collaboration, and technology-driven innovation. The study emphasizes the importance of adaptive leadership, faculty development, industry partnerships, and student-centered pedagogies in supporting sustainable curriculum reform. Ultimately, transforming business education curricula is essential for preparing graduates with digital competencies, critical thinking abilities, and innovative skills necessary to compete effectively in the global digital economy.

The shift in the structure of modern society's economy from an agrarian base to a service- and expertise-based one has given rise to new forms of income, namely salaries, wages, and professional honorariums, which are not explicitly regulated in classical zakat fiqh. This phenomenon has generated the discourse on professional zakat (zakat profesi) as one of the central issues in contemporary fiqh muamalah. This article aims to analyze the legal basis, the methods for determining nisab and haul, and the map of scholarly disagreement (ikhtilaf) regarding professional zakat, while also examining its relevance to the objective of social justice in Islam. This study employs a qualitative method with a normative-juridical approach through library research, examining the Qur'an, hadith, legal maxims (qawa'id fiqhiyyah), fatwas of religious institutions, and journal articles published within the last five years. The findings show that the majority of contemporary scholars, including Yusuf al-Qardhawi, obligate professional zakat based on the general implication of zakat verses and the method of analogical reasoning (qiyas), likening it to the zakat on gold and silver in terms of nisab (equivalent to 85 grams of gold, at a rate of 2.5%) or to agricultural zakat in terms of the timing of payment. However, some scholars, particularly those adhering to the principle of tauqifiyyah in worship, reject the obligation of professional zakat as a distinct category because it lacks explicit textual basis. This disagreement reflects the methodological tension between textual and contextual approaches in legal reasoning (istinbath al-ahkam), while also demonstrating the flexibility of Islamic fiqh in responding to socio-economic dynamics without abandoning the fundamental principles of sharia. Keywords: Professional Zakat, Contemporary Fiqh, Qiyas, Nisab And Haul, Scholarly Disagreement.

This article theologically analyzes the role of the Holy Spirit in the lives of believers through a study of the doctrine of pneumatology, traced from the testimony of Scripture to its impact on the practice of Christian faith. The purpose of this study is to explain how the work of the Holy Spirit is understood not merely as a theological concept, but also as a spiritual reality that shapes the identity, character, and dynamics of believers’ service. The method employed is qualitative research with a library research approach, involving the analysis of relevant theological and biblical sources to construct a conceptual framework concerning the work of the Holy Spirit in guidance, conviction, the sealing of salvation, spiritual transformation, and empowerment in ministry. This research is necessary because there remains a limited understanding of pneumatology that tends to be doctrinal and disconnected from concrete faith experiences. The findings of this study indicate that the presence of the Holy Spirit plays a vital role in leading believers into truth, forming Christian character, strengthening their identity as children of God, and empowering them to serve effectively within the community. Therefore, pneumatology holds significant practical relevance in fostering a dynamic, reflective, and transformative life of faith in the contemporary Christian context.

This research aims to examine how the functions of Christian counseling (preventive, curative, developmental, and pastoral) can be integrated into the practice of Christian Religious Education as an effective strategy to support adolescents’ faith development. The background of this study arises from the fact that adolescents experience a crisis of faith that is not only related to theological aspects but also affects their psychological and emotional well-being. On the other hand, christian religious education practices in schools often remain focused on the transfer of doctrinal knowledge without being balanced by adequate personal guidance. This study applies a qualitative method through literature review and conceptual analysis of christian counseling theory, theories of adolescent faith development, and pedagogical practices in christian religious education. The findings indicate that integrating Christian counseling functions into the design of christian religious education learning can create a dialogical, reflective, and pastoral classroom atmosphere, providing opportunities for adolescents to develop spiritual discernment, self-awareness, and the ability to make responsible moral decisions. This article discusses the relevance of counseling to adolescents’ spiritual development, the characteristics of their faith development, the challenges of implementing counseling in Christian educational institutions, and the design of learning based on dialogue, reflection, and mentoring. In this way, the integration of christian counseling in christian religious education is considered a holistic approach that enriches the meaning of faith education and supports adolescents’ faith growth in a contextual, profound, and sustainable manner.

Digital technology has significantly transformed adolescents’ lives, including the process of character formation. While the digital era provides broad opportunities for accessing information and developing personal potential, it also presents challenges such as identity crises, individualism, instant culture, cyberbullying, moral relativism, and declining spiritual engagement. These conditions create unique challenges for Christian adolescents in maintaining values and character grounded in biblical teachings. This study aims to examine the challenges of Christian adolescent character formation in the digital era, analyze the perspectives of the Christian worldview and educational psychology on character development, and explain the relevance of integrating these perspectives in addressing contemporary challenges. The research employed a qualitative approach using a library research method. Data were collected from books, scholarly journals, and other relevant academic sources and analyzed through content analysis. The findings indicate that the Christian worldview provides a theological foundation for shaping identity, values, and character based on biblical truth, while educational psychology offers scientific insights into adolescent development and effective character-building strategies. The integration of these perspectives creates a holistic approach that addresses spiritual, moral, social, emotional, and cognitive dimensions. Therefore, this integration is essential for helping Christian adolescents navigate the challenges of the digital era wisely, responsibly, and in accordance with Christian values.

This article aims to explain the theological meaning and implications of the word "worship" (προσκυνέω/proskuneō) in Matthew 2:2 in the context of the birth of Jesus Christ, and its relevance to the worship practices of the church today. This study uses a qualitative method with a contextual-historical analysis approach to the biblical text, supported by a review of theological literature related to worship in the Christian tradition. The results of the study indicate that proskuneō does not only refer to an act of reverence, but also contains the meaning of acknowledgment of divine authority, an attitude of humility, and a deep spiritual commitment. In the context of Matthew 2:2, the actions of the Magi represent theological, relational, and transformative worship. These findings confirm that true worship involves acknowledging God's sovereignty, a readiness for sacrifice, and an openness to renewal of life. The practical implication for the church today is the need to enrich the understanding and practice of worship that goes beyond the liturgy, but is manifested in personal intimacy with God, acts of social benevolence, and service that reflects a God-fearing life. This article contributes to a biblical understanding of worship and its application in the context of the believer's spiritual life.

This community service activity aims to improve lecturers' competence in supervising master's student thesis proposals through interactive workshops and intensive mentoring at the Adias Institute of Technology and Business, Pemalang. The activity was carried out in two online sessions via Zoom Meeting on April 11 and May 21, 2026, involving 24 participants consisting of 12 active supervisors and 12 master's students. The approach used refers to Kolb's experiential learning model, including socialization of needs, workshops on academic standards and feedback techniques, mentoring simulations, and formative evaluations based on competency rubrics. The results of the activity showed a significant increase in all indicators of mentoring competence with an average increase of 51.7 percent. All 12 lecturers successfully developed structured mentoring plans, and 24 student proposals reached the seminar-ready stage. Theoretically, these findings strengthen the relevance of the experiential learning approach in developing lecturers' academic competence. Practically, this program provides a replicable intervention model for private universities in standardizing the quality of thesis supervision at the master's level.

This study aims to analyze environmentally based science learning as an effort to enhance ecological awareness among elementary/Islamic elementary school (SD/MI) students through a literature review approach. The method employed is a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) by examining reputable scientific articles published between 2020 and 2026. Data were collected through documentation, with literature selected using purposive sampling based on topic relevance, while data analysis utilized content analysis techniques to identify patterns, characteristics, and key findings across studies. The results indicate that environmentally based science learning is characterized by the integration of scientific concepts with real environmental contexts, the use of contextual approaches, and the application of active learning models such as problem-based learning, project-based learning, and inquiry learning. This approach has been proven to play a significant role in enhancing students’ ecological awareness, including knowledge, attitudes, and environmentally responsible behaviors. However, its implementation still faces several challenges, such as limited facilities, teacher competencies, and suboptimal integration into the curriculum. Additionally, research gaps remain, particularly regarding the lack of studies examining long-term impacts on students’ ecological behavior. Therefore, more innovative learning strategies and more comprehensive future research are needed.

Dengue fever remains a major global health challenge, particularly in tropical regions, due to the high transmission of Dengue virus by Aedes aegypti and the limited sustainability of current control strategies. Artocarpus odoratissimus, an endemic Bornean plant, contains diverse secondary metabolites with potential pharmacological activities; however, a systematic synthesis of its biomedical relevance to Dengue is still lacking. This study aimed to systematically evaluate the biomedical potential of A. odoratissimus in Dengue prevention and control through a systematic literature review. This study employed a systematic literature review method following the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Literature searches were conducted in Scopus, ScienceDirect, SpringerLink, PubMed, Google Scholar, Garuda, SINTA, and other relevant scientific databases for publications from January 2016 to February 2026. A total of 303 records were identified, and after duplicate removal, title and abstract screening, and full-text eligibility assessment, 23 studies were included for narrative synthesis. The findings revealed that A. odoratissimus contains major bioactive compounds, including flavonoids, phenolics, arylbenzofurans, stilbenoids, and prenylated chalcones, which demonstrate antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and potential antiviral activities based on in vitro and molecular docking studies. Fruit peel, seeds, and stem bark exhibited the strongest biological evidence, particularly in reducing oxidative stress, inhibiting inflammatory mediators, and potentially interacting with Dengue viral target proteins. Furthermore, several species within the Artocarpus genus showed larvicidal and ovicidal activities against Aedes aegypti, highlighting the potential development of A. odoratissimus as a plant-based biolarvicide candidate.

Dengue fever remains a major global health challenge, particularly in tropical regions, due to the high transmission of Dengue virus by Aedes aegypti and the limited sustainability of current control strategies. Artocarpus odoratissimus, an endemic Bornean plant, contains diverse secondary metabolites with potential pharmacological activities; however, a systematic synthesis of its biomedical relevance to Dengue is still lacking. This study aimed to systematically evaluate the biomedical potential of A. odoratissimus in Dengue prevention and control through a systematic literature review. This study employed a systematic literature review method following the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Literature searches were conducted in Scopus, ScienceDirect, SpringerLink, PubMed, Google Scholar, Garuda, SINTA, and other relevant scientific databases for publications from January 2016 to February 2026. A total of 303 records were identified, and after duplicate removal, title and abstract screening, and full-text eligibility assessment, 23 studies were included for narrative synthesis. The findings revealed that A. odoratissimus contains major bioactive compounds, including flavonoids, phenolics, arylbenzofurans, stilbenoids, and prenylated chalcones, which demonstrate antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and potential antiviral activities based on in vitro and molecular docking studies. Fruit peel, seeds, and stem bark exhibited the strongest biological evidence, particularly in reducing oxidative stress, inhibiting inflammatory mediators, and potentially interacting with Dengue viral target proteins. Furthermore, several species within the Artocarpus genus showed larvicidal and ovicidal activities against Aedes aegypti, highlighting the potential development of A. odoratissimus as a plant-based biolarvicide candidate.

Batik motif classification has attracted growing attention in visual computing due to its role in cultural heritage preservation, textile informatics, museum documentation, and automated cataloging. Although many studies report high classification accuracy, robustness under real-world acquisition conditions remains insufficiently understood. Batik images are frequently affected by illumination variation, blur, folds, watermark overlays, wearable deformation, scale inconsistency, and background clutter, creating challenges that extend beyond conventional image-noise assumptions. Existing studies largely focus on improving classification performance, while the interactions among acquisition variability, feature representation, evaluation practice, and deployment constraints remain fragmented. This systematic literature review addresses this gap by synthesizing batik classification research through a robustness-aware perspective. Using query expansion, backward and forward citation chaining, relevance screening, and thematic coding, 116 candidate records were identified, resulting in 50 highly relevant studies for detailed analysis. The review reveals that robustness is shaped less by denoising alone than by the combined effects of acquisition conditions, representation design, evaluation realism, and deployment context. Handcrafted descriptors remain competitive for small datasets and structured motifs due to their data efficiency and interpretability, whereas deep learning models achieve the highest reported accuracy when supported by sufficient data diversity and realistic augmentation. Hybrid representations emerge as the most consistently balanced approach, combining local texture stability with higher-level abstraction across heterogeneous acquisition settings. The review further identifies recurring robustness failure patterns, including background dependency, illumination instability, motif-scale inconsistency, wearable deformation, and source-shift vulnerability. Based on these findings, a robustness-oriented research agenda is proposed, emphasizing cross-acquisition evaluation, representation-stability analysis, batik-specific robustness benchmarks, acquisition-aware augmentation, and deployable lightweight or hybrid architectures. The study contributes a domain-specific synthesis that reframes batik motif classification from an accuracy-centric task toward a robustness-aware visual recognition problem.