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In today's rapidly developing era, advances in digital technology have brought significant changes to various fields, including the music industry. Music production processes that once relied heavily on analog equipment can now be carried out digitally through various software applications, one of which is Fruity Loops Studio (FL Studio). FL Studio is a digital music production software that is relatively easy for beginners to learn and is widely used in the creation of digital music. This technology enables individuals to create, record, edit, and produce music more efficiently without requiring expensive studio equipment. Therefore, proficiency in digital music production technology has become a relevant and essential skill for professional, educational, and creative industry purposes. Training in recording, mixing, and mastering techniques using FL Studio is one approach to enhancing the competencies of youth communities engaged in music activities. One of the target groups of this program is the K-Tong Lasiana Youth Community, a community actively involved in music creation, particularly ethnic music. However, their musical works are still primarily focused on live performances and have not been widely produced in digital recording formats due to limited knowledge and skills in digital music production. As a community service initiative, this training program is designed to equip community members with fundamental knowledge and practical skills in digital music production, enabling them to create high-quality musical works and distribute them through various digital platforms so that they can reach a broader audience.

This study examines how Nicolás Maduro's anti-neoliberal politics in Venezuela triggered a systematic securitization process by the US from 2014 to 2026. Drawing on Securitization Theory (Buzan et al., 1998) and a Neo-Gramscian perspective (Cox, 1981), this study argues that Maduro's anti-neoliberal policies constitute a counter-hegemonic challenge created by the United States. This threat is framed as a threat to democracy, regional security, and ultimately the narco-state, ultimately leading to the military intervention of January 2026. Economic sanctions failed to pressure the regime, exacerbated the humanitarian crisis, and set a dangerous precedent for the norm of state sovereignty in international law, suggesting that this securitization process proved ineffective. By addressing temporal and conceptual gaps in previous research, this study adds to the Security Studies literature. This study also highlights implications for international law, regional stability in Latin America, and the broader debate on securitization practices in contemporary global politics and US foreign policy strategy and international security governance frameworks debates.  

This study aimed to increase students’ learning activeness and reduce boredom in Indonesian language lessons through the implementation of the Project Based Learning (PjBL) model for first-grade students at MI Ma’arif NU Bebekan. The research was conducted using an observation method during the learning process. The subjects of this study were first-grade students of MI Ma’arif NU Bebekan. Data were collected through observations of students’ activities, participation in learning, enthusiasm in completing projects, and responses during Indonesian language lessons. The observation results showed that the implementation of Project Based Learning had a positive impact on the learning process. Before the implementation of this model, some students appeared less active, easily bored, and less involved in classroom activities. After learning was carried out through project-based activities related to Indonesian language materials, students became more interested in participating in lessons, more confident in asking and answering questions, and more active in collaborating with their classmates to complete assignments. In addition, the learning atmosphere became more enjoyable because students were directly involved in activities connected to their daily experiences. Based on the findings, it can be concluded that the implementation of Project Based Learning was effective in increasing learning activeness and reducing boredom among first-grade students of MI Ma’arif NU Bebekan in Indonesian language lessons. This learning model can serve as an effective alternative for creating a more engaging, active, and meaningful learning experience for elementary school students.

This community service program aims to enhance farmers’ literacy on independent fertilizer production and strengthen their understanding of farmers’ rights within national fertilizer governance as an effort to achieve food sovereignty. The program was implemented in Belang Village, Bungkal Sub-district, Ponorogo Regency, involving GAPOKTAN Baungan consisting of farmer groups from Tempel, Kepuh, Pakal, Kanigoro, and Klatakan hamlets. This initiative represents cross-university synergy involving lecturers from Universitas Merdeka Malang, Universitas Soerjo Ngawi, Universitas Muhammadiyah Ponorogo, and Akademi Kesejahteraan Sosial Ibu Kartini Semarang. The implementation adopted a participatory hybrid approach combining Zoom Meeting dissemination and offline field activities. Activities included literacy enhancement on independent fertilizer production, training on organic fertilizer processing, strengthening farmer group institutions, and legal literacy regarding farmers’ rights in accessing subsidized fertilizers, including RDKK mechanisms and national policies. Methods comprised participatory socialization, hands-on training, group discussions, field practice, and monitoring and evaluation. Results show improved understanding of independent fertilizer concepts, increased technical skills in organic fertilizer production, and greater awareness of farmers’ rights and obligations in the fertilizer distribution system. The program strengthened inter-university collaboration and farmer networks, supporting sustainability, farmer independence, reduced dependence on chemical fertilizers, and community-based food sovereignty.

Within the framework of Islamic family law (fiqh munakahat), the issue of nusyuz plays a significant role, as it is closely related to maintaining harmony and stability in the marital relationship. Generally, nusyuz is often defined as a form of a wife’s disobedience toward her husband. However, Islamic jurisprudence acknowledges that nusyuz can also be committed by a husband if he fails to fulfill the rights, responsibilities, and obligations he owes to his wife, in accordance with the principles of Sharia. This study aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the concept of nusyuz in the context of family life, from the perspective of fiqh munakahat. The discussion covers the meaning and characteristics of nusyuz, its legal basis in Islamic sources, the factors contributing to its emergence, its various manifestations in married life, its implications for family relationships, and existing methods for addressing this issue. This study employs a literature review method supported by a descriptive qualitative approach, drawing on relevant literature from classical and contemporary Islamic legal sources. The results indicate that resolving issues of nusyuz should be approached through a gradual and constructive process, including counseling, dialogue, mediation, consultation, and reconciliation. These steps aim to restore mutual understanding and strengthen family unity. Therefore, raising awareness of each spouse’s rights and obligations is crucial to preventing nusyuz and creating a household filled with peace, love, mutual respect, and intimacy.

This community service initiative aims to enhance the knowledge and skills of the residents of Ilih Village, Damer District, Southwest Maluku Regency, regarding the use of banana corms as a nutritious and cost-effective alternative food source. Banana corms have historically been underutilized and generally treated merely as agricultural waste. Through training and mentoring sessions, the community was educated on the nutritional content of banana corms, processing techniques, and business opportunities for home-based banana corm nugget production. The methods employed included outreach, demonstrations, hands-on nugget-making training, and an evaluation of the activity's outcomes. The results indicate a high level of community enthusiasm for the innovation of processing banana corms into nuggets. Following the activity, participants demonstrated increased knowledge regarding the utilization of local food ingredients, hygienic processing techniques, and the economic potential of the processed product. The banana corm nuggets offered a pleasant taste and appealing texture, and were well-received by the community. Furthermore, the product's low production cost suggests it could serve as a source of additional income for villagers. This initiative is expected to support local food security and improve community welfare through the development of food businesses based on local resources.

The rapid growth of the global halal economy has positioned halal products and services as important contributors to international trade, economic development, and evolving consumer markets. This study investigates the role of halal consumer protection law in supporting the advancement of the halal economy from both legal and economic perspectives. Employing a qualitative approach with a juridical normative framework, this research examines regulatory structures, halal certification mechanisms, consumer protection principles, and the broader economic implications of halal governance. The findings indicate that effective halal consumer protection frameworks are essential for establishing legal certainty, preserving product authenticity, strengthening consumer trust, and improving market transparency. From an economic perspective, comprehensive halal regulations contribute to enhancing product competitiveness, expanding global market access, encouraging industrial innovation, attracting investment, and promoting sustainable economic growth. Nevertheless, this study highlights several ongoing challenges, including the lack of harmonization among international halal standards, limited regulatory enforcement capacity, the financial burden of certification processes for micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs), and the increasing complexity of digital trade and cross-border e-commerce.

This study aims to analyze the bankruptcy process of PT Sri Rejeki Isman Tbk (Sritex) according to Law Number 37 of 2004. In addition, the legal impact on its subsidiary, PT Primayudha Mandirijaya in Boyolali, including legal protection for affected employees, will also  yang be reviewed. The research method used is normative legal research with a statutory approach and a conceptual approach. Data were obtained through a literature review of relevant regulations and legal literature. The results of the study indicate that although PT Sri Rejeki Isman Tbk has been declared bankrupt by the commercial court, legally, the assets of PT Primayudha Mandirijaya as a subsidiary do not immediately become part of the bankruptcy estate of its parent company. This is based on the principle that the legal entity is independent (separate legal entity) and its responsimerupakan bilities are limited (limited liability), which separates the assets in question from the parent company and the subsidiary, unless there is evidence indicating a guarantee from the company (corporate guarantee). Furthermore, the legal study on labor protection emphasizes that the rights of PT Primayudha Mandirijaya employees need to be legally protected in accordance with national labor regulations and bankruptcy law to mitigate the social and economic impacts in the Boyolali region. The study concludes that the legal existence of the subsidiary remains independent despite the bankruptcy of its parent company. However, it is crucial to prioritize contractual risk reduction and worker rights security during the curator's handling.

The implementation of agricultural productivity improvement policies is an important effort to increase agricultural production and improve farmers' welfare. Policy implementation is influenced not only by program design and resource availability but also by the interests of actors involved in the implementation process. This study aims to analyze actor interests in the implementation of agricultural productivity improvement policies in Rantau Indah Village, Tanjung Jabung Timur Regency. This research employed a qualitative descriptive approach. Data were collected through interviews, observations, and documentation involving representatives of the Food Crops and Horticulture Office, Agricultural Extension Workers, village government officials, farmer group leaders, and community leaders. The findings indicate that each actor has different interests in policy implementation, reflecting their respective institutional roles, responsibilities, and expectations. These differences influence program planning, coordination, decision-making, and policy execution. Nevertheless, effective communication, collaboration, and coordination among stakeholders contribute positively to minimizing conflicts of interest and supporting policy implementation. The active involvement of farmer groups and agricultural extension workers also strengthens the dissemination of agricultural innovations and encourages community participation in improving productivity. The study concludes that actor interests constitute an important factor influencing the implementation of agricultural productivity improvement policies in Rantau Indah Village. Therefore, strengthening stakeholder collaboration, improving institutional coordination, and ensuring transparent communication are essential to achieving sustainable agricultural development and enhancing farmers' welfare.

This study aims to analyze the political culture of the community in supporting the implementation of social assistance programs in Rantau Indah Village, Tanjung Jabung Timur Regency. This research employed a descriptive qualitative approach to understand community political culture through cognitive, affective, and evaluative orientations toward social assistance programs. Data were collected through interviews, observations, and documentation involving village officials, RT/RW leaders, and social assistance beneficiaries. The findings indicate that community political culture plays an important role in supporting the implementation of social assistance programs. In the cognitive aspect, most people understand the existence and objectives of social assistance, although some still have limited understanding of beneficiary criteria. In the affective aspect, the community shows trust in village officials despite perceptions of inequality in aid distribution. Meanwhile, the evaluative aspect reflects community participation in supervision and feedback. Overall, community political culture tends to be participatory in supporting social assistance implementation. The study also reveals that transparent communication, active community involvement, and accountability of village authorities contribute significantly to strengthening public trust and improving the effectiveness of program implementation. Community participation in monitoring and evaluating the distribution process helps minimize potential conflicts and encourages greater transparency. These findings suggest that strengthening political awareness, enhancing public access to information, and promoting participatory governance are essential to ensure that social assistance programs are implemented fairly, effectively, and sustainably while improving community welfare and reinforcing good local governance practices.

Judicial digital transformation through the implementation of e-Court and e-Litigation represents a strategic initiative of the Supreme Court of Indonesia to establish a modern, effective, and efficient judiciary. These innovations have successfully transformed various stages of civil case administration and litigation into faster and more transparent processes. However, the success of digitalization in case examination has not been accompanied by similar reforms in the execution of court judgments. This study aims to analyze the regulation of civil judgment execution following the implementation of e-Court and e-Litigation, identify challenges encountered in practice, and formulate a concept of execution digitalization as part of judicial reform. This research employs a normative legal method using statutory, conceptual, and case approaches. The legal materials consist of primary legal sources in the form of legislation and Supreme Court regulations, as well as secondary legal sources including scholarly literature and previous studies. The findings reveal that although e-Court and e-Litigation have accelerated dispute resolution processes, the execution of civil judgments remains largely conventional. Consequently, several challenges persist, including delays in execution, lack of transparency, and limited supervision by litigating parties. Therefore, the development of an integrated Digital Execution System linked to existing electronic judicial platforms is necessary to enhance the effectiveness of judgment enforcement and ensure greater legal certainty for justice seekers.

This study analyzes the implementation of the Central Papua One-Stop Service Information System (Sipersateng) at the Central Papua Provincial Secretariat as a model for administrative innovation in the New Autonomous Region (DOB). The main focus of the study is to explore how a region with extreme infrastructure limitations can leapfrog or institutionalize towards an agile and transparent digital bureaucracy. Using a qualitative descriptive-analytical method with a case study approach, this research involved in-depth interviews, participant observation, and documentation studies to capture the dynamics of the transition from manual to digital systems. The results show that Sipersateng successfully reduced administrative process time by up to 60%. This success was driven by three main dimensions: institutional legitimacy through strong leadership commitment, technical resilience through offline-syncing features to address internet signal fluctuations, and significant changes in work culture. Adaptation strategies such as peer-mentoring methods for senior officials and mandatory policies through gubernatorial instructions proved effective in breaking down organizational cultural resistance. This study concludes that Sipersateng is not merely a technical tool, but rather a manifestation of Frontier Digital Bureaucracy that is able to mitigate the risk of maladministration and build public accountability in the newly formed province. This innovation demonstrates that geographic limitations are not a major barrier to achieving clean governance if supported by inclusive and adaptive system design. These findings provide a theoretical contribution to the public management literature on digitalization in regions with high structural challenges.

Elderly people are a vulnerable group experiencing declining body functions and an increased risk of degenerative diseases, requiring promotive and preventive efforts to maintain their health. One alternative is the utilization of kitchen spices as herbal drinks because they contain various bioactive compounds that are beneficial for health. However, knowledge among the elderly regarding the benefits and processing methods of herbal ingredients is still limited. This community service activity aimed to improve the knowledge and skills of elderly participants in utilizing kitchen spices as herbal drinks at LKS Payung Besurek Bengkulu City. The method used a participatory approach through educational sessions, interactive discussions, and direct practice in preparing herbal drinks. The results showed high enthusiasm from participants during the activities. Around 85% of participants experienced increased understanding of the health benefits of kitchen spices. Participants were also able to independently prepare herbal drinks using easily available local ingredients. In addition, the activity generated positive social impacts, including improved interaction, increased awareness of healthy lifestyles, and greater independence in maintaining health through natural ingredients. Therefore, this education program is an effective community-based health empowerment strategy for the elderly.

Package C equivalency education is a strategic non-formal education policy designed to provide senior secondary education access for citizens who are not served by the formal schooling system. This study evaluates the implementation of the Package C Equivalency Education Policy at the Non-Formal Education Unit Sanggar Kegiatan Belajar in Batudaa District, Gorontalo Regency, Indonesia. The study addresses the gap between the policy objective of expanding equitable access to secondary education and the practical constraints found in local implementation. Using a qualitative evaluative case study design, the research applies the Context, Input, Process, and Product evaluation model. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, observation, and document analysis involving program managers, tutors, learners, parents, alumni, and non-formal education supervisors. The findings show that the policy is contextually relevant to learners who face economic barriers, employment demands, age constraints, and limited access to formal schooling. However, input capacity remains insufficient due to limited tutor availability, inadequate andragogical competence, insufficient learning media, and learning modules that are not yet fully contextualized. The process dimension reveals inconsistent learning schedules, lecture-dominated instruction, weak adult-learning practices, and suboptimal monitoring. Product evaluation indicates positive outcomes in graduation, academic confidence, and access to administrative requirements for work or further study, but practical skills and socio-economic impacts remain limited. The study concludes that Package C policy implementation requires stronger socialization, tutor capacity development, contextual learning resources, flexible learning management, and local policy support to generate sustainable public value.

The government policy known as the Free Nutritional Meal Program (MBG) aims to improve public nutrition and reduce stunting rates in Indonesia. The purpose of this study is to examine the MBG Program from a political perspective, particularly considering political dynamics, legal risks, and fiscal issues. This research was conducted through literature review, reviewing various journals and academic sources. The results indicate that the MBG not only has social impacts but also influences political interests, poses risks to legal enforcement, and disrupts the sustainability of the state budget. Therefore, for the program to be successful and sustainable, strong regulations and oversight are required. Furthermore, this populist program is often utilized as an instrument for power legitimacy, demanding compromises between the executive and legislative branches during its budget approval process. Without a detailed legal framework, the policy's implementation is highly vulnerable to overlapping institutional authority and potential misappropriation of funds. Ultimately, technology-based monitoring strategies and accountable governance are the main keys to maintaining the stability of the State Budget (APBN).

A safe and inclusive learning environment is an important factor in supporting the educational process. However, various forms of bullying behavior, such as teasing, giving negative nicknames, and social exclusion, are still found in schools and may hinder the creation of a comfortable and child-friendly learning environment. This community service activity aimed to improve students’ understanding of bullying and its impacts, as well as to instill the values of mutual respect as an effort to create a safe and inclusive learning environment. The activity was conducted at SD Negeri 2 Muara Batu, Aceh Utara Regency, through the XXXVIII Community Service and Empowerment Program (KKN-PPM) of Malikussaleh University in 2026. The methods used were educational and participatory approaches implemented through preparation, implementation, and evaluation stages. The activities were carried out through socialization sessions, discussions, question-and-answer sessions, simulations, and educational games. The results showed an improvement in students’ understanding of the forms, causes, and impacts of bullying, including verbal, physical, and social bullying. In addition, students demonstrated more positive attitudes, such as increased awareness of respecting differences, treating peers with respect, reducing teasing behavior, and developing empathy and concern for others. The activity also received positive responses from the school, as it was considered supportive of character education and the creation of a more conducive learning atmosphere. Therefore, anti-bullying education through educational and participatory approaches can serve as an effective strategy for creating a safe, comfortable, and inclusive learning environment for elementary school students.

Bankruptcy can no longer be understood solely as a mechanism for liquidating assets to meet debtor obligations, but has evolved into a restructuring instrument that directly impacts corporate governance and stakeholder protection. This study aims to analyze how bankruptcy functions as a corporate restructuring mechanism, how this process influences the redistribution of power in corporate governance, and the extent to which the bankruptcy legal system provides balanced protection for various stakeholders. The research method used is normative legal research with a statutory, conceptual, and limited comparative approach. The analysis is conducted on the provisions of Law Number 37 of 2004 concerning Bankruptcy and PKPU (Investment Suspension) and regulations related to corporate governance, combined with theoretical studies on fiduciary duty, stakeholder theory, and the corporate rescue paradigm. The results illustrate that bankruptcy functions as a governance restructuring mechanism that transfers control from the board of directors to the curator and creditor forum, thereby creating a redistribution of power within the company. The dominant creditor primacy orientation has the potential to create an imbalance in protection for non-creditor stakeholders, including workers and other economically impacted parties. These conditions indicate the need for normative reconstruction, including redefining fiduciary obligations during the insolvency phase, strengthening stakeholder protection, and harmonizing corporate governance principles with the insolvency law regime. This research is expected to contribute academically to the development of a bankruptcy model that is not solely focused on debt resolution but also considers aspects of business sustainability and substantive justice in modern corporate governance.

This study analyzes the abuse of prosecutorial authority from a normative juridical perspective within constitutional law and its implications for the rule of law and good governance in Indonesia. It focuses on the concept of abuse of power (détournement de pouvoir) in assessing prosecutorial actions and examines power relations in law enforcement that may affect objectivity and fairness in criminal justice. The research uses a normative juridical method with statute and case approaches. Primary legal materials include the 1945 Constitution, Law No. 16 of 2004 on the Prosecutor’s Office as amended by Law No. 11 of 2021, and Law No. 30 of 2014 on Government Administration, supported by doctrines and jurisprudence. Secondary materials include books and journals on constitutional and administrative law. The findings show that prosecutorial authority as dominus litis is limited by legality, good governance principles, and due process of law. Abuse of authority may occur not only through procedural violations but also through deviations from its intended purpose, leading to formally lawful but substantively unjust actions. Power relations may also create institutional imbalance in law enforcement. Therefore, stronger supervisory mechanisms are needed to ensure prosecutorial authority aligns with the rule of law and good governance.

Bangka Belitung Islands Province as the largest tin producer faces legality dilemmas and criminalization of artisanal miners due to permit centralization through Law Number 3 of 2020. This study aims to analyze the impact of centralization on artisanal miners' legal access, criminalization practices under Article 158 of the Mineral and Coal Law, and the form of Bangka Artisanal Miners Alliance (ATRB) struggle demanding legal certainty. The research employs qualitative case study approach with data collection techniques through literature study and document analysis of regulations, court decisions, and media reports. Findings show centralization narrows legal access causing slow and bureaucratic process for Artisanal Mining Area (WPR) designation and Artisanal Mining Permit (IPR) issuance. Criminalization practices more frequently affect small-scale miners major actors, creating injustice perceptions and worsening socio-economic conditions of mining households. ATRB emerges as a social movement demanding legal recognition through accelerated WPR and IPR plus economic redistribution through fair tin trade governance. Non-transparent royalty management reaching Rp1.7 trillion worsens community vulnerability. This research contributes to social movement and natural resource politics studies by emphasizing the importance of participatory legalization and governance reform to reduce social conflict.

People with disabilities still face various barriers in exercising their equal rights, including in accessing public facilities and tourism sites. This study aims to analyze the factors that support and hinder the implementation of Cimahi City Regulation No. 20 of 2018 on the Protection and Fulfillment of the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, particularly at tourist attractions in Cimahi City. The approach used is qualitative, employing a case study method to explore the phenomenon of policy implementation in depth using various data sources. The research findings indicate that supporting factors include strong legal legitimacy, the local government’s political commitment, coordination across Local Government Agencies (LGAs), the use of social media for outreach, and the involvement of the disability community in the planning process. Meanwhile, inhibiting factors include budget constraints, suboptimal accessibility facilities, a weak database system for disability needs, uneven public outreach, low empathy among tourism managers, and weak enforcement of sanctions. This study implies the need for strengthened oversight, optimization of resources, massive legal education, and a shift in mindset to achieve substantive inclusivity.