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This study explores the alignment between science learning practices and children’s cognitive development stages based on Jean Piaget’s theory. Ten academic publications were systematically reviewed to examine how Piaget’s framework can be applied in science education. The findings highlight that integrating cognitive development theory is highly relevant for improving the quality of teaching and learning in schools. At the concrete operational stage (approximately 7–11 years), children learn best through direct experiences, manipulation of real objects, contextual media, and experiments that connect concepts with daily life. These methods help foster curiosity and reinforce conceptual understanding. As learners progress to the formal operational stage (around 11 years and above), they begin to think abstractly, reason logically, and analyze critically. At this level, student-centered approaches, inquiry-based methods, and constructivist learning become more effective in enhancing problem-solving, creativity, and higher-order thinking skills. The review also indicates that adapting instruction to developmental stages supports more meaningful and sustainable learning outcomes. In the Indonesian educational context, this approach can address challenges such as limited classroom facilities, diverse student learning styles, and a curriculum that is often overloaded. By applying Piaget’s insights, teachers can design learning strategies that bridge abstract concepts with concrete understanding, thus increasing student motivation and engagement. In conclusion, aligning science education with Piaget’s cognitive stages is an effective way to improve student performance and ensure long-term academic growth. The study provides valuable input for teachers, researchers, and policymakers in developing innovative, student-centered science and mathematics education.

Gender-based violence against women and children is a serious problem in Indonesia that reflects the inequality of social structures and the weakness of legal implementation. This study aims to examine the extent to which the Indonesian legal system is able to provide fair, equal, and gender-responsive protection to victims of violence, as well as assess the challenges in its application. The type of research used is a normative-critical study with a Feminist Legal Theory approach. The results of the analysis show that although there are regulatory advances such as the TPKS Law and the Presidential Instruction on Gender Mainstreaming, their application is still biased, not victim-friendly, and lacks a gender perspective. In conclusion, the law in Indonesia has not fully guaranteed substantive justice for victims. Therefore, it is recommended that legal reforms based on victims' experiences, increasing the capacity of law enforcement officials, and strengthening victim service institutions to encourage inclusive and transformative justice.

So the problem is whether the judge's consideration is based on the elements of a criminal act. carried out continuously in the decision is correct and appropriate and whether the conviction given by the judge in the decision is correct. The data was processed qualitatively, while the conclusion was drawn using deduction logic. Based on the judge's consideration that the testimony of the witnesses' testimony of the defendant, documentary instructions and the existence of evidence and facts were revealed at the trial.

This study examines the effectiveness of Project Based Learning (PBL) in enhancing cross-cultural communication skills within international language education programs. As globalization increases, effective communication across cultures is essential, and language programs must equip students with these skills. PBL, a learner-centered instructional strategy, integrates real-world problems into the learning process, promoting student participation, collaboration, and critical thinking. The research found that students engaged in PBL showed significant improvements in communication competence, collaboration, and intercultural understanding compared to those in traditional lecture-based instruction. The study suggests that PBL not only enhances language proficiency but also fosters cultural awareness and empathy through projects involving cross-cultural collaboration and problem-solving. Furthermore, PBL offers a more effective platform for practicing language skills in real-world scenarios, as opposed to traditional methods focused on theoretical aspects. The findings demonstrate that PBL is particularly effective in international programs, where students from diverse cultural backgrounds work together to solve global issues, thus improving their ability to communicate and collaborate across cultures. The research concludes that integrating PBL into international language education programs significantly enhances students' cross-cultural communication skills. The study encourages educational institutions to adopt PBL and suggests further research on complementary strategies, including technology, virtual exchanges, and intercultural simulations.

Settlement of land cases through mediation carried out by the Land Office of Boalemo Regency refers to Regulation of Agrarian Affairs Minister and Spatial Planning/Head of the National Land Agency Number 21 of 2020 concerning Handling and Settlement of Land Cases. Mediation as an alternative for resolving land cases, it is necessary to popularize "mediator". A mediator must know psychologically the condition of the parties, so that they feel comfortable and the problem is resolved comfortably. In addition, the mediator must have analytical skills and expertise in creating a personal approach for the parties involved in the dispute. The mediator must be able to understand and give a positive reaction to the perceptions of each party. The goal is to build good relationships and trust. The parties' trust in the mediator makes it easier to reach a consensus. The priority regarding the purpose and function of the mediator is to resolve land cases in order to resolve cases without creating new ones. The research method that the author uses in this study is the empirical juridical law method, empirical juridical law is a study in addition to looking at the positive legal aspects, it also looks at its application or practice in the field. Thus the empirical juridical approach is a legal research method that seeks to see the law in a real sense or it can be said to see, examine, how the law works in society. The results shows that the handling and settlement of land cases through mediation at the Land Office of Boalemo Regency Land Office is done and carried out based on the Agrarian Affairs Minister Regulation and Spatial Planning/Head of the National Land Agency Number 21 of 2020 concerning Handling and Settlement of Land Cases. Constraints faced in handling and resolving land cases through mediation at the Land Office of Boalemo Regency are in the form of juridical and non-juridical constraints. The juridical constraint is the technical instructions for the mediation procedure referred to by the regulation have not yet been published, while the non-juridical constraint is in the form of limited qualified human resources as mediators. Based on this, the Ministry of Agrarian Affairs and Spatial Planning/National Land Agency in the future must make structured, systematic and massive improvements to the mediation process by immediately issuing technical instructions and improving the quality of human resources in terms of being a mediator through guidance, training and direction.

The main problem in this research is the lack of short story writing skills in class V students at SD Inpres Kampung Parang, Eremerasa District, Bantaeng Regency. So the researchers used Bolding media (rolling balls). This research aims to determine the effectiveness of Bolding media (rolling balls) on the short story writing skills of class V students at SD Inpres Kampung Parang, Eremerasa District, Bantaeng Regency. The type of research used is an experiment in the form of Pre-Experimental Design. The data source in this research was 15 class V students at SD Inpres Kampung Parang, Eremerasa District, Bantaeng Regency. Data collection was carried out using the results of the assessment of short story writing skills. The data obtained was then analyzed using statistical analysis techniques, namely descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. After analyzing the data, researchers found that student learning outcomes before using Bolding (rolling ball) learning media were relatively low, namely the average score of the Pre-test results was 58 .33, then the average value of the Post-test results is 85.67. After obtaining tCount 9.223 and tTable 2.14479, we get tCount > tTable or 9.223>2.14479. Based on the results of tCount and tTable, it can be said that H0 is rejected and H1 is accepted. This means that the use of Bolding (rolling ball) learning media is effective on short story writing skills for class V elementary school. Presidential Instruction for Parang Village, Eremerasa District, Bantaeng Regency.

Based on the findings of class VIII junior high school students, the results showed that class VIII students were still minimally introduced to scientific work, in accordance with the Science Education Content Standards, scientific work is an important characteristic of science learning subjects and of the 26 students the level of mastery of the material only reached 26.93. %. Identifying the problems raised, the author tries to improve learning by conducting research applying the Direct Instruction (DI) Model. Based on the learning results during the learning activities, the author formulates the problems that arise and discusses them with supervisor 2 to find the causes and problems identified above. The problem in improving this learning is formulated as follows: Can the Application of the Direct Instruction (DI) Model Improve Learning Outcomes in Science Learning Material on Plant Structure and Function in Class VIII Odd Semester of SMP Negeri 1 Simpang Teritip for the 2022/2023 Academic Year? From the improvement activities of Cycle I, the following results were obtained: 3 students who got a score less than 40 - 55 (11.54%), 10 students who got a score greater than 56 - 66 (38.46%) and There were 13 students who got a score greater than 67 – 79 (50.00%). In cycle II, there were 9 students who got a score less than 56 - 66 (34.62%), 16 students who got a score greater than 67 - 80 (61.54%), students who got a score greater than 81 – 100 as many as 1 person (3.84%). In Cycle III, it showed that of the 26 students studied, 3 people (11.54%) got a score of less than 75, while 23 students got a score of more than 75 (88.46%). The average student score increased by 86.15 - 73.46 = 12.69. Increased 12.69% compared to cycle II. The conclusion from writing this PTK is that the correct application of the Direct Instruction (DI) Model can improve learning outcomes.

This article defines the process for developing a speaking syllabus for flight attendant school in a Flipped Learning Network (FLN), which increases student engagement and learning by assigning watching videos at home followed up in pre-teaching discussions, and requiring the students to work on live practices in face-to-face classroom activities. Considering that the syllabus is designed to develop the students' oral competence, the target speaking skill is aimed toward developing students' ability to engage in procedural communication in the workplace. Therefore, the topics/themes are chosen to meet the needs of flight attendants consistent with Project-Based Learning (PBL) by Forum Group Discussions (FGDs). In order to achieve this objective, the development of a syllabus begins with a need analysis, topic selection, syllabus prototype production, expert evaluation, and revision for the final product. The syllabus is organized such that the learning experience is explicitly stated for two formats: online meeting (through Google Classroom for the video analysis) as the lecture homework for pre-discussions followed by classroom face-to-face meeting (through FGDs with peers, individual work, and the teacher) to comprehend students' understanding though some units. Each unit has 2 (two) topics. Each topic consists of 60 (sixteen) minutes or 1 (one) meeting. This syllabus development is considered to be implemented in terms of  FLN for instructional activities in flight attendant school resulting higher-order thinking skills such as collaboration, design and problem solving as students tackle difficult problems, work in groups, research, and construct knowledge with the help of the teacher and peers.

In online media, writing errors regarding language are often found. One of them is online media in the process of writing news texts sometimes in a hurry because it is based on a predetermined deadline. This error occurs because it violates two of the three terms of word selection, namely "true" and "right". This study aims to (1) describe the form of language errors in terms of the use of word choice and italics contained in the DetikOto online news text, (2) explain the form of errors and language corrections in terms of the use of word choice and italics that dominantly appear in news texts. online detikOto. This research uses a descriptive method. The data of this research are in the form of errors in words and sentences containing language errors in the DetikOto news text. Data collection techniques used are reading, marking errors, identifying, analyzing, and concluding. While the instrument in this study is the researcher himself and the instructions for errors and improvements. Furthermore, the note-taking technique is used to write down the problems in the reading. The note-taking technique used is to record words or sentences which are a form of language error in the field of spelling. After being analyzed and described based on the form of language errors in the field of spelling, errors in spelling in the news text include: 1. Word Choice Errors, 2. Acronym Errors, 3. Title Writing, 4. Italicized Writing. Then concluded from the improvement of the sentence.