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Background: South Tangerang City has experienced an increase in the prevalence of diarrhea in children under five years old over the past three years. In 2023, South Tangerang City prevalence of the incidence of diarrhea in under five years old 17,68%. Purpose: This study aims to determine the distribution of diarrhea incidence in children under five years old based on risk factors through a spatial analysis approach in South Tangerang City in 2023. Methods: This study employs a quantitative, descriptive approach with an ecological design. The study was conducted from November 1, 2024, to July 31, 2025. The population and sample of this study consist of all seven sub-districts in South Tangerang City in 2023, using a total sampling technique. The variables studied included diarrhea incidence in children under five years old, population density, safe sanitation access, supervised drinking water facilities according to standards, and vitamin A supplementation coverage. Secondary data was obtained from the Health Department and the Central Statistics Agency of South Tangerang City in 2023. Results: The study results showed that in 2023, Pamulang Subdistrict had the highest number of diarrhea incidences in children under five years old. The area is also known to have a very high population density, safe sanitation access that is still below the national target, the percentage of supervised drinking water facilities and vitamin A coverage that has reached the national target. Conclusion: Most subdistricts in South Tangerang City in 2023 have high and low rates of diarrhea in children under five years old, and safe sanitation access is still below the national target.

The development of an economic activity in a city is often one of the influences on changes in the use of residential space in the surrounding area. One of the phenomena that we can see in big cities in Indonesia is the use of residences as rental housing such as boarding houses and rents aimed especially at workers in foreign areas. This study aims to analyze the use of residential space by the community as temporary residence for employees of Mie Gacoan restaurant in Serang City, Banten, and see how it affects the spatial dynamics of the residential area. This study uses a primary and secondary data-based case study method with a qualitative descriptive approach. The results of the study show that the existence of economic activities around residential areas can encourage an increase in the need for temporary housing for workers in rural areas. This phenomenon makes some people take advantage of their residences by making them rental residences such as boarding houses and rented ones. This can affect the spatial structure of the residential area, such as increasing population density, increasing activities in the residential environment, and the presence of small economic activities by the community. Therefore, this phenomenon states that the development of economic activity in an urban area can trigger changes in the use of space in the surrounding residential area.

This study aims to analyze the dynamics of urban growth, land use change, and settlement development in Wamena City during 2020–2025. The research employed a quantitative descriptive approach using satellite imagery and population data obtained from the Central Bureau of Statistics (BPS) of Jayawijaya Regency. The analysis was conducted through satellite image interpretation to identify land use changes and the expansion of built-up areas.The results indicate that the built-up area in Wamena City increased from 1,250 hectares in 2020 to 2,012 hectares in 2025. Meanwhile, the population increased from 44,315 people to 49,102 people during the same period. Land use changes were dominated by the conversion of open land into residential areas and other urban facilities. Settlement growth generally followed the main road networks, city center, and areas surrounding Wamena Airport. Population growth, urbanization, economic activities, and infrastructure development were identified as the main factors influencing urban growth dynamics in Wamena City. These conditions resulted in reduced open spaces and increased urban density.

Tuberculosis (TBC) in children remains a serious public health problem in Indonesia, with the 0–14 age group accounting for 16.2% of total notified cases in 2024. The uneven distribution of cases across provinces is thought to be influenced by various social determinants, yet spatial studies specifically on childhood TBC at the national level remain scarce. This study aimed to analyze the spatial pattern of childhood tuberculosis cases and social determinants in Indonesia in 2024 using a spatial ecological design across 38 provinces. Analysis included descriptive statistics, thematic mapping using QGIS, Moran's I test, and Local Indicator of Spatial Association (LISA) with queen contiguity weighting matrix. Results showed a strong positive spatial autocorrelation with a Moran's I value of 0.612. High-high clusters were identified in DKI Jakarta, Central Java, Banten, and West Java, which simultaneously recorded high population density and low primary healthcare ratios. Territory-based interventions should be prioritized in these hotspot provinces.

Tuberculosis (TBC) in children remains a serious public health problem in Indonesia, with the 0–14 age group accounting for 16.2% of total notified cases in 2024. The uneven distribution of cases across provinces is thought to be influenced by various social determinants, yet spatial studies specifically on childhood TBC at the national level remain scarce. This study aimed to analyze the spatial pattern of childhood tuberculosis cases and social determinants in Indonesia in 2024 using a spatial ecological design across 38 provinces. Analysis included descriptive statistics, thematic mapping using QGIS, Moran's I test, and Local Indicator of Spatial Association (LISA) with queen contiguity weighting matrix. Results showed a strong positive spatial autocorrelation with a Moran's I value of 0.612. High-high clusters were identified in DKI Jakarta, Central Java, Banten, and West Java, which simultaneously recorded high population density and low primary healthcare ratios. Territory-based interventions should be prioritized in these hotspot provinces.

Magelang City faces the challenge of limited land availability, with a total area of only 18.58 km2 and a high population density. Consequently, telecommunications infrastructure development requires a precise strategy. This study aims to analyze the business model and investment feasibility of Pole and Greenfield type telecommunication towers in Magelang City. Using a descriptive quantitative approach, this research processes secondary data from PT Dayamitra Telekomunikasi Indonesia by applying feasibility analysis based on Life Cycle Costing (LCC), Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR), Break-Even Point (BEP), Payback Period (PP), and Benefit-Cost Ratio (BCR). The results indicate significant differences in cost structures; Pole towers proved to be more efficient, requiring an initial capital outlay of only 28.8% of the total capital required for Greenfield towers. Greenfield towers generated an NPV of Rp13.07 billion with an IRR of 20%, while Pole towers generated an NPV of Rp2.46 billion with a higher IRR of 23%. Pole towers have proven to offer a faster return on investment and better operational cost efficiency, making them the most strategic option to support network densification and the implementation of 5G technology in urban areas with spatial constraints like Magelang City.

The problem of urban flooding is a growing issue due to high population density, increasing volumes of plastic waste, and the reduction of water absorption areas. The use of conventional paving blocks, which are impermeable, further exacerbates flooding conditions because they do not allow water to infiltrate into the soil. This study aims to develop an innovative plastic waste-based paving block incorporating rice straw and sugarcane bagasse, along with the integration of phytoremediation concepts as a solution for urban flood mitigation. The method employed was an experimental approach involving the following stages: material preparation, plastic incineration, material mixing, molding, and testing of water absorption capacity and compressive strength. The results showed that paving blocks with a combination of plastic waste, rice straw, and sugarcane bagasse had the highest water absorption rate of 34% and compressive strength of 21 kg/cm², meeting SNI standards. The addition of natural materials containing silica was proven to enhance the material’s porosity and strength. Additionally, the application of phytoremediation using water hyacinth has the potential to improve the quality of water seeping into the soil. Thus, this phytoremediation-based paving block innovation can serve as an effective alternative solution to reduce flood risks while supporting sustainable waste management and environmental stewardship.

Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI) is one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality among children under five years old worldwide, especially in developing countries including Indonesia. Poor housing conditions such as inadequate ventilation, high occupancy density, humidity, and insufficient lighting may increase the risk of ARI in children. This study used a descriptive observational method. The population consisted of all toddlers suffering from ARI in the working area of Kupang Kota Health Center in 2025 totaling 911 cases. The sample consisted of 91 houses of toddlers with ARI determined using the Slovin formula. The results showed that several houses of toddlers with ARI did not meet healthy housing requirements, particularly in terms of occupancy density, ventilation, humidity, and lighting. The condition of healthy housing for toddlers suffering from ARI in the Kupang Kota Health Center working area has not fully met environmental health standards.

This study aims to analyze the implementation of integrity and ethics among Civil Servants (ASN) in public service delivery at the 5 Ilir Subdistrict Office in Palembang City. The 5 Ilir area, which is located in an urban setting with high population density and dynamic socio-economic activities, requires subdistrict officials to provide fast, responsive, and citizen-oriented services. The study adopts a qualitative approach using purposive sampling, designating the Head of the Subdistrict as the key informant. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews, direct observation of administrative service processes, and document analysis. Data analysis was conducted using a descriptive qualitative method to identify practices, values, and mechanisms related to the enforcement of integrity and ethics in public services. The results indicate that the implementation of integrity and ethics at the 5 Ilir Subdistrict Office is reflected in transparent standard operating procedures, an open queuing system, routine briefings, internal and external supervision mechanisms, and responsive leadership in addressing community issues, including the resolution of social conflicts and flood mitigation. The existence of a legal aid post further strengthens public access to justice. The enforcement of integrity is not merely normative but is systematically implemented through regulations, organizational culture, and oversight mechanisms. This study recommends strengthening the digitalization of public services as a strategy to enhance transparency, accountability, and service quality at the subdistrict level.

The conversion of agricultural land to non-agricultural land continues to increase along with the pressures of urbanization, industrialization, and settlement expansion. This condition poses risks to food security, environmental sustainability, and farmer welfare. This article reviews literature based on 25 abstracts/research results on LP2B in Indonesia to map policy implementation patterns, the relationship between LP2B and regional spatial planning, inhibiting factors, and the direction of policy strengthening. The method used is a narrative review with thematic synthesis of normative legal studies, juridical-empirical, qualitative, mixed methods, and spatial-quantitative approaches. The results of the review indicate: (1) LP2B is highly dependent on the harmonization of spatial planning policies, especially RTRW/RDTR and licensing mechanisms based on KKPR-OSS; (2) many regions are still stuck at the land inventory-identification stage, not yet reaching the determination and operational protection through LP2B Regional Regulations; (3) dominant obstacles include regulatory asynchronous, weak law enforcement, minimal cross-agency coordination, limited data by name by address, suboptimal socialization, and conflicts of interest in non-agricultural development; (4) incentive-disincentive instruments have not been implemented consistently, although socially farmers tend to accept LP2B protection; and (5) quantitative evidence at the national level shows that LP2B policies have a positive effect on the percentage of rice fields, despite being suppressed by population density and real estate sector growth. This article emphasizes the need for an integrated spatial governance approach, strengthening regional institutions, and designing policies that are socially and environmentally just to ensure that LP2B is effective in maintaining regional food security.

The problem of household organic waste remains a major challenge in urban areas, including in the North Rejowinangun Village of Magelang City. High population density and limited land use cause the volume of organic waste to continue to increase and impact the condition of the Final Disposal Site (TPA) which is experiencing overcapacity. This community service activity aims to provide a community-based organic waste management solution through the cultivation of Black Soldier Fly (BSF) maggots as a method of organic waste bioconversion. The implementation method is carried out in a participatory manner through the stages of preparation and problem identification, implementation of activities in the form of education and direct practice of BSF maggot cultivation, as well as monitoring and evaluation. The results of the activity show that BSF maggots are able to decompose household organic waste effectively, as indicated by a reduction in waste volume in a relatively short time and a decrease in potential odor. BSF larvae show stable growth with a high level of waste consumption, especially in media with good humidity and management. In addition to the environmental impact, this activity also increases public knowledge and awareness about the importance of organic waste management and opens up opportunities for the development of maggot cultivation as a productive activity with economic value. Thus, BSF maggot cultivation can be an alternative solution for sustainable organic waste management that is easy to implement in the community.

In demographic studies, population growth refers to changes in the number of inhabitants over a given period, measured by calculating numerical differences in population size and expressing them within specific time units to illustrate patterns of increase or decline. Based on data from Tembalang District in Figures 2025, the population growth rate in Kedungmundu Village rose by 0.51% between 2016 and 2025, with most residents relying on clean water services provided by PDAM Tirta Moedal as their primary source of drinking water. This study aims to estimate clean water demand based on projected population growth and to design a pipeline network system capable of meeting future needs. The analysis of water demand applies population projection methods, including arithmetic, geometric, and least square approaches, to compare their levels of accuracy, while the clean water distribution network is modeled using EPANET 2.0. One of the main challenges faced by PDAM is that service coverage has not yet been fully optimized. The ten-year projection results indicate that the arithmetic method provides a correlation value closest to 1, estimating a future population of 14,904 people with a total clean water requirement of 3.48 liters per second. To support this projected demand, the proposed network design utilizes High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) pipes with diameters of 12, 10, and 8 inches to ensure efficient and sustainable water distribution.

Household plastic waste remains a serious challenge in urban environments, including Jl. Assofa II, Kebon Jeruk, West Jakarta, which is characterized by high population density and intense socio-economic activities. The low level of public awareness in sorting and managing plastic waste, particularly bottle caps, highlights the need for educational approaches from an early age. This community service activity aimed to enhance environmental awareness, creativity, and character development among children through the “Recycled Keychain” project, which involved recycling plastic bottle caps into keychains. The activity was implemented using a Project-Based Learning (PjBL) approach and involved 12 children aged 7–9 years as the main participants. The implementation methods included education on waste management based on the principles of reduce, reuse, and recycle (3R), collection and sorting of bottle caps, and the process of creating creative products. The results showed an increase in children’s environmental awareness and environmentally responsible behavior, the creation of eco-friendly educational products, as well as improvements in creativity, motor skills, and teamwork abilities. In addition, this activity supported the strengthening of the Pancasila Student Profile, particularly in the dimensions of cooperation, critical thinking, creativity, and independence. Overall, the Recycled Keychain project proved to be an effective model of contextual, participatory, and sustainable environmental education in instilling environmental care values from an early age in urban communities.

The majority of Kebomas District's residents are connected to working hours during government office hours (Monday through Friday), which creates access obstacles in administering public services due to the high population density and busy community life. In response to these time constraints, the SOS MAS (Service On Saturday in Kebomas District) invention was introduced, which offers services on Saturdays. However, the implementation of this innovation still faces challenges in the form of a low social integration rate and a restricted range of public services that have the potential to sway public opinion. The goal of this research is to assess how the SOS MAS innovation affects community happiness in Kebomas District. A quantitative technique with an associative approach is used in this research. Through an unintentional sampling method, questionnaires were given to 86 individuals in order to gather primary data. With the aid of SPSS, the determinant coefficient and a simple linear regression test were used to analyze the data. The study's findings reveal that the SOS MAS invention has a favorable and substantial influence on community happiness. The regression coefficient of 0.969 and a significance level of 0.000 <0.05 support this. The innovation variable accounted for 59.7% of public happiness, while the remaining 40.3% was impacted by variables not included in the study model, according to the coefficient of determination (R2) test. This result supports the notion that the efficacy of service innovation outside of working hours is a major element in boosting happiness for individuals with limited time. The SOS MAS innovation has been shown to greatly improve public satisfaction. Agencies are encouraged to improve their communication and outreach efforts as well as create SOS MAS innovations that maximize the advantages of innovations that meet community needs.

The increasing proportion of the elderly population in Indonesia has led to a rise in degenerative health problems, one of which is osteoporosis. Osteoporosis is a bone disease characterized by decreased bone density, increasing the risk of fractures, particularly among elderly women. Low calcium intake, lack of physical activity, and limited knowledge regarding osteoporosis prevention are major contributing factors. This community service activity aimed to improve the knowledge of Aisyiyah women in Cirebon Regency regarding osteoporosis in the elderly, including its definition, risk factors, impacts, and prevention strategies through proper nutrition and regular physical activity. The activity was conducted from October to December at the Aisyiyah Study Hall in Cirebon Regency, targeting pre-elderly and elderly women. The methods used included health education through lectures and interactive question-and-answer sessions, supported by laptops, LCD projectors, and PowerPoint presentations. Evaluation of participants’ knowledge was carried out using oral pre-tests and post-tests related to the delivered material. The results indicated an improvement in participants’ understanding of osteoporosis, the importance of adequate calcium intake, and the role of physical activity in maintaining bone health. This community service program is expected to contribute to increasing health awareness and reducing the risk and prevalence of osteoporosis among the elderly.

This study aims to apply the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) method to identify the main factors influencing poverty in North Sumatra Province. Poverty rates in this region show significant variations among districts and cities, influenced by differences in social, economic, educational, and basic facility availability. The data used in this study include eleven indicators related to population, education, health, access to basic services, and economic conditions. All variables were initially normalized to ensure they had comparable scales, then PCA feasibility tests were conducted using MSA, KMO, and Bartlett's test, which indicated that the data were eligible for further analysis. The results of the PCA revealed three main components explaining a total of 69.91 percent of the variation. The first component represents regional population and economic factors, with the largest contributions coming from population density, open unemployment rate, and per capita expenditure. The second component reflects household living conditions, such as access to clean water, adequate sanitation, and health complaints. The third component describes the educational dimension through indicators of the population aged at the primary and secondary school levels. These findings indicate that poverty in North Sumatra is influenced not only by economic factors but also by the quality of basic services and education levels among the population. Therefore, this research is useful for policymakers at the central and regional government levels to consider the factors influencing the increase in poverty in North Sumatra.

Sea cucumbers (Holothuroidea) are marine organisms of high ecological and economic value, yet their populations in many tropical regions have declined due to exploitation pressures. This study aimed to analyze the density and distribution patterns of sea cucumbers in the coastal waters of Tuhaha, Saparua Island, Central Maluku Regency. A quantitative descriptive survey was conducted using 1 × 1 m quadrat transects along eight transect lines perpendicular to the shoreline. Density was calculated based on the number of individuals per unit area, while distribution patterns were determined using Morisita’s index. Four species of sea cucumbers were identified, namely Holothuria scabra, Holothuria atra, Bohadschia vitiensis, and Bohadschia marmorata, with a total of 33 individuals and an overall density of 0.19 ind/m². Species H. scabra exhibited the highest density (0.11 ind/m²), whereas H. atra and B. vitiensis had the lowest (0.01 ind/m²). The population distribution was aggregated (Id = 6.11), indicating a strong association with specific microhabitats, particularly muddy-sand substrates. Environmental parameters (temperature 30°C, salinity 30 ‰, pH 6.90) remained within the optimal tolerance range for sea cucumbers. These findings indicate that Tuhaha waters continue to support Holothuroidea populations; however, the aggregated distribution pattern reflects vulnerability to overexploitation. Therefore, ecosystem-based management through habitat conservation, catch restrictions, and the integration of aquaculture and restocking is essential to ensure the sustainability of sea cucumber resources in Central Maluku.

This research extends the previous work of Tsaqila, Winiarti, and Widaningrum (2024), who applied the Complex Proportional Assessment (COPRAS) method within a decision support system for supermarket branch location selection. Unlike the prior study, which focused on Ponorogo through a web-based framework, this study expands the implementation of COPRAS to the Medan Area, Medan Kota, Medan Polonia, dan Medan Maimun districts, adapting it to local urban, social, and economic characteristics. The main objective is to identify the most strategic site for a new supermarket by analyzing multiple criteria, including land cost, population density, accessibility, safety, cleanliness, and disaster risk. Data were collected from both field surveys and official government publications. The findings reveal that the COPRAS method provides reliable and objective assessments among the evaluated alternatives, with Medan Area emerging as the most suitable location for supermarket development. Overall, this study broadens the practical scope of the COPRAS method in a different regional context and reinforces its reliability and adaptability as a multi-criteria decision-making tool in the modern retail industry.

This community service program aims to empower the community of Ujung Tanah District, Makassar City in circular economy-based waste management. Ujung Tanah District as a coastal area with high population density faces complex waste problems, especially waste that ends up in the sea and disrupts the coastal ecosystem. The activities were conducted in four urban villages, namely Ujung Tanah, Tabaringan, Pattingalloang, and Pattingalloang Baru, involving 120 households as direct participants. The implementation methods included socialization and education, waste sorting and processing training, establishment of Waste Banks, mentoring for recycled product creation, and marketing system development. The results showed a significant improvement in community knowledge about waste management, with average scores increasing from 45.2 to 82.6. Four active Waste Bank units were established with a total of 320 household customers. The managed waste volume reached 2.4 tons per month with an economic value of IDR 8,500,000 per month. Recycled products include ecobrick crafts, bags from plastic packaging, and compost fertilizer. This program successfully changed the community paradigm from dumping waste into the sea to managing waste as a source of income.

Population density plays a critical role in shaping public health outcomes and environmental quality, particularly in rapidly urbanizing regions. This study aims to analyze the relationship between high population density and its impacts on sanitation conditions, air quality, access to clean water, and the incidence of various diseases in densely populated areas. The research adopts a qualitative descriptive approach by combining a comprehensive literature review with field observations conducted in several urban areas characterized by high population concentration. The findings reveal that increased population density is closely associated with environmental degradation, including inadequate sanitation systems, reduced air quality due to pollution, and limited availability of clean water. These environmental challenges contribute directly to a higher prevalence of health problems, such as respiratory infections, waterborne diseases, and other communicable illnesses. Overcrowded living conditions also intensify the spread of diseases, placing additional pressure on public health infrastructure. Furthermore, the study highlights that insufficient public facilities and poor environmental management exacerbate the negative effects of population density on both health and the environment. To address these challenges, effective strategies are required, including population growth control, improved urban planning, and enhanced investment in public health and environmental sanitation facilities. Strengthening community awareness and participation in maintaining environmental cleanliness is also essential. Overall, this study emphasizes the need for integrated policies that balance population management with sustainable environmental and public health development.