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This study examines the impact of industrial activities in Bontang City, a major center for natural gas processing and fertilizer production, which potentially increases heavy metal contamination in coastal waters. Specifically, the research focuses on the accumulation of lead (Pb) and copper (Cu) in Anadara granosa, a benthic bivalve selected as a bioindicator due to its capacity to accumulate pollutants. The study aims to analyze Pb and Cu concentrations in Anadara granosa tissues collected from the waters of Selangan Hamlet, Bontang City, as an indicator of local environmental quality. The research was conducted over a six-month period, involving shellfish and water sampling from four observation stations. Heavy metal analysis was performed using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry, and the results were evaluated against relevant environmental quality standards, including Government Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia Number 22 of 2021. The findings revealed the presence of Pb and Cu at all sampling stations, with varying concentrations. The highest Pb and Cu levels were recorded at the South Station, while the lowest concentrations were observed at the East and North Stations. Overall, the measured concentrations of both metals significantly exceeded established safety limits, indicating serious risks to aquatic ecosystems and human health. These results confirm Anadara granosa as an effective bioindicator of heavy metal pollution and highlight the urgent need for further studies and mitigation efforts.

Soil contamination by hydrocarbons, pesticides, heavy metals, and complex pollutants is rapidly increasing and degrading essential ecosystem functions. Physical or chemical treatments offer faster results, yet they are often costly, energy-intensive, and risk disrupting soil biological integrity without fully eliminating pollution sources. Microorganism-based bioremediation provides a more sustainable alternative by utilizing microbial metabolism to degrade or immobilize pollutants into less toxic and less mobile forms. This article presents a structured literature review on the roles and applications of microorganisms for bioremediation of contaminated soils, covering comparisons between single isolates and microbial consortia, dominant biological mechanisms, and ecological challenges in field application. A Systematic Literature Review approach was applied, using narrative synthesis and thematic clustering of national and international journals published between 2020 and 2025. The review indicates that single microbial isolates are commonly selected for specific pollutant targets, whereas microbial consortia are preferred for mixed or persistent contaminants due to metabolic synergy that enhances microbial adaptability and stepwise pollutant breakdown in highly polluted soils. Adaptive mechanisms such as EPS production and biofilm formation contribute to microbial resilience under stress and help retain contaminants within the soil matrix. Key challenges identified include inoculum stability under extreme conditions and limited microbial access to pollutants trapped in micro-soil pores. The findings highlight that microbial selection strategies must be tailored to pollutant characteristics and soil environmental conditions, while also emphasizing the potential of biofilm-based systems and organic carriers to support broader field implementation of microbial bioremediation.

Microplastic pollution, particularly from textile waste, has become a significant environmental concern, especially in urban runoff systems. These pollutants pose a considerable threat to water quality, aquatic life, and human health. Traditional wastewater treatment methods often fall short in addressing the complexities of microplastic contamination. This research explores the integration of advanced biodegradable polymer coatings with solar-powered textile waste treatment to reduce microplastic pollution in urban runoff systems. Biodegradable polymers, such as polylactic acid (PLA) and polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), are highlighted for their potential to efficiently filter microplastics while providing an eco-friendly alternative to conventional filtration technologies. By combining these materials with a small solar-powered unit, the prototype enables an off-grid, low-energy solution to treat textile wastewater in urban environments. The study includes testing the prototype in simulated urban runoff conditions with varying concentrations of microplastics, evaluating key performance indicators such as microplastic removal efficiency, energy consumption, and operational sustainability. Results demonstrate a significant reduction in microplastic concentration, indicating the effectiveness of biodegradable polymer coatings and solar-powered systems in treating urban runoff. The discussion addresses the feasibility of using local biodegradable materials, performance in real-world urban environments, and operational challenges such as maintenance and scalability. This innovative approach is compared with existing microplastic filtration methods, such as membrane filtration and adsorption, highlighting its advantages in terms of sustainability and cost-effectiveness. The findings suggest that this integrated system could offer a viable, low-cost solution for addressing microplastic pollution in urban drainage systems, with potential for widespread urban implementation.

The increase in human activities, such as industrialization, urbanization, and transportation, has led to air pollution, including heavy metal contamination such as lead (Pb). Lead originates from vehicle emissions, industrial activities, and fossil fuel combustion, which have detrimental effects on the environment and human health. One effective method for monitoring air pollution is biomonitoring using bioindicators, such as lichen. Lichen is sensitive to air quality and can absorb pollutants, including heavy metals, through its surface. This study uses a literature review to analyze the role of lichen as a bioindicator of heavy metal pollution, specifically lead. Several lichen species, such as *Xanthoparmelia xanthofarinosa* and *Canoparmelia aptata*, are known to accumulate heavy metals from the environment. The results show that the lead content in lichen varies depending on the pollution level in the location. Areas with high traffic have higher lead concentrations compared to areas with low traffic. The advantages of using lichen as a bioindicator include low cost, practicality, and its ability to provide long-term data on air quality. With this understanding, lichen data can be used for pollution mitigation and evidence-based policies to reduce the impact of air pollution. Further research is recommended to explore the potential of lichen in detecting other heavy metals, such as cadmium (Cd) and copper (Cu).  

Oxygen breaks down chemicals in water into simpler parts. As a result of oxygen's ability to oxidize with pollutants, such as organic components, the pollutants are not harmful. Environmental pollution, also known as pollution, is when living things, energy substances, and/or other elements enter the environment, or when the environmental order is changed by human activities or by natural processes so that the quality of the environment decreases to a certain level that causes the environment to be less or unable to function according to its function (Basic Law on Environmental Management No. 4 of 1982). Environmental pollution events are called pollution. Pollutants are substances or materials that have the ability to pollute the environment. When a substance meets the requirements to be a pollutant, it is called a pollutant. For illustration, the level of carbon dioxide in the air of 0.033% is beneficial to plants, but higher levels can cause damage. When air quality exceeds the set standard quality values, namely emission and ambient air quality, it is called "polluted air". If the air quality worsens due to activities, but is still below the quality standard, then "Air is not polluted, only a decrease in air quality". The air quality standard limits the levels of CO2 and CO gases, as well as the boezem itself, which produces an unpleasant odor in the environment. This odor comes from the boezem itself, where there is a lot of garbage, perhaps most of it from the domestic waste of the surrounding residents. The health of AAL personnel is not affected by the presence of the Morokrembangan Boezem. The results of measurements carried out on November 8, 2019 at 08:55, with the AAL position at 7 ° 3'38.40 "E 112 ° 42'51.91, showed that there were several variables that exceeded the quality standard which would certainly have a negative impact on the environment, such as the content of sulfur dioxide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and ammonia which are still on the threshold.

Crude oil contamination is one of the major environmental problems, it generated processing water pollution by hydrocarbon. Microorganisms have been used to remove or reduce the effects of environmental pollutants as bioremediation agents and the fact it is environmentally friendly. This study isolated two Klebsiella strains, Klebsiella pneumonia and Klebsiella oxytoca from wastewater of the North refineries company in Baiji according to the morphological and biochemical characteristics.This work aimed to evaluated the capacity of two Klebsiella strains to degrade the petroleum hydrocarbons efficacy, which excreted from wastewater of the North refineries company. The results showed that the Klebsiella oxytoca exhibited a higher hydrocarbon degradation capacity of 67.75% compared to Klebsiella pneumonia, which recorded 45.81%. While mixed culture (Klebsiella oxytoca and Klebsiella pneumonia) was recorded a biodegradation rate of 63.35%. The results showed that efficacy of Klebsiella oxytoca as biodegradation for oil wastewater was 30% higher than other strain.

Green chemistry studies generally include effective concepts and approaches to prevent environmental pollution caused by toxic and hazardous chemical products and processes. Green chemistry based chemistry learning becomes one of the methods that can be used as an approach to prevent pollution caused by chemicals. Laboratory activities attempt to use the principle of green chemistry that can be done by reducing, eliminating or using toxic and hazardous chemicals used in an experiment to reduce levels of pollutants and waste volumes. As educators in the implementation of chemistry learning is expected to have the knowledge, insight, and skills in applying the principles of green chemistry.