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Hajj and Umrah represent one of the largest recurring forms of global religious mobility, involving complex multilingual interactions across airports, healthcare services, accommodation systems, and ritual sites. Despite this scale, limited English proficiency remains a recurrent barrier affecting pilgrims’ access, safety, and service navigation. Grounded in the English for Specific Purposes (ESP) framework, particularly John Munby’s Communicative Needs Processor and the needs-based approach of Hutchinson and Waters, this study examines the role of English Proficiency for Pilgrimage Contexts (EPC) in facilitating pilgrimage experiences. Employing a qualitative case study with embedded quantitative validation, data were collected from 30 pilgrims affiliated with KBIHU Birrulwalidain Cileunyi Bandung, complemented by interviews with religious guides and Saudi-based mutawwif. Thematic analysis and regression-based mediation testing were conducted to examine the relationships among EPC, Communicative Self-Efficacy (CSE), and Facilitation of Pilgrimage Experience (FPE). Findings indicate that EPC significantly influences FPE both directly and indirectly through CSE as a partial mediator. English competence functions as situationally bound functional capital, particularly in medical, transportation, and emergency contexts. The study conceptualizes English for Pilgrimage Purposes (EPP) as a distinct ESP sub-domain and recommends systematic needs-based curriculum integration in pilgrimage preparation programs.

Zakat is one of the pillars of Islam, standing alongside the declaration of faith, prayer, fasting, and pilgrimage. Its purpose is to serve as a tool for income distribution between the wealthy and the poor. Zakat plays a crucial role in the economy of the community. Channeling zakat into productive ventures can have a positive impact on national development and potentially serve as a primary capital source among the economically disadvantaged. Within the framework of Islamic economics, zakat is considered a key pillar that reinforces fundamental values such as justice, balance, and equity. Zakat not only underscores the importance of the real sector in the economy but also emphasizes essential moral principles. As a vital instrument in building an economy based on morality and social welfare, zakat aligns with Islamic principles encompassing faith, productivity, reasoning, facilitation, and truth. This article aims to review the role of zakat as a religious injunction closely related to socio-economic contexts, using perspectives from the Qur'an and hadiths. The article employs a qualitative method with a literature or library research approach. The research findings explain zakat's role throughout history and its positive implications for the welfare of the community, especially for those who are zakat recipients (mustahiq).