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Teenage brawls have become an increasingly urgent social issue, considering the destructive impact they cause. This study aims to explore the causes and negative impacts of student brawls through a literature review. By analyzing 20 related academic articles, it was found that the triggers of brawls can be divided into two main dimensions. The internal dimension includes factors such as deindividuation, identity crisis, and low self-regulation, while the external dimension encompasses ineffective parenting styles, peer influence, and provocation through social media. The impact of brawls is significant, not only on physical aspects and fatalities but also on psychological disturbances, moral decline, stigmatization, and serious legal consequences. This study concludes that a comprehensive intervention approach is needed, involving school counseling services, education on better parenting, and community monitoring to reduce the tendency for teenage aggression. This strategy is expected to address the root causes of brawls in a more structured and effective manner, creating a safer environment and supporting positive teenage development.

This journal analyzes sexual violence by educators against students by analyzing Supreme Court Decision No. 5642 K/Pid.Sus/2022 using normative legal research methods. The primary focus of this research is the abuse of power relations by perpetrators holding positions of authority, as well as the legal protections afforded to child victims. Furthermore, this paper compares the provisions on sexual violence in the Child Protection Law and the Sexual Violence Criminal Law (UU TPKS). The findings indicate that courts impose harsher sentences on perpetrators who abuse their trust as educators and place victims at the center of the legal process, ensuring guarantees of recovery, psychological rehabilitation, restitution, and the right to education. The judges' approach in the ruling also reflects the spirit and principles of victim protection as outlined in the TPKS Law, including recognition of power dynamics, psychological pressure, and the importance of a victim-centered perspective. The TPKS Law expands the scope of sexual violence beyond physical aspects to include psychological and structural dimensions, which were previously not clearly regulated in other laws.  Therefore, this paper emphasizes the importance of harmonizing the two laws to create a more just, progressive, and victim-centered legal system, especially for children in educational settings. This research is expected to contribute to strengthening a more comprehensive and child-oriented legal approach.

Carbonate rocks are one of the most important geological resources with a significant role in various industrial sectors, particularly as the main raw material in cement, lime, and construction industries. This study aims to review the characteristics, quality, and industrial potential of three major carbonate rock types—limestone, dolomite, and marble—based on relevant scientific literature. The research employed a literature review method using a qualitative-descriptive approach through analysis and synthesis of previous studies. Data were collected from scientific publications addressing the mineralogical, chemical, and physical aspects of carbonate rocks and their implications for industrial performance. The findings indicate that the quality of carbonate rocks is largely determined by mineral composition (calcite and dolomite), chemical purity (CaO and MgO), and the presence of impurities such as silica, alumina, and iron oxides. High-purity limestone rich in calcite is identified as the most efficient raw material for cement and lime industries due to its stable processing behavior and lower energy requirements. Conversely, dolomite with high magnesium content requires process adjustments to prevent excessive MgO formation during calcination. Marble, both in natural and waste powder form, shows promising potential as a supplementary material in sustainable cement production. Overall, this study emphasizes that understanding the mineralogical and chemical variations of carbonate rocks is essential for optimizing their processing strategies and promoting sustainable industrial utilization 

This study assesses the influence of organizational culture, physical work environment, and non-physical work environment on employee performance at UD. Sumber Rejeki. Organizational culture is understood as the values, norms, and patterns of behavior agreed upon by members. The physical work environment refers to tangible conditions such as layout, lighting, and cleanliness. The non-physical work environment relates to the psychological climate and social relationships in the workplace. The research design is quantitative with a census or saturated sample technique. All 32 employees were respondents. The instrument was compiled using a Likert scale. The data were processed using SPSS 25. The analysis stages included validity, reliability, normality, multicollinearity, heteroscedasticity, multiple linear regression, t-test for partial effects, f-test for simultaneous effects, and the coefficient of determination R². The partial test results showed that organizational culture did not have a significant effect on employee performance. Conversely, the physical work environment and non-physical work environment had a positive and significant effect. The simultaneous test confirmed that the three variables together had a positive and significant effect on performance. These findings indicate that improvements in physical aspects such as room comfort, equipment, and safety standards, as well as strengthening non-physical aspects such as supervisor support, role clarity, and communication, are more directly related to performance improvement than existing cultural characteristics. In practical terms, management needs to prioritize programs to improve the physical work environment and psychological climate, accompanied by periodic evaluations so that the impact can be measured against performance indicators.

This study aims to analyze the quality of educational services at SDN Lambangsari 05 Tambun Selatan based on students’ perceptions using the Service Quality (Servqual) method. The background of this research highlights the crucial role of elementary schools in providing quality education services as a fundamental stage in shaping students’ character, social skills, and cognitive abilities. By focusing on students’ perceptions, this study seeks to obtain a realistic picture of service quality from the perspective of the main beneficiaries, namely the students themselves. A qualitative approach was employed, and data collection techniques involved both direct observation of school activities and the distribution of structured questionnaires to 50 fourth-grade students to ensure the validity of the findings. The Servqual method was used to evaluate five service dimensions: Tangibles, Reliability, Responsiveness, Assurance, and Empathy, which together provide a comprehensive assessment of educational service quality. The analysis results show that four dimensions—Reliability, Responsiveness, Assurance, and Empathy—have positive gaps, indicating that the services provided meet or exceed students’ expectations and reflect the school’s commitment to quality. However, the Tangibles dimension shows a small negative gap (-0.03), suggesting the need for improvements in physical aspects such as the cleanliness of classrooms, the availability of learning media, and the maintenance of school facilities. In conclusion, the overall quality of educational services at SDN Lambangsari 05 is considered good, with strong performance in non-physical aspects, although upgrading physical facilities remains essential to enhance student satisfaction and create a more conducive learning environment.

This study aims to examine the implementation of the selapanan tradition among Javanese postpartum women in Limau Manis Village, and to understand the meaning and community perceptions of this practice in the context of modern life. The selapanan tradition is part of local wisdom that has been passed down from generation to generation and has important value in postpartum maternal care. This study uses a qualitative method with an ethnographic approach, which allows researchers to understand cultural practices in depth through direct interaction with the community. Data collection techniques include participant observation, in-depth interviews with mothers who practice the tradition, community leaders, and traditional birth attendants, as well as documentation and field notes. The results show that selapanan is still preserved and practiced by the people of Limau Manis Village, although it has undergone several forms of adaptation to modern developments and modern medical guidelines. In its implementation, this tradition uses various natural ingredients such as parem (traditional body scrub), pilis (forehead concoction to refresh the eyes and mind), bengkungan (cloth to wrap the stomach), gerita (a kind of stagen or body binder), and the consumption of herbal medicine as part of physical care and body recovery. In addition to its physical aspects, selapanan also has a psychological dimension, providing emotional comfort and social support to postpartum mothers, thereby helping to prevent psychological disorders such as baby blues syndrome. This tradition serves not only as a form of traditional healthcare but also as a symbol of social solidarity and respect for local cultural values. Amidst the tide of modernization, preserving selapanan is crucial as a cultural identity that remains relevant. This study concludes that despite adjustments to medical developments, the selapanan tradition continues to play a significant role in maintaining maternal well-being and strengthening Javanese cultural values in the modern era.

Background: Anxiety before childbirth is a psychological disorder often experienced by pregnant women, especially in the third trimester of pregnancy. Fear of pain, worry about the condition of the fetus, and uncertainty about the delivery process are the main triggering factors. If not handled properly, this anxiety can have serious consequences, such as increased stress hormones (cortisol), sleep disorders, high blood pressure, and even labor complications. Therefore, interventions are needed that not only focus on physical aspects, but also support mental and emotional balance. Objective: The purpose of this activity is to provide education and practical training to pregnant women on anxiety management before childbirth through the application of complementary therapies, and to evaluate the effectiveness of this approach in increasing the readiness and calmness of participants. Method: The activity was carried out at PMB Lismarini, Tulungagung, involving 20 pregnant women in their third trimester. Education was carried out interactively using visual media and group discussions. Next, participants participated in the practice of three types of complementary therapies: (1) deep breathing relaxation with diaphragmatic breathing techniques, (2) aromatherapy using lavender as a relaxation agent, and (3) classical music with a slow rhythm played during the session. Results: This activity showed positive results. Eighty-five percent of participants experienced an increase in knowledge scores after the educational session, and 60% showed a significant decrease in anxiety levels based on questionnaire results. Most participants also reported feeling calmer, more prepared, and more confident in facing childbirth. The satisfaction rate with the activity reached 90%, indicating that the methods implemented were well-received by participants. Conclusion: Complementary therapy combined with education is effective in helping pregnant women manage anxiety before childbirth. This activity emphasizes the importance of a holistic approach to antenatal care.

Background: Anxiety before childbirth is a psychological disorder often experienced by pregnant women, especially in the third trimester of pregnancy. Fear of pain, worry about the condition of the fetus, and uncertainty about the delivery process are the main triggering factors. If not handled properly, this anxiety can have serious consequences, such as increased stress hormones (cortisol), sleep disorders, high blood pressure, and even labor complications. Therefore, interventions are needed that not only focus on physical aspects, but also support mental and emotional balance. Objective: The purpose of this activity is to provide education and practical training to pregnant women on anxiety management before childbirth through the application of complementary therapies, and to evaluate the effectiveness of this approach in increasing the readiness and calmness of participants. Method: The activity was carried out at PMB Lismarini, Tulungagung, involving 20 pregnant women in their third trimester. Education was carried out interactively using visual media and group discussions. Next, participants participated in the practice of three types of complementary therapies: (1) deep breathing relaxation with diaphragmatic breathing techniques, (2) aromatherapy using lavender as a relaxation agent, and (3) classical music with a slow rhythm played during the session. Results: This activity showed positive results. Eighty-five percent of participants experienced an increase in knowledge scores after the educational session, and 60% showed a significant decrease in anxiety levels based on questionnaire results. Most participants also reported feeling calmer, more prepared, and more confident in facing childbirth. The satisfaction rate with the activity reached 90%, indicating that the methods implemented were well-received by participants. Conclusion: Complementary therapy combined with education is effective in helping pregnant women manage anxiety before childbirth. This activity emphasizes the importance of a holistic approach to antenatal care.

Design in the perspective of Hadith encompasses not only visual and physical aspects but also incorporates moral, social, and spiritual values taught in Islam. In everyday life, Islam encourages its followers to create an orderly, clean, and beneficial environment and lifestyle in accordance with the teachings of Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him). This study employs a thematic Hadith approach by collecting and analyzing Hadiths related to the theme of design, such as cleanliness, simplicity, beauty, social balance, and sincere intention. The Hadith sources used include authentic collections such as Sahih Bukhari, Sahih Muslim, and Sunan Abu Dawood. The findings reveal that design, according to Hadith, is a comprehensive effort to shape a life aligned with Islamic values, emphasizing ethics, usefulness, and balance between worldly life and the hereafter. Thus, the concept of design in Hadith is not merely a matter of aesthetics but also a form of worship that reflects noble character and brings individuals closer to Allah SWT.

This research investigates the impact of several key factors on customer satisfaction at the KAI Company, specifically for train services operating at Poncol Station in Semarang. Classified as causal research, the study focuses on identifying how variables such as electronic service quality (e-quality), complaint handling, station facilities, and punctuality contribute to improved satisfaction among passengers. The research population consists of all train users at the station, without a fixed number, while a sample of 100 respondents was selected using the Lemeshow formula. Data collection methods involved the use of structured questionnaires and interviews with passengers to gain both quantitative and qualitative insights. The data analysis revealed that 85% of customer satisfaction levels can be attributed to the four main factors mentioned: the quality of digital services, the effectiveness of complaint resolution, the availability and quality of facilities, and adherence to schedules. The remaining 15% of satisfaction is influenced by other, unexamined variables. Each of the four tested variables was found to have a statistically significant individual (partial) impact on customer satisfaction. Furthermore, the simultaneous (overall) testing confirmed that these factors collectively have a strong and meaningful effect on how passengers perceive the quality of the rail service. The findings emphasize the importance of consistently improving these specific operational areas to enhance customer experiences. In particular, maintaining service reliability, responding to customer complaints efficiently, improving digital interfaces, and upgrading station facilities can lead to greater satisfaction and potentially increase customer loyalty. The study suggests that service providers like KAI must adopt a customer-centered approach that focuses on both digital and physical aspects of the travel experience to remain competitive in the transportation industry.

The learning environment plays a strategic role in determining the quality of the teaching and learning process, particularly for fifth-grade elementary school students who are at a crucial stage of cognitive and social development. This study aims to analyze the influence of the learning environment on the effectiveness of learning in Grade V of elementary school using a descriptive qualitative approach through literature review. The learning environment examined includes physical aspects (such as facilities, classroom layout, and lighting) as well as non-physical aspects (such as social interaction, emotional atmosphere, and teacher support). The findings reveal that a conducive learning environment significantly enhances students’ motivation, engagement, and academic achievement. These results are supported by Piaget’s and Vygotsky’s constructivist theories, as well as Bandura’s social learning theory, which emphasize the importance of interaction between learners and their environment in constructing knowledge and skills. The study recommends strong collaboration among schools, teachers, and education stakeholders to create a holistic, safe, and supportive learning environment that fosters students’ academic and personal development.

This study discusses the architectural transformation of Pasar Johar Semarang before and after the major fire incident in 2015. Designed by architect Thomas Karsten, Pasar Johar holds significant historical and architectural values. The fire prompted a comprehensive revitalization of the market’s environment, site, and building while maintaining its original character. This research employs an architectural anatomy approach covering three main scopes: environment, site, and building, and uses a qualitative descriptive-analytical method through four stages: (1) documenting conditions before and after the fire, (2) classifying architectural elements, (3) comparing visual and structural transformations, and (4) drawing conclusions based on the analysis to evaluate the extent of the transformation. The results show that the revitalization made the area more organized, functional, and sustainable. Distinctive structures such as mushroom columns and drainage systems were preserved, while zoning and public spaces were reorganized to improve efficiency and comfort. This restoration not only improved physical aspects but also strengthened the market’s social function as a community interaction space. Pasar Johar now serves as an example of a traditional market that can adapt to modern urban challenges without losing its architectural identity and its potential as a sustainable economic and social hub.

The dominance of western civilization has extended to the epistemological aspect of science which places great emphasis on the physical aspects of science. Meanwhile, in the past, Muslim scientists have passed down a complete legacy and explained epistemology in accordance with the principles and teachings of the Islamic religion. This article aims to explain the urgency of Islamic epistemology for those who wish to study by providing a descriptive and analytical explanation. Only a correct epistemology that is in accordance with Islamic teachings can lead students of science to the essence of science, namely knowledge as it really is and provide spiritual satisfaction and happiness.

This study discusses the concept of dress ethics in Islam, focusing on the dress code for both men and women as well as the ethics that should be applied when dressing. In Islam, dressing is not merely a matter of appearance, but also related to religious teachings that emphasize the importance of covering the aurat, maintaining modesty, and preserving honor. For men, the dress code is strictly regulated by Sharia, including the aurat limitation between the navel and the knee, the prohibition of wearing gold and silk, and the prohibition of imitating women's or non-Muslims' clothing. Meanwhile, for women, the dress code is more complex with specific requirements such as covering the aurat, wearing non-transparent clothing, not accentuating body contours, and avoiding imitation of men's or non-Muslim clothing. This study also highlights the concept of tabarruj, which refers to the act of displaying jewelry and beauty to men who are not mahram, considered a violation of Islamic dress ethics. Additionally, this research explains the meaning of jilbab in the Qur'an, which is understood as an outer garment that covers the entire body, serving as protection and a means of distinguishing believing women. Overall, dress ethics in Islam encompasses not only physical aspects but also spiritual ones, reflecting devotion to Allah through sincere intentions in accordance with religious teachings. This study provides a deeper understanding of the significance of dress ethics as part of a Muslim's identity in faith.

The road environment not only influences the physical aspects of a city but also significantly impacts the psychological state of road users. This study aims to explore the relationship between road infrastructure such as sidewalk design, lighting, and signage, with perceptions of urban aesthetics and road psychology within the context of detailed urban development. Qualitative research methods were employed, including field observations, in-depth interviews, and document analysis, to assess how these factors affect the behaviors and feelings of road users and surrounding residents. Findings indicate that well-designed road infrastructure can enhance feelings of safety, comfort, and visual satisfaction among road users, whereas poor integration may lead to stress and discomfort. The implications of this research underscore the importance of considering psychological aspects in the planning and development of detailed urban environments to create road environments that are not only functional but also support the psychological well-being of the community.    

Nurses are professional health workers who, in carrying out their duties and responsibilities, are required to be able to fulfill their spiritual needs while working. This is because health services are a basic human need that is provided through health services not only in the form of physical aspects , but also psychological aspects. High spirituality will have an impact on intrapersonal, interpersonal and transpersonal relationships in overcoming various life problems. This research aims to determine the relationship between nurse workload and attitudes towards fulfilling spiritual needs in hospital inpatient rooms. Bhakti Husada Cikarang. The research design used cross sectional . The population is inpatient nurses who work in health services, namely at the Bhakti Husada Cikarang Hospital. The total population in this study was 84 nurses . The sampling technique used was accidental sampling , totaling 47 respondents. The statistical test used is the Chi Square test. The research results showed that the majority of respondents had a moderate workload, 27 people (57.4%) and 33 people (70.2%) had their spiritual needs met. The statistical test results obtained a p value of 0.89, meaning there is no relationship between nurses' workload and the fulfillment of spiritual needs. It is hoped that nurses will always improve their professionalism in carrying out nursing care.

The field of architecture has undergone rapid development within both academic and professional circles. Digital architecture, a concise term describing the use of communication and information technology in the entire planning and design process, has significantly influenced architectural education worldwide. It serves as a means to bridge the quality gap between architectural education in developed and developing countries. In Indonesia, digital architecture has been a subject of debate since its inception, garnering both proponents and opponents. Many still hold the belief that computers are merely new tools, akin to drawing instruments, for architects. However, the current progress reveals the availability of numerous computer modeling programs that support architectural design. These programs enable the visualization of building conditions before construction, becoming commonplace tools in consultancy firms and educational institutions, embraced by both lecturers and students. Consequently, the impact of information technology on the evolution of the architectural world is evident. The growing reliance on digital modeling programs in architectural design demonstrates a paradigm shift. This technological influence extends beyond individual buildings to encompass urban modeling, both in physical and non-physical aspects. Therefore, it is understood that the influence of information technology will continue to grow in the architectural realm, with digital programs playing a pivotal role in supporting the building design process.

Low back pain (LBP) is a non-specific condition of acute or chronic pain in or near the lumbosacral spines that can be caused by inflammatory, neoplastic, traumatic, or other disorders. Long standing can be caused discomfort for the worker’s body. A survey conducted by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in 2011, low back pain is found in the top 10 diseases in Indonesia. As for jobs that required on standing for long duration and correlation by increased risk for low back pain, one of which is in a cake company called Rotte Bakery in Pekanbaru. The production process at Rotte Bakery required a lot of human roles, especially in terms of physical aspects, allowing staffs to long standing while working which can cause ergonomic problems such as low back pain. The research conducted by observational analytic method, with a cross sectional study design. The sampling technique used accidental sampling which was statistically tested using the chi-square test. The research purposes to determine the correlation of the long standing with low back pain event on Rotte Bakery Pekanbaru city staffs 2020. The result showed that there was a relationship (p-value = 0,000) and a significant correlation (p-value < 0.05) long standing with lower back pain event on Rotte Bakery Pekanbaru city staffs. Rotte Bakery staffs advised to pay attention to standing time while working, adhere to the rules for using a complete PPE, and the company can provide education at the beginning before starting work.

In facing the complexity of globalization, Indonesia as a country rich in cultural diversity and traditions faces challenges in maintaining its national identity. Cultural diplomacy is identified as a crucial instrument in enhancing national resilience through mutual understanding, respect for diversity, and strengthening national identity. This article discusses the diplomatic role of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in managing cultural differences and describes how cultural diplomacy is a vital element in national defense, in accordance with Law Number 3 of 2002 concerning national defense. The case study of cooperation between Indonesia and South Korea through the Hallyu phenomenon illustrates the impact of cultural diplomacy on the economy, politics and society. This research uses normative juridical research methods or also called library research. The data collection is done secondarily, involving primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials, such as laws, books, journals, and related articles. The results show that in the midst of global cultural changes, cultural diplomacy is also faced with challenges, including multidimensional threats involving physical and non-physical aspects. Therefore, the integration of cultural diplomacy in national security policy is essential to maintain cultural diversity and national identity.

A medical record folder is a thick paper cover that unites all of a patient's sheets so that they become one complete history, protects the medical record files inside so that they are not easily damaged and makes it easier to store, search and transfer medical record files (Heltiani, 2020). Designing a medical record folder has physical aspects, anatomical aspects and content aspects. The physical aspect consists of materials: Ivory paper, the shape resembles a rectangular book, there are folds to increase the capacity to store medical record forms accompanied by color coding. Anatomical aspects include the Header, which contains the logo, name, address and telephone number, Introduction, Instructions, which contains confidential information from the medical record folder, Body contains the Name and Medical Record Number. Register Number and Year of Visit, Font using Time New Roman, form title size 40, patient identity and year of visit size 12, while Arial font size 14 is used for instructions, Ruler has a ruler on the medical record folder to limit the heading and body of the map, Border there is a border in the medical record folder. Content aspects include the identity of the health service facility, the identity of the name of the health service facility, the patient's name, the medical record number, the year of the last visit and the row available in the year of the last visit in the medical record folder. Socialization is given to medical record officers using discussion, lecture and question and answer methods. It is hoped that the results of this socialization will be for the Bestari Community Health Center to redesign the medical record folder which refers to three aspects, namely: anatomical aspects, physical aspects and content aspects so that the medical record forms are not damaged or scattered.