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Amanda Noviyanti; Oktaviana Purnamasari

Studi Administrasi Publik dan ilmu Komunikasi 2026 Asosiasi Peneliti Dan Pengajar Ilmu Sosial Indonesia

This study aims to examine how the implementation of Integrated Marketing Communication (IMC) carried out by Friendshub contributes to building and strengthening brand awareness. Employing a descriptive qualitative approach and a case study method, data were collected through in-depth interviews with the core team of Friendshub and documentation of marketing activities, which were then thematically analyzed to explore communication patterns and creative strategies applied. The findings reveal that Friendshub integrates six elements of IMC as proposed by Belch and Belch (2021)—advertising, sales promotion, public relations, personal selling, direct marketing, and digital/interactive marketing—implemented across various channels such as social media, WhatsApp, email blasts, and event organization that emphasizes direct experiential engagement. The success of this implementation is supported by close communication with clients, consistent visual identity, and the adaptability of messages to audience needs, while challenges include limited budgets, dependence on client briefs, and short execution timelines. These findings highlight that consistent, creative, and adaptive IMC practices are not only effective in enhancing brand awareness but also in strengthening long-term relationships between Friendshub as a brand and its audience, thereby contributing positively to the sustainability of its image and corporate growth.

Dinni Sabrina Bahri; Daniel Handoko

Jurnal Penelitian Komunikasi dan Sosialisasi 2025 Asosiasi Peneliti dan Pengajar Ilmu Sosial Indonesia

This study aims to determine the influence of Jejuby's TikTok content on the purchasing decisions of followers of the @jejubyofficial TikTok account. In today's digital age, social media platforms like TikTok have become one of the most effective promotional tools for reaching consumers, particularly in the beauty and skincare industry. Jejuby, as a local brand on the rise, actively leverages TikTok as a marketing platform by creating various types of content, including tutorials, testimonials, and visually appealing content. The theories used in this study are the Marketing Communication Theory with dimensions: Advertising, Sales Promotion, Personal Selling, Public Relations, and Direct and Digital Marketing. The Content Theory with dimensions: Credible, Shareable, Useful or Fun, Interesting, Relevant, Different, On Brand. The Purchase Decision Theory with dimensions: Need Recognition, Information Search, Evaluation of Alternatives, Purchase Decision, Post-Purchase Behavior. This study used a quantitative approach with a survey method. Sampling was conducted using simple random sampling and calculated using the Slovin formula with a margin of error of 5%. Data collection was carried out by distributing questionnaires to 92 respondents who were followers of the @jejubyofficial TikTok account. The research instrument was tested using validity and reliability tests, while data analysis was conducted using simple linear regression with a correlation coefficient (R) value of 0.711 in the strong category. The coefficient of determination (R²) value of 0.506 indicates that 50.6% of purchasing decisions are influenced by TikTok content, while 49.4% are influenced by other factors. The research results for TikTok content had an average of 3.47, while purchase decisions had an average of 3.54. The research results indicate that there is a significant influence between Jejuby's TikTok content and its followers' purchase decisions. This means that content packaged in a relevant manner and aligned with the brand's identity can influence consumers' decisions to purchase Jejuby products.

Raden Roro Fatimah Azzahra Aulia; Hudi Santoso

Jurnal Riset Rumpun Seni, Desain dan Media 2025 Pusat Riset dan Inovasi Nasional

This study examines the communication strategy of PT Nutrifood Indonesia through the L-Men Creator Crew (LCC) program as an implementation of the Integrated Marketing Communication (IMC) theory within the context of digital affiliate marketing. The research background stems from the shifting marketing landscape toward collaboration with content creators as a means to build authentic relationships and enhance brand awareness. The purpose of this study is to analyze how L-Men’s communication strategy is integrated across various IMC elements, including advertising, sales promotion, public relations, direct marketing, personal selling, and digital marketing. This research employs a descriptive qualitative approach, with data collected through observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation. The findings indicate that L-Men successfully established an effective two-way communication system with its affiliate community through a community-based approach, personalized guidance, and consistent promotional support. The integration of messages across digital channels creates synergy that strengthens the brand image as an active, inspiring, and relevant brand for the younger generation. The implications of this study emphasize the importance of implementing IMC that focuses on long-term relationships and community collaboration in contemporary digital communication strategies.

Ayu Anisah; Noerma Kurnia Fajarwati; Meiby Zulfikar; Achmad Nashrudin Priatna; Putri Handayani

Jurnal Riset Rumpun Ilmu Pendidikan 2025 Lembaga Pengembangan Kinerja Dosen

The increasing number of coffee shops in the modern era, especially in developing cities such as Cilegon, has triggered increasingly competitive market conditions. Dream Coffee, as a newly established coffee shop, faces challenges in introducing its brand and attracting consumer attention amid the dominance of more established coffee shops. This study aims to examine the marketing communication strategies implemented by Dream Coffee and to identify the factors that support and hinder the process of building brand awareness among its consumers.This research employs a qualitative approach, focusing on gaining an in-depth understanding of the social phenomena occurring at Dream Coffee through descriptive data collection and direct interaction. Data were collected using structured interviews, direct observation, and documentation involving the owner, internal consultant, employees, and customers or consumers.The findings indicate that Dream Coffee utilizes various elements of Integrated Marketing Communication (IMC), including advertising, personal selling, word-of-mouth marketing, sales promotion, and events and experiences. The main supporting factors are consistent and targeted communication, internal team solidarity, and an appealing visual brand identity. Meanwhile, challenges include limited physical facilities and a market reach that has not yet been maximized. Overall, it can be concluded that Dream Coffee successfully implements effective marketing communication strategies not only digitally but also in building brand awareness and creating emotional engagement with consumers.

Traberaldi Rafa Otniel; Rahmat Wisudawanto; Esfandani Peni Indreswari

Jurnal Penelitian Komunikasi dan Sosialisasi 2025 Asosiasi Peneliti dan Pengajar Ilmu Sosial Indonesia

In addition to personal selling, Adhiwangsa Hotel and Convention Solo also utilized other IMC tools such as direct marketing, public relations, and digital marketing to maximize the effectiveness of their promotional efforts for the "So Kiss Me 2024" event. The hotel leveraged its existing customer database to send personalized invitations and promotions through WhatsApp, which proved to be an effective channel for engaging with customers directly. Social media platforms were also used to create awareness and drive attendance, with consistent messaging across all channels to maintain a unified brand voice. Furthermore, the hotel emphasized the importance of building strong relationships with its customers by maintaining regular communication. This strategy helped foster trust and loyalty, as customers felt valued and personally attended to. The event was promoted not only through traditional marketing tools but also through word-of-mouth, leveraging employees' personal networks to spread the message. The study also highlights the role of digital marketing tools in enhancing the reach of the hotel's communication efforts. By utilizing platforms like Instagram, Facebook, and WhatsApp, Adhiwangsa Hotel was able to reach a broader audience, particularly among younger consumers who are more active on social media. These platforms allowed for real-time updates, engagement, and interaction with potential customers, making the event more dynamic and accessible. Overall, the success of the "So Kiss Me" event can be attributed to the hotel's effective use of integrated marketing communications, where personal selling played a significant role in delivering a more personalized and direct message to potential customers. This case study illustrates the importance of adopting a multi-channel communication strategy to effectively engage target audiences and achieve marketing objectives.

Enny Istanti; Indriana Kristiawati; Achmad Daengs GS; Anis Yuli Astutik

International Journal of Economics, Commerce, and Management 2025 Asosiasi Riset Ekonomi dan Akuntansi Indonesia

Competition in Indonesia’s business world today compels companies to strategize in order to outperform their rivals. Only those companies that are truly strong, implement competitive strategies correctly, and carry out intensive promotions will succeed. One promotional tool that is expected to directly establish, improve, dominate, or maintain mutually beneficial exchange relationships with customers is personal selling, particularly aimed at encouraging consumers to purchase the offered products.A company’s goal is to obtain maximum profit from its business operations. To achieve this, managerial expertise and capability are required to combine the functions within the company effectively. Personal selling is carried out by the company to introduce its products, influence and inform consumers, so they are encouraged to buy—ultimately increasing sales volume.This study seeks to examine whether personal selling has a significant impact on increasing sales volume at PT. Intermas Tata Trading, Surabaya branch. A qualitative approach is used, supported by both qualitative and quantitative data from the company. Data collection techniques include editing, tabulating, and interviews. Data processing involves simple correlation analysis, simple regression analysis, and t-tests. Hypothesis testing is conducted using statistical analysis with SPSS 16.0.The study results confirm that the hypothesis is true: the personal selling variable (X) has a significant influence on the sales volume (Y) at PT. Intermas Tata Trading, Surabaya. This is evidenced by the t-value (4.005) > t-table (2.228) at a significance level of 0.002. The simple correlation coefficient is 0.785 or 78.5%, indicating a very strong and positive relationship between the independent variable (personal selling) and the dependent variable (sales volume).

Devandra Dicky Kurniawan; Hasbullah Azis; Rahmat Wisudawanto

RISOMA : Jurnal Riset Sosial Humaniora dan Pendidikan 2025 Asosiasi Ilmuwan Pendidikan, Sosial, dan Humaniora Indonesia

In promoting a cultural arts performance, the success of an event is determined not only by the quality of the performance itself but also by the effectiveness of the marketing communication strategy implemented. In today’s digital era, organizers of cultural art performances face increasingly complex challenges, including shifts in audience media consumption behavior, rapid developments in communication technology, and the need to build sustained digital engagement between organizers and stakeholders.This study adopts the Integrated Marketing Communication (IMC) theory to examine the marketing communication strategies implemented by the Department of Culture and Tourism of Surakarta City in promoting the Solo International Performing Arts (SIPA) event in 2024. The research methodology includes in-depth interviews with organizers and document analysis of promotional materials and publication activities.The findings indicate that the department applied eight elements of integrated marketing communication: advertising, sales promotion, events and experiences, public relations and publicity, direct marketing, interactive marketing, mobile marketing, and personal selling. Each element was carried out synergistically to build awareness, attract public interest, and shape a positive image of the SIPA event in society.The implemented strategy has successfully reached a broader audience through digital channels such as social media and official websites, as well as through direct approaches like local media publications and collaboration with art communities. However, challenges remain in delivering more innovative and creative promotional content to enhance the event’s appeal. These findings offer important implications for cultural event managers, emphasizing the need for structured, consistent, and audience-relevant promotional strategies in the digital era. A well-integrated marketing communication approach not only strengthens public engagement but also reinforces the identity and sustainability of cultural events like SIPA on both local and international levels.

Sari, Sinta Kartika; Putri, Dina Alliah Anggreani; Shafrani, Yoiz Shofwa

Jurnal Ekonomi, Bisnis dan Manajemen (EBISMEN) 2025 FEB Universitas Maritim Semarang

This study intends to investigate the business model and product marketing strategy of BMT Dana Mentari Muhammadiyah Purwokerto using the Business Model Canvas (BMC) approach. The background of this research is rooted in the need for Islamic microfinance institutions to adapt amidst increasing competition, particularly in product development and marketing. The research uses a descriptive qualitative approach, with data collected through in-depth interviews with BMT management. The findings suggest that BMT Dana Mentari has implemented the nine elements of the BMC comprehensively, including community-based customer segmentation, strong Sharia-compliant value propositions, and marketing strategies such as direct outreach and personal selling. However, challenges remain, particularly in service digitalization and promotional efforts. The implications of this study highlight the importance of continuous innovation in Sharia-based products and marketing strategies to enhance competitiveness and institutional sustainability.

Bambang Sujarwadi; Dhety Chusumastuti; Tanaya Kanani Benedikta

Jurnal Penelitian Manajemen dan Inovasi Riset 2025 Asosiasi Riset Ilmu Manajemen Kewirausahaan dan Bisnis Indonesia

The number of businesses in the culinary sector has been steadily increasing, especially after the COVID pandemic. Therefore, promotional strategies are crucial, particularly for building brand awareness in the business world. "Erista Griyo Dhahar," a restaurant located in Pakem, Yogyakarta, implements promotional strategies to build brand awareness. This study aims to analyze the promotional strategies used by "Erista Griyo Dhahar" to enhance brand awareness. The research employs a qualitative method with data collection techniques including interviews, observations, and documentation. The theoretical framework used is the Promotional Mix which includes advertising, personal selling, sales promotion, Public Relations, and direct marketing for building brand awareness for "Erista Griyo Dhahar." The results of the study indicate that "Erista Griyo Dhahar" combines all five aspects of the promotional mix as part of its strategy to build brand awareness. However, advertising and personal selling are found to be the most effective, as evidenced by the restaurant's increasing sales each year. The brand awareness of "Erista Griyo Dhahar" is at the level of brand brand recognition. Recommendations for "Erista Griyo Dhahar" include increasing engagement on social media, maintaining personal selling activities, creating more engaging promotions, conducting Public Relations activities in a routine and structured manner, and developing appealing and persuasive copywriting.

Zuhrinal M. Nawawi; Maysa Chairani

Jurnal Ilmiah Ekonomi, Akuntansi, dan Pajak 2025 Asosiasi Riset Ekonomi dan Akuntansi Indonesia

This study employs a qualitative method with a literature review approach to examine how the optimization of marketing skills contributes to enhancing customer loyalty in Islamic banking. Based on a review of various national journals and theoretical references, it was found that personal selling skills, interpersonal communication, understanding of sharia-compliant products, and the ability to build long-term relationships with customers play a significant role in maintaining loyalty. Amidst the competition between digital and conventional banking, Islamic banks are required to prioritize service values aligned with sharia principles and optimize human resource capabilities in delivering educational, solution-oriented, and consistent approaches. Effective marketing skills not only create a positive customer experience but also enhance trust in Islamic financial institutions.

Jovita Rahma Adani; Lia Nirawati

Jurnal Bisnis, Ekonomi Syariah, dan Pajak 2024 Asosiasi Riset Ekonomi dan Akuntansi Indonesia

In response to the increasing competition within the telecommunications industry, PT. Telkom Indonesia Regional III faces the challenge of maintaining its competitive advantage and fostering customer loyalty. This study aims to analyze the application of Integrated Marketing Communication (IMC) by PT. Telkom Indonesia Regional III in enhancing the company’s competitiveness while simultaneously strengthening customer loyalty. The research employs a descriptive qualitative approach, utilizing data collection techniques such as interviews, observations, and document analysis. The findings reveal that PT. Telkom Indonesia Regional III has effectively implemented essential IMC elements, including advertising, sales promotions, digital marketing, personal selling, and public relations. These strategies have proven to be effective in increasing customer awareness of services, reinforcing long-term relationships, and supporting the company’s competitive positioning in the market.

Amaluddin Sauri Harahap; Nursapia Harahap

Konsensus : Jurnal Ilmu Pertahanan, Hukum dan Ilmu Komunikasi 2024 Asosiasi Peneliti Dan Pengajar Ilmu Sosial Indonesia

This research aims to find out “Implementation of Waspada Online Media in Communicating Educational News (Case Study: Waspada Medan City Office)”. The method in this study uses qualitative methods with the form of dataresearch(field research). The results of this study are that 1. The role of alert online media in communicating educational news, it can be concluded that Waspada Daily uses marketing communications such as advertising, sales promotion, public relations, personal selling and direct marketing. 2. Waspada Daily prioritizes establishing good relations with consumers and the community in facing competition with online media. 3. Facing the development of journalism in the digital era like today. This issue is interesting considering that repeatedly world journalism experts predict the death of print mass media every time the onslaught of technological developments occurs from time to time. In the digital age, people who need certain information from all over the world can simply search for it on search engines connected to the internet network anytime and anywhere with sophisticated equipment that is currently growing rapidly.

Anta Pratama Ginting; Indrawati Indrawati

International Journal of Management 2024 Asosiasi Riset Ilmu Manajemen Kewirausahaan dan Bisnis Indonesia

Telkomsel Orbit is a product that provides an internet network that can be used anytime and anywhere, thereby attracting consumer interest. The company continues to market and develop this product so that it can continue to compete with other similar products, including by implementing several marketing methods which will be studied in this research. This study seeks to examine the impact of the independent variables, namely (X1) Personal Selling, (X2) Social Media Marketing and (X3) Sales Promotion on the dependent variable (Y1) Purchasing Decisions. This study uses quantitative data collected based on filling out questionnaires carried out by 330 respondents who are users of Telkomsel Orbit products in the Central Sumatra Region. Sampling was carried out by purposive sampling. Data analysis was conducted using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) techniques via the SmartPLS application. Statistical results show that the independent variables, such specifically as (X1) Personal Selling, (X2) Social Media Marketing and (X3) Sales Promotion have a positive and substantial effect on the dependent variable (Y1) Purchase Decision resulting in an R-Square featuring the value of 0.267 or 26.7%. The Telkomsel Orbit marketing team is expected to continue to improve and evaluate the application of personal selling, social media marketing and sales promotions to influence consumer decisions in choosing Telkomsel Orbit products. The application of personal selling is considered the most effective in this research, so it is hoped that optimization of human resources and abilities in forming relationships with consumers will continue to be carried out. Likewise, sales promotions must be carried out more massively to be able to continue to compete with other competitors, because the best and most attractive price offers or sales promotion methods will be superior in influencing purchasing decisions. Meanwhile, social media marketing continues to be optimized, especially facing the digital world, where information is disseminated via the internet or social media, so content is needed with information content that can attract consumer interest in products.

Saryadi Saryadi; Indra Hastuti; Liss Dyah Dewi Arini

Jurnal Manajemen Bisnis Era Digital 2024 Asosiasi Riset Ilmu Manajemen Kewirausahaan dan Bisnis Indonesia

This study aims to determine the influence of personal selling, customer response, and customer interest on customer decisions in activating the BRImo application.  Research is a type of quantitative research. A sample of 100 respondents using GForm from a total population of 3100. by accidental random sampling. The method uses multiple linear regression with statistical tests and classical assumptions. Classic assumptions are not a problem. The results showed that customer responses and customer interest were significantly positive in influencing customer decisions in activating the BRImo application, while personal selling had a positive effect was not significant. The F test shows that the simultaneous influence of personal selling, customer response and customer interest in customer decisions is significant, which is 70.298 with a significant value of 0.00< 0.05. The coefficient of determination is 0.687. This shows that the customer's decision can be explained by 68.7% by personal selling, customer response, and customer interest. The remaining 0.313 or 3.13% is explained by other variables outside the model, such as customer knowledge and education. The most dominant variable in influencing customer decisions is the customer response, which is shown to be a regression coefficient of 0.354 with a t-count of 4.153.

Lailani Octavia Rahmadhani; Kesya Melika; Alief Rahman Juliansyah; Ahmadhio Annuri Pratama; Lilik Sumarni

Populer: Jurnal Penelitian Mahasiswa 2024 Universitas Maritim AMNI Semarang

This research examines the lobbying and negotiation strategies in building trust in Hydro Coco's sponsorship as an isotonic drink. The method used is descriptive qualitative with literature study approach. The findings showed that Hydro Coco implemented marketing strategies through proper segmentation, targeting, and positioning. The performance strategy was applied by sending creative proposals to the event organizers, while negotiations focused on unveiling the logo and product sections at the event. Hydro Coco also used various promotional tactics such as offering free samples, product bonuses, price discounts, personal selling, and direct marketing. This study concludes that effective lobbying and negotiation strategies can increase sponsorship trust and increase consumer loyalty to Hydro Coco products.

Adinda Viona Aurelia; Anas Hidayat

Jurnal Penelitian Manajemen dan Inovasi Riset 2023 Asosiasi Riset Ilmu Manajemen Kewirausahaan dan Bisnis Indonesia

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of marketing communications which include advertising (advertising), sales promotion (sales promotion), public relations (public relations), direct marketing (direct marketing), personal selling (personal selling) on ​​purchase intention. This type of research is quantitative with customer respondents at PT. Haruman Multi Artha totaling 60 respondents selected using purposive sampling technique. Data analysis used linear regression analysis with the IBM SPSS Statistics 23 test tool. The results showed that the marketing communications of PT. Haruman Multi Artha with advertising indicators (advertising) an average score of 3.63 (good category), sales promotion (sales promotion) an average score of 3.24 (sufficient category), public relations (public relations) an average score of 3 .33 (enough category), direct marketing (direct marketing) an average score of 3.38 (enough category), personal selling (personal selling) an average score of 3.69 (good category). There is a positive and significant influence on marketing communications which includes advertising, sales promotion, public relations, direct marketing, personal selling on PT. Haruman Multi Artha. The contribution of marketing communication variables to the buying interest of PT. Haruman Multi Artha of 61.2%, while the remaining 38.80% is influenced by other factors outside of this study  

Novi Bella Safitri; Maria Augustine Graciafernandy; Moeljono Moeljono

Riset Ilmu Manajemen Bisnis dan Akuntansi 2023 Asosiasi Riset Ilmu Manajemen Kewirausahaan dan Bisnis Indonesia

This study aims to analyze the marketing strategy implemented. The marketing strategy is a series of plans as a joint tool to achieve the long-term goals set by the company. The marketing strategy provides direction for each company to control all aspects in order to achieve the company's goals in meeting consumer demands and needs. This research is a qualitative descriptive research. By taking respondents from several sources who are considered appropriate to become resource persons for research. The research results are that the location research has implemented a marketing promotion strategy to increase sales turnover. Sales promotions that are utilized include Personal selling, Sales Promotion and Direct Marketing. The problems faced by the company resulted in fluctuations in sales targets, lack of promotional media aimed at providing information on ongoing promotions and high costs for promotions aimed at increasing consumer brand awareness.  

Karlina Karlina; Nuriyah Nuriyah; Fika Indah Juwita Sari

Jurnal Manajemen dan Ekonomi Bisnis 2023 Pusat Riset dan Inovasi Nasional

Pengaruh Advertising dan Personal Selling Terhadap Keputusan Konsumen dalam memakai Kartu Perdana Simpati Di Kalangan Mahasiswa STIE Widya Praja Tanah Grogot. Apakah variabel advertising (X1) dan personal selling (X2) secara bersama-sama berpengaruh signifikan terhadap keputusan konsumen (Y) dalam memakai Kartu Perdana Simpati Di Kalangan Mahasiswa STIE Widya Praja Tanah Grogot. Dalam penelitian ini penulis melakukan penelitian pada Mahasiswa STIE Widya Praja Tanah Grogot. Seluruh responden berjumlah 100 orang responden. Analisis yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah analisis regresi linier berganda. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian diketahui nilai R sebesar 0, 671, ini berarti terdapat hubungan yang kuat dari variabel advertising (X1) dan personal selling (X2) terhadap variabel keputusan konsumen (Y), sedangkan nilai koefisien determinasi sebesar 0,439  atau 43,9% artinya variabel keputusan konsumen (Y) dijelaskan variabel advertising (X1) dan personal selling (X2) sebesar 0, 439 atau 43,9% sedangkan sisanya sebesar 56,1% dijelaskan oleh variabel lain. Nilai F hitung sebesar 39,757, sedangkan nilai F tabel sebesar 3,0902, maka F hitung > F tabel 39,757 > 3,0902. Hal ini berarti Ho ditolak dan Ha diterima. Artinya secara bersama-sama variabel bebas berpengaruh positif terhadap variabel tidak bebas. Dari hasil analisis terhadap dua variabel bebas yang terdiri dari variabel X1 advertising (X1) dan personal selling (X2) bahwa X1 berpengaruh dominan terhadap variabel Y (keputusan konsumen), dengan nilai t hitung sebesar 8,607 dan t tabel sebesar 1,6607, hal ini berarti Ho ditolak dan Ha diterima. Dan nilai persamaan regresi sebesar 0 ,989 serta koefisien beta sebesar 0, 687.

Adena Khumairoh; Novita Nur Fitria Dewi

Jurnal Ilmiah Komputerisasi Akuntansi 2020 Universitas Sains dan Teknologi Komputer

Competition in the business world is increasingly diverse, encouraging companies to compete in competing markets and consumers. This is what happened to the Takoto UMKM. This study aims to determine the marketing strategies used by UMKM Takoto to increase sales. This type of research is conducted using descriptive qualitative methods in the form of case studies on the Takoto UMKM business. This study aims: (1) to study the marketing strategy (marketing mix) of products at UMKM Takoto. (2) provide alternative marketing suggestions for UMKM Takoto products. The conclusions of this study are: (1) the product is considered good by consumers and already has 5 elements of product strategy such as product attributes, brand, packaging, and labels, but the product does not last long because it uses ingredients that do not contain preservatives; (2) the pricing strategy is oriented towards production costs so that in the future it can be considered for pricing by looking at the prices of competitors' products; (3) the promotion strategy of Takoto's UMKM pastries is still limited because it uses more personal selling rather than intense promotion through advertising; (4) Takoto's UMKM pastry products are marketed directly to consumers and through retailers, however the dominant marketing is direct to consumers so that the bargaining position is stronger because it does not depend on retailers.