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Corruption committed by the leader of an independent state oversight institution represents a paradox that fundamentally undermines the legitimacy of government governance. This study examines the case of Hery Susanto, Chairman of the Ombudsman of the Republic of Indonesia, who was designated as a corruption suspect by the Attorney General's Office on April 16, 2026—merely six days after his inauguration—in connection with alleged bribery of Rp1.5 billion from PT Toshida Sulawesi Hijau Indonesia involving the management of Non-Tax State Revenue (PNBP) in the nickel mining sector for the period 2013–2025. This study aims to analyze the manifestation of the three elements of the Fraud Triangle—pressure, opportunity, and rationalization—within this case, and to formulate systemic implications for corruption prevention in independent state institutions. Employing a normative-empirical legal research approach with a case study method, data were collected through documentation and qualitative content analysis of legal documents, official press releases from the Attorney General's Office, and verified media reports. The findings reveal that pressure stemmed from financial motivation and career ambition; opportunity arose from weak internal oversight mechanisms, the perpetrator's strategic position, and regulatory gaps in Law Number 37 of 2008; while rationalization manifested through cognitive justification that framed the receipt of compensation as a reasonable reward for services rendered. This study contributes to the literature on forensic accounting and corruption criminology, while recommending the establishment of an independent Ombudsman Supervisory Board and the strengthening of a digital-based early detection system.

The development of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technology has created various digital innovations, but it has also generated new forms of crime through the misuse of deepfake technology. This study aims to analyze the legal liability of social media platforms for the dissemination of AI-based deepfake content and the forms of legal protection for victims of digital fraud, particularly elderly groups, in the case of the “magical money ritual” scam using the identity of Ujang Busthomi. This research employs normative legal research methods using statutory and case approaches. The results show that perpetrators of deepfake fraud can be held criminally liable under Article 28 paragraph (1) in conjunction with Article 45A paragraph (1) of the Electronic Information and Transactions Law and Article 378 of the Indonesian Criminal Code concerning fraud. In addition, social media platforms as Electronic System Providers also bear preventive and repressive responsibilities under the ITE Law, Government Regulation on Electronic Systems and Transactions, and the Personal Data Protection Law to prevent the spread of illegal content. Legal protection for victims is carried out through criminal law enforcement, personal data protection, restitution mechanisms, and the enhancement of digital literacy in society.

Parental violence against children constitutes a serious violation of their human rights, as guaranteed by Article 5 of the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights and Article 19 of the 1989 Convention on the Rights of the Child. It is also contrary to Indonesia’s family law system, as set out in Law No. 35 of 2014 on Child Protection. This study aims to analyse the forms of such violence and formulate a holistic, restorative strategy to restore children’s human rights. Using a normative-empirical approach involving the analysis of legal documents, court rulings and 2023 data from the National Commission on Violence Against Women (Komnas Perempuan), which recorded 45,000 cases annually (60% of which involved parents as perpetrators), it was found that effective strategies include medical and psychological rehabilitation via P2TP2A and TF-CBT, and restorative justice through mediation under Supreme Court Regulation (Perma) No. 4 of 2019. Socio-economic support, such as the PKH programme, is also crucial. The main obstacles are patriarchal culture and a regulatory vacuum regarding the KHI. The conclusion emphasises the need for cross-sectoral commitment and makes recommendations including the introduction of mandatory parental counselling, prioritisation of court mediation, sub-district recovery units and large-scale public awareness campaigns. This study contributes to the strengthening of child protection within Indonesian family law.

The use of firearms by the Indonesian National Police (Polri) to incapacitate criminals constitutes an exercise of state authority in maintaining public security and order. However, their use often raises legal concerns regarding the limits of police authority, the protection of human rights, and the legal accountability of officers. This study aims to analyze the position of Polri in the use of firearms and to examine the forms of legal responsibility arising from the abuse of such authority.This research employs a normative legal method using statutory and conceptual approaches. Primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials were analyzed qualitatively. The study focuses on relevant regulations, including Law Number 2 of 2002 concerning the Indonesian National Police, regulations governing the use of force in police actions, and human rights principles in law enforcement. The findings show that the authority to use firearms is an attributive power granted by law to support Polri’s functions of protection, public service, and law enforcement. Firearms may only be used in specific situations as a measure of last resort (ultimum remedium), while adhering to the principles of legality, necessity, proportionality, and accountability. Responsibility for misuse may involve administrative, criminal, and civil liability. Strengthening oversight, improving professionalism, and refining regulations are essential to balance effective law enforcement with human rights protection.

Bintan Regency, as a coastal area with a strategic geographical location as an international shipping route, is vulnerable to marine pollution caused by oil spills. Repeated incidents throughout 2023-2025 show that this problem has not been resolved. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of the implementation of MARPOL Annex I as a regulation that prevents pollution caused by oil spills at sea, particularly in Bintan Regency. This study identifies gaps in the implementation of regulations at the national level and formulates a more integrated form of prevention through strengthened supervision and the application of technology. The method used is a qualitative descriptive method through a literature review approach, with secondary data from scientific journals, articles, media reports, YouTube, and other supporting documents related to the incident. The results of the study show that: first, mitigation efforts are still focused on post-spill responses, such as manual cleanup involving institutions and the community. Second, weak border patrols make it difficult to find the perpetrators. Third, Bintan Regency has not utilized technology such as blockchain as a potential tool that can help prove ship compliance with MARPOL Annex I. Although MARPOL Annex I has been implemented in accordance with national regulations, its implementation has proven ineffective as spills continue to recur to this day. Therefore, changes are needed in terms of prevention through integrated maritime surveillance and the introduction of digital technology for reporting ship compliance with MARPOL Annex I in the Bintan Regency area.

This study aims to analyze the position of customary law in the new Criminal Code and the integration of restorative justice in resolving criminal cases in Indonesia. The method used is a qualitative approach with normative juridical research through legislative and conceptual approaches. The results indicate that the new Criminal Code recognizes living law, including customary law, as part of the national legal system. However, its status remains complementary and subordinate to state law. The integration of restorative justice into the criminal justice system is a progressive step that emphasizes restoring relationships between perpetrators, victims, and the community. This approach aligns with customary law values ​​that prioritize deliberation, balance, and social harmony. However, its implementation still faces various challenges, such as unclear regulations, limited official capacity, and potential conflicts with human rights principles. Therefore, regulatory strengthening, procedural standardization, and institutional capacity building are needed to ensure the integration of customary law and restorative justice can be implemented effectively, fairly, and sustainably within the Indonesian criminal justice system.

This study discusses the reform of criminal law regarding acts of abuse of power within the Indonesian legal system. Abuse of power committed by public officials constitutes a serious violation of the rule of law and the principle of equality before the law because it can harm society and weaken public trust in the government. The old Criminal Code inherited from the colonial era was considered incapable of providing an optimal deterrent effect against perpetrators of abuse of authority. Therefore, the enactment of Law Number 1 of 2023 concerning the New Criminal Code became an important step in the reform of criminal law in Indonesia. This study aims to analyze criminal law reform policies in overcoming abuse of power and the effectiveness of their implementation in law enforcement. The results show that the new Criminal Code expands regulations regarding abuse of authority with stricter criminal sanctions and additional penalties in the form of revocation of office rights. However, its implementation still faces challenges such as political intervention, low integrity of law enforcement officials, and the potential overlap with the Corruption Eradication Law. Therefore, the success of criminal law reform requires the support of legal substance, legal structure, and legal culture that work in harmony.

The rapid development of social media, particularly Twitter, has given rise to a new form of social violence known as cyberbullying. This study aims to explore the phenomenon of cyberbullying on Twitter using Ulrich Beck's Risk Society Theory as an analytical framework. The research approach used is a literature review. This study perceives cyberbullying on Twitter as a modern, systemic risk, shaped by anonymity, cancel culture, and the individualization of risk. It acknowledges that Twitter's structural features, such as pseudonymous accounts and the rapid dissemination of information, exacerbate the potential for cyberbullying, while simultaneously positioning individual users as both victims and potential perpetrators of digital violence. These findings reinforce Beck's thesis that risks in advanced modernity are self-produced, institutionally distributed, and difficult to regulate, clearly reflected in the uncontrolled spread of cyberbullying in digital public spaces.

This study examines the phenomenon of cyberbullying against people with disabilities in the comment column of the TikTok platform through a forensic linguistic perspective. The focus of the research is directed at the form of speech used by the perpetrator in carrying out verbal attacks. The research method uses a qualitative descriptive approach based on John Searle's speech action theory. Data was collected from comments that contained indications of cyberbullying and analyzed based on speech categories. The results showed that cyberbullying was dominated by assertive (22 findings) and expressive (14 data) speech, with the category of insults as the main instrument of verbal attack. The dominance of assertive speech and expressive insults proves that the perpetrator consciously uses statements to demean people with disabilities, either through derogatory jokes or with explicit intent to insult. These findings confirm that language in the digital space not only serves as a means of communication, but can also be an instrument of symbolic violence that impacts the dignity of the individual. This research is expected to contribute to the development of forensic linguistic studies and become the basis for efforts to prevent and handle cyberbullying against vulnerable groups on social media.

The practice of bullying is an act of exercising dominance to inflict harm upon others through verbal abuse, physical violence, or psychological pressure, which ultimately leaves the victim in a state of depression and chronic helplessness. This concept is derived from the English term "bull," representing an animal that strikes out unpredictably. In an etymological sense, it refers to individuals who target the vulnerable. Perpetrators, known as bullies, operate under the assumption that they possess the power to control their victims, who feel permanently intimidated and weak. The primary goal of this particular initiative is to equip students with a deep awareness regarding the necessity of helping one another and fostering genuine care within their community. Furthermore, it seeks to prevent the occurrence of bullying behaviors, considering that such toxic actions result in detrimental impacts that affect not only the victims and the perpetrators but also the entire social fabric of the institution.

This research was conducted with the aim o modifying the behavior o children who are prepetratorso bullying at Tapak Suci Putera Muhammadiyah Jagakarsa, through group counseling methods using role playing techniques. The role playing technique is used as an effort to modify the behavior of children by exchanging roles between the bullying perpetrator and the bullying vicim, through this role exchange, which will directly build a sense of empathy for the children involved in bullying behavior. The research method used in this study is qualitative with a descriptive technique, in which all observations and research result will be explained in written form. The background of this study contains information on how the role playing technique in group counseling produces the growth of empathy in children who are perpetrators of bullying, so that with the formation of empathetic emotions, the bullying children at Tapak Suci Putera Muhammadiyah Jagakarsa can control themselves, leading to the realization of efforts to modify such behavior. The result of this study is that behavior modification using the group counseling methods with role playing techniques for children who engage in bullying was successful and optimal in changing the children’s bullying behavior into empathy and respect for others. Thereore, behavior modification using group counseling methods and role playing techniques for elementary school children has a positive and very effective impact in providing enlightenment on problematic behaviors in their social environment. 

Bullying among adolescents is an aggressive behavior carried out intentionally, repeatedly, and involving an imbalance of power between the perpetrator and the victim. This phenomenon is an important issue because it can affect adolescents’ psychological well-being, social relationships, and academic achievement in both the short and long term. This study uses a literature review method by collecting and analyzing recent national and international studies regarding the causes, forms, and impacts of bullying. The findings indicate that bullying is influenced by internal factors, such as low empathy, poor self-control, negative self-concept, and the desire for social recognition. In addition, external factors also contribute, including parenting styles, peer influence, unfavorable school climate, and the development of social media that increases the risk of cyberbullying. The impacts of bullying are experienced not only by victims, who may suffer from low self-esteem, anxiety, depression, and social withdrawal, but also by perpetrators, who are at risk of developing persistent aggressive behavior and reduced empathy. Therefore, cooperation among families, schools, and communities is needed to prevent and address bullying effectively.

The development of digital technology and artificial intelligence (AI) has increased youth interaction in cyberspace, while also elevating the risk of digital crimes, both as perpetrators and victims. This community service program AIms to strengthen legal awareness and AI-based self-protection skills among students of SMKN 1 Kaligondang, \Purbalingga Regency. The implementation methods include interactive workshops, digital security trAIning, case simulations, and the use of a mini AI assistant as a preventive educational tool. Evaluation was conducted through pre-test and post-test assessments, participatory observation, and participant reflection. The results indicate an improvement in participants’ understanding of digital law, particularly regarding the provisions of the Law on Electronic Information and Transactions and its relevance to the Indonesian Criminal Code. In addition, participants’ technical skills in securing digital accounts, identifying phishing attempts, and responding to cyber risks have also improved. The use of AI has proven to enhance participation and contextual understanding. Overall, the program is effective in fostering legal awareness, improving digital protection capabilities, and shaping responsible behavior in cyberspace.

Human Trafficking (TPPO) has undergone a significant transformation in its modus operandi alongside the massive use of information technology, giving rise to the phenomenon of cyber-recruitment within the online scam industry. This study aims to analyze the juridical construction of the criminal elements in the cyber-recruitment modus operandi based on Law Number 21 of 2007, and to evaluate the potential disharmony of norms between the TPPO regulation and the Electronic Information and Transactions Law (UU ITE) regarding the regulation of digital evidence. The research method employed is normative legal research with a statutory approach and a conceptual approach. The results indicate that, dogmatically, the elements of TPPO—comprising the process of virtual recruitment, the means of fraudulent job promises, and the purpose of digital forced labor exploitation—under Law No. 21 of 2007 remain relevant for prosecuting cyber-recruitment perpetrators, although it demands a broader legal interpretation of cyberspace realities. However, legal certainty issues were found due to the lack of synchronicity in the regulation of digital evidence, where differences in procedures and qualifications exist between electronic evidence in the TPPO Law and the evidentiary standards in the UU ITE, which are volatile in nature. The implications of this research conclude the need for regulatory synchronization through the establishment of technical guidelines for handling TPPO-specific electronic evidence to provide a solid legal foundation for law enforcement agencies. This step is crucial to overcome cross-border jurisdictional obstacles and to ensure substantive justice and comprehensive protection of victims' rights in the digital era.

This research is motivated by the existence of customary law as  a living law that is constitutionally  recognized and applied by the Dayak Bahau Community in Keliwai Village in solving the crime of theft. This practice prioritizes local wisdom and social balance through  the Antang and Mekau customary fine mechanism  as an alternative settlement outside the formal state criminal justice system. However, there are legal issues regarding the effectiveness of sanctions in providing a deterrent effect and protecting the rights of victims, especially vulnerable groups such as people with disabilities. The research uses socio-legal research methods  with a qualitative approach through in-depth interviews with traditional chiefs, victims' families, and community leaders. The results of the study show that the implementation of Antang (large urns) and Mekau (small urns) customary fines is carried out through customary deliberations led by the Customary Chief by involving the perpetrators, victims, and families. Philosophically, these fines function as a symbol of "village cleansing" (Ngaping Umaq) to restore the disturbed cosmic balance. Socially, this mechanism has proven to be effective in resolving conflicts and maintaining community harmony. However, the effectiveness of customary fines in terms of restoring victims' rights is considered not optimal. In certain cases, there is a significant gap between the value of the fine imposed and the real material losses suffered by the victim, so that the goal of restorative justice has not been fully achieved for the victim.

This study aims to analyze the impact of bullying on adolescents’ mental health through a literature review. The method used is a literature review, which involves the collection and analysis of various relevant scientific articles published in the last five years.  Data were obtained from journals and related scientific works, then systematically analyzed to identify patterns of association between bullying and adolescents’ mental health. The results of the review indicate that the majority of studies reveal a negative impact of bullying on mental health, such as the emergence of anxiety, depression, stress, low self-esteem, and difficulties in social interaction. However, some studies found that this relationship was not statistically significant, suggesting the role of other factors, such as social support, family circumstances, and an individual’s ability to cope with stress. In addition to affecting victims, bullying also impacts perpetrators and bystanders, making it a complex phenomenon. Therefore, comprehensive prevention and intervention efforts are needed through collaboration between schools, families, and the community.

The principle of the presumption of innocence is a fundamental principle in criminal law that aims to protect the rights of suspects from the beginning of the legal process. This principle is enshrined in the 1945 Constitution and regulated in Article 8 of Law Number 8 of 1981 concerning the Criminal Procedure Code (KUHAP), which states that a person cannot be considered guilty unless a court decision with permanent legal force declares them guilty. The application of this principle at every stage of examination (investigation, prosecution, and trial) is crucial to ensuring the protection of the rights of perpetrators (suspects or defendants) and preventing the abuse of power that may harm individuals who have not been proven guilty. This research focuses on examining the consequences of violations of this principle in investigations and the protection of suspects’ rights within the criminal justice system, along with efforts to prevent such violations. The method used is a literature review with a juridical-normative approach. The findings indicate frequent neglect of the presumption of innocence, leading to human rights violations. To prevent this, stricter supervision by external monitoring bodies, such as the National Commission on Human Rights, is necessary to safeguard the rights of suspects.

This study aims to analyze the criminal liability of perpetrators with intellectual disabilities in child molestation crimes according to Indonesian criminal law. The background of this study arises from the complexity of child molestation cases involving perpetrators with intellectual disabilities, where the ability to understand and control actions is an important factor in determining criminal liability. This study uses a normative legal method with a statutory and conceptual approach, and collects data through literature review from primary and secondary legal sources. The results of the study indicate that perpetrators with mild intellectual disabilities can still be held criminally responsible with certain considerations, while perpetrators with severe disabilities are more appropriately subject to treatment rather than criminal penalties. Article 44 of the Criminal Code serves as the primary basis in determining the perpetrator's liability status. This study emphasizes the importance of a balance between victim protection and fair treatment of perpetrators, as well as the involvement of experts in the legal process. The research findings emphasize that criminal law does not only focus on imposing sanctions, but also takes into account the perpetrator's condition so that justice can be achieved proportionally. The implications of this study are the need for clear guidelines for law enforcement and public education regarding intellectual disabilities to reduce negative stigma.

The development of financial technology has led to the emergence of cryptocurrency as a decentralized digital instrument that enables fast and cross-border financial transactions. While this technology offers efficiency and flexibility in digital financial activities, it also creates opportunities for misuse in various forms of crime, including terrorist financing. This study aims to analyze the use of cryptocurrency as a means of financing terrorist activities in Indonesia, examine the existing legal framework governing terrorist financing, and identify the challenges faced in law enforcement. This research employs a normative legal method using statutory, conceptual, and case study approaches. The findings indicate that the use of cryptocurrency as a medium for terrorist financing still fulfills the elements of a criminal offense as regulated under Law Number 9 of 2013 concerning the Prevention and Eradication of Terrorism Financing. However, the characteristics of cryptocurrency, such as anonymity, decentralization, and cross-border transactions, create significant challenges in the processes of evidence gathering, transaction tracing, and identification of perpetrators. In addition, there is a regulatory gap between the recognition of crypto assets as economic commodities and the supervision of their potential misuse for terrorist financing. Therefore, stronger regulations are needed to explicitly integrate crypto assets into the terrorist financing prevention regime, along with improving the capacity of law enforcement agencies in blockchain transaction analysis and strengthening international cooperation to enhance the effectiveness of law enforcement in the digital economy era.

Restorative Justice in the Perspective of Modern Criminal Law: Challenges and Regulatory Reforms in Indonesia by a retributive approach that emphasizes punishing the offender as a form of retribution. However, this approach is considered unable to provide comprehensive justice, especially for the victims, and is not effective in resolving the social conflicts caused by criminal acts. Therefore, the concept of restorative justice has emerged as a new paradigm that emphasizes the restoration of victim losses, the responsibility of the perpetrator, and community involvement in the resolution of cases. This research aims to analyze the concept and theoretical foundations of restorative justice, its implementation in the criminal justice system in Indonesia, as well as the challenges and the need for regulatory renewal. The research method used is normative legal research with a legislative and conceptual approach, supported by secondary data as the main source. The research results show that restorative justice has been regulated in various sectoral regulations, such as Police Regulation Number 8 of 2021, Attorney General Regulation Number 15 of 2020, Law Number 11 of 2012, and Supreme Court Regulation Number 1 of 2024. However, the regulations are still partial and not integrated into a comprehensive legal framework, leading to differences in understanding and application among law enforcement officials. Therefore, the establishment of a specific law on restorative justice is necessary to ensure legal certainty, uniform application, and to create a more humane, just, and recovery-oriented criminal justice system.