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Hypothermia during surgery is a common occurrence among pediatric patients due to their immature thermoregulation system, higher body surface area-to-weight ratio, and thinner subcutaneous fat layer. This condition can lead to several complications, including increased bleeding, coagulation disorders, surgical wound infections, and delayed healing. Prevention strategies include active and passive warming methods. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of active and passive warming in preventing intraoperative hypothermia in pediatric patients. A scoping review approach was applied to interpret the evidence based on predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria, followed by data exploration, analysis, and synthesis of findings. The results indicate that active warming methods—such as forced-air warming, blanket warming, and warmed intravenous fluids—are more effective than passive warming in maintaining normothermia during surgery. Moreover, combining both approaches provides optimal prevention against hypothermia. Overall, active warming plays a vital role in stabilizing body temperature and enhancing patient safety during pediatric surgery. Therefore, its implementation should be considered a standard practice in perioperative nursing care.

Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) is a multidisciplinary, evidence-based perioperative care approach designed to minimize the stress response to surgery, preserve organ function, and improve clinical outcomes. A substantial body of evidence has demonstrated that implementing ERAS protocols in elective procedures not only accelerates patient recovery but also reduces healthcare costs. Surgery, one of the most commonly performed medical interventions worldwide particularly major procedures such as abdominal and colorectal surgery carries a high risk of postoperative complications. These complications contribute to increased morbidity, mortality, and economic burden for both patients and healthcare systems. This situation presents a particular challenge in the era of universal health coverage, which demands efficiency in terms of time, cost, and resource utilization. ERAS implementation has been proven to enhance postoperative recovery, shorten hospital stays, and expedite the return of normal physiological function compared to conventional surgical care, especially in lower abdominal surgeries and colorectal resections. A literature review was conducted by searching relevant articles through Google Scholar using inclusion criteria such as publications from 2018 onwards, focused on ERAS in abdominal surgery, full-text availability, and academic journal sources. The data were analyzed using a matrix table comparing research methods, study populations, research locations, and reported outcomes. ERAS protocols have shown to be effective in abdominal surgical procedures for improving patient recovery and reducing postoperative complications.

The use of Kolcaba's theory of comfort is easy to apply in the perioperative field and is useful for addressing a variety of patient comfort needs. Fulfillment of holistic comfort through indicators of relief (freedom), ease (calmness), transcendence (happiness). This literature review was carried out by collecting articles and textbooks from databases such as Proquest, Scient Direct, Google Search, Google Scholar. The search was carried out using the keywords "Comfort", "Katherin Kolcaba", "Nurse" and "Perioperative". The selected article focuses on Katharine Kolcaba's practice theory of Comfort in Perioperative Care. The results of the study show that the theory of comfort is very helpful in providing nursing care for perioperative patients, through feeling comfortable facilitating the emergence of synergistic, multidimensional, organismal responses that can influence the healing process. So that the theory of comfort is highly recommended in providing nursing interventions for perioperative patients. Nursing interventions in the four holistic contexts lead to various ways to help patients find relief, serenity or transcendence. Using comfort theory can assist nurses in assessing and identifying patient needs and in providing nursing interventions.

Cholelithiasis or gallstones are pieces of solid material that form in the gallbladder. Gallstone disease or cholelithiasis is often found in various countries, including Indonesia. One of the collaborative actions to overcome the problem of cholelithiasis is cholecytectomy surgery. This case study aims to determine the application of perioperative care in patients with a diagnosis of cholelithiasis by laparotomy for cholecystectomy. The method in this study was a case study in cholelithiasis patients by providing intervention and care at the pre-operative, intra-operative and post-operative stages. The results of this case study indicate that the application of perioperative care by intervening reduces preoperative anxiety, controls bleeding and controls infection during surgery, prevents falls and reduces postoperative pain. It can be concluded that the application of perioperative care as an action performed by operating room nurses as well as surgeons and anesthesiologists in order to prepare patients for surgery with the aim of ensuring intraoperative patient safety. For health workers, both doctors and nurses, they always provide education related to a healthy lifestyle. Nurses monitor perioperative patients, educate patients and provide nursing care. In addition, it also informs the team about changes in patient status, and evaluates post-surgery.