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School snacks are one of the food sources commonly consumed by elementary school children; however, they are at risk of microbiological contamination if not properly managed. One of the pathogenic bacteria that can contaminate food is Salmonella, which can cause diarrheal disease. This study aimed to analyze hygiene and sanitation factors of food handlers on Salmonella bacterial contamination in pentol snacks at elementary schools in Palang District, Tuban Regency. This study used an observational analytic design with a cross-sectional approach. The sample consisted of 20 pentol vendors and 20 pentol snack samples. Data were collected through observation using a hygiene and sanitation checklist and laboratory examination to detect the presence of Salmonella bacteria. Data analysis was initially planned using the Chi-square test; however, due to homogeneous results, the analysis was conducted descriptively. The results showed that most vendors had good hygiene and sanitation (85%) and sufficient (15%). Laboratory examination results showed that all pentol snack samples (100%) were negative for Salmonella bacteria. In conclusion, pentol snacks at elementary schools in Palang District were microbiologically safe from Salmonella contamination.

Objective: Autoimmune diseases are complex disorders that arise when the immune system loses tolerance to self-antigens, leading to chronic inflammation and tissue damage. To understand disease pathogenesis and to evaluate therapeutic efficacy, animal models are widely used in autoimmune research. This review aims to analyze various types of animal models employed in studies of autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), and multiple sclerosis (MS), with a particular focus on reproducibility and clinical applicability. Methods: This study was conducted through the selection and analysis of scientific literature published over the last ten years (2015–2025), using specific keywords including “clinical application,” “autoimmunity,” “animal models,” “humanized mice,” “lupus,” “rheumatoid arthritis,” “reproducibility,” and “translational research.” Literature searches were performed in major databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Scopus. Results: Spontaneous models, such as NOD and MRL/lpr mice, exhibit close resemblance to human disease pathogenesis but are influenced by strain variability and environmental factors. Induced models, including collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), allow greater control over disease onset but do not fully capture the clinical complexity observed in humans. Humanized models demonstrate high translational relevance; however, their use is constrained by high costs and technical limitations. Conclusion: No single animal model is universally ideal for studying autoimmune diseases. Model selection should be based on biological relevance, reproducibility of outcomes, and the potential for clinical translation in autoimmune disease research.

Entrepreneurial leadership has become a crucial competency in higher education institutions seeking to adapt to rapid environmental changes and increasing global competition. This study explores how innovation behavior and dynamic capabilities among lecturers contribute to fostering entrepreneurial leadership within universities. Specifically, it investigates the mediating role of dynamic capabilities in the relationship between innovation behaviour and entrepreneurial leadership. Using a quantitative research design, data were collected through a cross-sectional survey of 85 lecturers at Universitas Duta Bangsa Surakarta. Path analysis and the Sobel test were used to examine both direct and indirect effects. The results reveal that innovation behaviour significantly influences both dynamic capabilities and entrepreneurial leadership. Moreover, dynamic capabilities partially mediate the relationship between innovation behaviour  and entrepreneurial leadership, highlighting their strategic role in enhancing institutional adaptability and innovation. These findings underscore the importance of cultivating innovation behaviour and developing dynamic capabilities among academic staff to promote entrepreneurial leadership. This research provides theoretical, managerial, and policy implications for university governance, emphasizing the need for supportive environments that encourage innovation and continuous development of academic competencies

This study aims to examine the effect of liquidity, company growth, and company size on firm value, with profitability as a mediating variable. These three independent variables are seen as internal factors that, theoretically, can influence firm value, both directly and indirectly through financial performance. This study employs a quantitative approach, using multiple linear regression analysis, path analysis, and Sobel tests to examine the mediation effect. The results show that liquidity has a significant effect on profitability, while growth and company size do not have a significant impact. Furthermore, the findings indicate that liquidity, growth, and company size do not directly affect firm value. However, profitability was found to significantly influence firm value and can mediate the relationship between liquidity and firm value. In contrast, profitability does not mediate the effect of growth or company size on firm value. These findings contribute to understanding the importance of profitability as a factor influencing firm value and provide insights into how internal company factors affect financial performance and firm value.

Palgunadi Selatan Village, RT 07/RW 05, Bulu Lor Subdistrict, North Semarang, possesses distinctive local potential in the form of community-based grape cultivation. However, this potential has not yet been systematically integrated into spatial and environmental planning at the neighborhood scale. This community service program aims to identify local potential and environmental constraints, formulate a design concept for a grape-based thematic village, and strengthen collaboration between residents, universities, and local stakeholders. The implementation method employs field observation, identification of potential and problems, environmental analysis, participatory discussions with the  community, and formulation of a spatial design concept. The results of the program are presented in the form of a conceptual design for the Grape-Based Thematic Village along Palgunadi Selatan Street, which includes gateway elements, pedestrian pathways, communal seating areas, pergola systems for grape cultivation, neighborhood bridges, vertical planting systems, and security posts. This design concept enhances environmental quality, strengthens the visual identity of the neighborhood, and creates opportunities for community-based economic activities and educational tourism. Furthermore, the program contributes to increased community awareness and participation in environmentally responsive and locally based neighborhood development, supporting the realization of a more organized, attractive, productive, and sustainable urban settlement.

Tilapia Lake Virus (TiLV) is an RNA pathogen that causes high mortality rates in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), posing a major threat to global aquaculture. This study aimed to detect the presence of TiLV in tilapia populations in East Kalimantan Province, Indonesia, using the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) method. A total of 60 tilapia samples were collected from three main aquaculture areas: Kutai Kartanegara, Samarinda, and Penajam Paser Utara. Molecular analysis revealed that one sample from Penajam Paser Utara was positive for TiLV, with an overall prevalence of 5%, while all samples from other sites tested negative. This finding indicates that TiLV has been molecularly detected in East Kalimantan, albeit at a low prevalence. The overall prevalence of TiLV infection in East Kalimantan was 1.67%. The results provide important baseline data for strengthening disease surveillance, biosecurity implementation, and the development of preventive strategies in tilapia aquaculture systems in Indonesia.