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The purpose of the study was to analyze the legality and limits of police repressive actions against protests that resulted in riots. This type of research is normative legal research with a legislative approach, a case approach and a conceptual approach. The analysis used in this study is an analytical descriptive technique. The results of the research show that the law is always used as a guideline in limiting all citizens' behavior to stay on the right path. Protests often lead to riots, destruction of public facilities, attacks on officers, and violations of public order, so that there is a criminal threat for protesters who do not maintain order and security. The regulation of police repressive actions in protests that result in chaos still needs special refinement in the context of protests, among which the substance of repressive actions must also harmonize technological developments and digitalization in security maintenance. The rules need to be updated by adding objective indicators of threats, public accountability mechanisms, transparent documentation obligations, measurable proportionality standards, and room for recovery for victims of abuse of power.

This article explores the concept and implementation of restorative justice in Indonesia, an approach currently at a crucial crossroads within the criminal justice system. Rather than solely focusing on punishment, restorative justice offers a path towards repairing relationships between victims, offenders, and the community, seeking solutions oriented around conflict resolution. Through comprehensive analysis, this paper identifies the philosophical foundations and regulations supporting the adoption of restorative justice, while dissecting the dynamics of its application across various levels of legal processes in Indonesia. However, this noble endeavor is not without its challenges, ranging from institutional resistance and uneven understanding to harmonization with the conventional criminal law framework. Behind every case lies a human story yearning for more substantive justice. Therefore, this article argues that the success of restorative justice does not merely lie in its legal umbrella, but in our ability to understand and embrace the human dimension in every dispute resolution process. Consequently, this paper recommends adaptive and collaborative strategies to strengthen the role of restorative justice, ensuring it can guide our criminal justice system towards a more just and dignified future for all parties.

This article explores the concept and implementation of restorative justice in Indonesia, an approach currently at a crucial crossroads within the criminal justice system. Rather than solely focusing on punishment, restorative justice offers a path towards repairing relationships between victims, offenders, and the community, seeking solutions oriented around conflict resolution. Through comprehensive analysis, this paper identifies the philosophical foundations and regulations supporting the adoption of restorative justice, while dissecting the dynamics of its application across various levels of legal processes in Indonesia. However, this noble endeavor is not without its challenges, ranging from institutional resistance and uneven understanding to harmonization with the conventional criminal law framework. Behind every case lies a human story yearning for more substantive justice. Therefore, this article argues that the success of restorative justice does not merely lie in its legal umbrella, but in our ability to understand and embrace the human dimension in every dispute resolution process. Consequently, this paper recommends adaptive and collaborative strategies to strengthen the role of restorative justice, ensuring it can guide our criminal justice system towards a more just and dignified future for all parties.

Unregistered marriage (nikah siri) in Indonesia refers to marriages conducted in accordance with Islamic religious law but not officially recorded by the state. This legal gap creates significant challenges, particularly concerning the legal status of wives, children, and marital property. This study employs a normative juridical research methodology to examine the legal consequences of unregistered marriages on the positions of wives, children, and property, as well as to analyze the forms of legal protection available for children born from such marriages. The findings reveal that wives in unregistered marriages lack legal protection comparable to those in registered marriages, including rights to marital property, alimony, and inheritance. Children born from these unions initially possess legal relationships only with their mothers and maternal families. However, Constitutional Court Decision No. 46/PUU-VIII/2010 established a legal pathway for children to establish civil relationships with their biological fathers through scientific evidence such as DNA testing. Despite this judicial development, practical implementation faces considerable obstacles including evidentiary difficulties, social stigma, and limited access to legal remedies. This research concludes that active state intervention and institutional support remain essential to safeguard children's fundamental rights, including identity, inheritance, and protection from legal and social discrimination.