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The Free Nutritious Meal Program (MBG) is a national priority program aimed at improving students’ nutritional status as part of efforts to enhance the quality of human resources. The success of this program is determined not only by nutritional fulfillment but also by the quality of governance in its implementation. This study aims to analyze the application of Good Governance principles in the Free Nutritious Meal Program at SMP Negeri 13 Surabaya. A qualitative method with a case study approach was employed. Data were collected through observation, interviews, documentation, and document analysis involving students, parents, teachers, and personnel from the Jemur Wonosari 1 Nutrition Program Service Unit (SPPG). Data were analyzed using the Miles and Huberman interactive model, consisting of data condensation, data display, and conclusion drawing. The findings indicate that the implementation of the Free Nutritious Meal Program has reflected most Good Governance principles, particularly in terms of regulatory compliance, equitable service access, implementation effectiveness, and stakeholder coordination. However, improvements are still needed in beneficiary participation, information transparency, evaluation mechanisms, and program feedback systems. These findings provide important implications for strengthening the governance of the Free Nutritious Meal Program to become more participatory, transparent, accountable, and sustainable.

The quality of Catholic Religious Education learning is an important aspect in shaping students’ faith, character, knowledge, and religious life skills. However, the learning process at SMK Negeri 1 Talibura still faces various challenges, particularly in the areas of spiritual attitudes, social attitudes, Catholic religious knowledge, and religious life skills. This study aims to describe the implementation of the Independent Learning Curriculum (Merdeka Belajar Curriculum) and its contribution to improving the quality of Catholic Religious Education learning at SMK Negeri 1 Talibura. The research employed a qualitative approach with a descriptive research design. Data were collected through observations, interviews, and documentation involving the principal, Catholic Religious Education teachers, students, and parents. Data analysis was conducted through data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. The results show that the implementation of the Independent Learning Curriculum has been carried out effectively through learning planning, learning implementation, learning assessment, and the Pancasila Student Profile Strengthening Project (P5). This implementation has had a positive impact on the learning process, outputs, and outcomes. Students demonstrated improvements in spiritual attitudes, social attitudes, Catholic religious knowledge, and religious life skills, as well as positive behavioral changes in their daily lives. The findings imply that the Independent Learning Curriculum can serve as an effective strategy for improving the quality of Catholic Religious Education learning in a holistic manner.

This study aims to analyze normatively and juridically whether students in private schools are entitled to free basic education based on the Constitutional Court Decision Number 3/PUU-XXII/2024. Prior to this decision, the phrase “without charging fees” in Article 34 paragraph (2) of Law Number 20 of 2003 on the National Education System was often interpreted narrowly, applying only to public schools. This interpretation created discrimination in access to education for students in private schools, particularly those from low-income families. This research employs a normative juridical method with a statute approach and case approach. Primary legal materials include the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia, Law Number 20 of 2003 on the National Education System, and Constitutional Court Decision Number 3/PUU-XXII/2024. Secondary legal materials consist of relevant scholarly literature, books, and journals. The analysis reveals that the Constitutional Court declared Article 34 paragraph (2) of the National Education System Law conditionally unconstitutional. The phrase must be interpreted to mean that the Central and Regional Governments are obliged to guarantee the implementation of compulsory basic education without charging fees, both for educational units organized by the government (public schools) and by the community (private schools). Consequently, students in private schools have the right to obtain free basic education as a constitutional right. Private schools are still permitted to charge fees from financially capable parents, but they are obligated to provide financial relief or full fee waivers for students from economically disadvantaged families. This decision has significant juridical implications for national education financing policy, particularly the need to revise derivative regulations and allocate School Operational Assistance (BOS) and Regional BOS funds to eligible private schools. This study complements previous research, which was largely empirical and regional in scope, by providing a comprehensive national normative juridical analysis.

This study examines how parents can serve as role models in fostering the spiritual growth of their adolescents. Parents play a fundamental role in shaping their children's character and faith by providing positive examples that adolescents can imitate in their daily lives. Spiritual growth during adolescence is particularly important because it serves as a strong foundation for their future faith, values, and moral development. The purpose of this study is to explore how parental role modeling influences adolescents' spiritual growth. This research employed a qualitative methodology using a library research approach. Relevant books, journal articles, theological literature, and other scholarly references were analyzed to examine theories and concepts related to parental roles and adolescent spiritual formation. The findings indicate that effective parental role modeling is demonstrated through words, behavior, love, faithfulness, integrity, and purity, which encourage adolescents to develop a deeper relationship with God and practice Christian values consistently. The study concludes that parents should actively model faith in everyday life as an essential part of educating their adolescents. By becoming living examples of Christian values, parents can significantly contribute to nurturing adolescents' spiritual maturity and strengthening their commitment to a lifelong life of faith.

Traditional wedding rituals constitute intangible cultural heritage rich in symbolic meaning, serving to strengthen social solidarity and transmit cultural values. The massive penetration of modernization and digitalization has created new pressures for the Bugis-Makassar community in maintaining this heritage. This study analyzes the transformation of Bugis-Makassar traditional wedding rituals in South Sulawesi within the digital era context, focusing on how the community negotiates their cultural identity between the forces of tradition and modernity. Using a critical ethnographic approach with a multiple case study design grounded in Bhabha's concept of the third space, the study involved 42 informants from three groups: young couples (digital generation, aged 22–35), parents/family (middle generation, 40–60), and customary elders (to panrita lopi/bissu, 65+) in Makassar City, Bone Regency, and Wajo Regency. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, participant observation in 12 wedding ceremonies, and social media content analysis. Results reveal three main transformation patterns: (1) digital spectacularization—rituals adapted for social media consumption; (2) reflective selectivity—young couples actively choosing which traditional elements to retain; and (3) procedural hybridization—the integration of customary procedures with contemporary elements. These transformations are colored by intergenerational contestation that generally ends in compromise between demands for customary completeness and the aesthetic preferences of the younger generation. The study concludes that this transformation is not merely a loss of tradition, but a creative form of identity negotiation in which the Bugis-Makassar community actively reconstructs the meaning of siri' (self-esteem/dignity) and pesse (solidarity) within the changed socio-cultural landscape. The findings imply the need for cultural preservation policies that understand change as inherent to living culture, and open avenues for longitudinal studies on the intergenerational transmission of cultural values.

Child support rights after divorce constitute a fundamental right that must be protected to ensure children's welfare and development. However, many children do not receive adequate financial support because parents, particularly fathers, fail to fulfill their obligations after divorce. This study aims to analyze the legal regulation of child support rights after divorce and examine the legal protection available when these rights are neglected. The research employs normative legal research using statutory and conceptual approaches. Legal materials were collected through library research, including legislation, legal literature, scholarly journals, and relevant court decisions. The findings show that Indonesian law provides a comprehensive legal framework through the Marriage Law, the Child Protection Law, and the Compilation of Islamic Law, all of which affirm that divorce does not terminate parental responsibilities. Under Islamic law, the obligation to provide child support remains with the father. Legal protection is available through civil and criminal mechanisms, including enforcement claims and criminal liability for child abandonment. However, weak law enforcement, limited supervision of court decisions, and low legal awareness continue to hinder effective protection. Strengthening enforcement, increasing legal awareness, and enhancing state involvement are essential to ensure the fulfillment of child support rights after divorce.

Dental caries is one of the most common oral health problems among young children. Preschool-aged children are highly dependent on their parents, especially mothers, for dental health care. A mother's level of knowledge is expected to influence the incidence of caries in children. Purpose: This study aims to determine the relationship between maternal knowledge and the incidence of dental caries among children at Qalby Play School, Bogor Regency. Method: This research employed a cross-sectional design with an analytic survey approach. The population consisted of all mothers and their children at Qalby Play School, totaling 30 participants, selected using total sampling. Data were collected using questionnaires to assess maternal knowledge and odontogram sheets to measure caries incidence. Data were analyzed using univariate and bivariate analysis with the Chi-square test. Result: The results showed a significant relationship between maternal knowledge and the incidence of dental caries in children, with a p-value 0,047 < 0,05. Conclusion: There is a statistically significant relationship between maternal knowledge and the incidence of dental caries in children. Therefore, it is important for parents, especially mothers, to pay close attention to their children's oral health by ensuring proper and regular tooth brushing and scheduling dental check- ups every six months.

Cognitive development is an important aspect of early childhood growth because it forms the foundation for children’s abilities to think, remember, understand concepts, solve problems, and make decisions. Early childhood is often referred to as the golden age since development occurs very rapidly during this period, requiring appropriate stimulation from the surrounding environment, particularly the family. In this context, parents play a crucial role through the parenting styles they apply in daily life. This study aims to examine the relationship between parenting styles and early childhood cognitive development based on findings from previous research. The method used is a narrative review by analyzing relevant scholarly articles published between 2020 and 2026. Articles that met the inclusion criteria were then analyzed descriptively to identify the relationship between parenting styles and children’s cognitive development. The results of the review of 15 selected articles indicate that there is a significant relationship between parenting styles and early childhood cognitive development. Authoritative parenting emerged as the most consistently positive style, characterized by effective communication, emotional support, balanced supervision, and opportunities for children to develop independent thinking skills. Other factors, such as parents’ educational level, involvement in children’s learning activities, and a supportive learning environment, also contribute to cognitive development. In conclusion, authoritative parenting is considered the most effective approach in supporting optimal cognitive development in early childhood.

Package C equivalency education is a strategic non-formal education policy designed to provide senior secondary education access for citizens who are not served by the formal schooling system. This study evaluates the implementation of the Package C Equivalency Education Policy at the Non-Formal Education Unit Sanggar Kegiatan Belajar in Batudaa District, Gorontalo Regency, Indonesia. The study addresses the gap between the policy objective of expanding equitable access to secondary education and the practical constraints found in local implementation. Using a qualitative evaluative case study design, the research applies the Context, Input, Process, and Product evaluation model. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, observation, and document analysis involving program managers, tutors, learners, parents, alumni, and non-formal education supervisors. The findings show that the policy is contextually relevant to learners who face economic barriers, employment demands, age constraints, and limited access to formal schooling. However, input capacity remains insufficient due to limited tutor availability, inadequate andragogical competence, insufficient learning media, and learning modules that are not yet fully contextualized. The process dimension reveals inconsistent learning schedules, lecture-dominated instruction, weak adult-learning practices, and suboptimal monitoring. Product evaluation indicates positive outcomes in graduation, academic confidence, and access to administrative requirements for work or further study, but practical skills and socio-economic impacts remain limited. The study concludes that Package C policy implementation requires stronger socialization, tutor capacity development, contextual learning resources, flexible learning management, and local policy support to generate sustainable public value.

This study aims to analyze the role of Christian Religious Education (CRE) teachers as counselors in shaping students’ social behavior amid increasing behavioral deviations such as bullying, violence, misuse of social media, and low tolerance. These phenomena are influenced by internal factors such as emotional instability and identity formation, as well as external factors including family, environment, and digital culture. This research employs a descriptive qualitative method using a library research approach by collecting data from books, scholarly journals, and relevant documents. The findings reveal that CRE teachers play a strategic role not only as educators but also as counselors who accompany students holistically, covering spiritual, moral, emotional, and social aspects. The counseling role performed by CRE teachers includes modeling behavior, mediating conflicts, strengthening self-control, providing social support, and building empathetic relationships with students. Through this approach, students undergo a process of internalizing Christian values such as love, forgiveness, responsibility, and tolerance, which contribute to the development of positive social behavior. Furthermore, collaboration among teachers, parents, and the community serves as a supporting factor in successful character formation. Therefore, the role of CRE teachers as counselors is proven to be effective in shaping students’ social behavior in accordance with moral, social, and religious values, while contributing to the development of a generation with integrity and competitiveness.

Teachers, as professionals, play a crucial role in managing learning in the classroom. One essential skill that teachers must have is managerial skills, which involve organizing learning activities, setting up the learning environment, and applying suitable methods for learning tasks. In the context of differentiated learning focused on student needs, teacher managerial competence is vital for designing and managing instruction tailored to each student's requirements. Differentiated learning is an approach that emphasizes meeting the needs, interests, and learning styles of individual students. This study was conducted using a literature review method, drawing data from various sources including books, articles, and relevant previous research. The review shows that for successful differentiated learning, teachers need to implement managerial strategies for identifying students’ learning needs, managing content, processes, learning products, and conducting regular formative assessments. Furthermore, teachers must create an environment that supports the learning process through strong collaboration among students, between teachers and students, and with parents. Therefore, improving teacher managerial skills is one way to achieve inclusive learning and accommodate student diversity.

This study aims to analyze the role of parents in fostering adolescents' moral development and to identify the supporting and inhibiting factors in this process in Karya Jaya Village, Buton Regency. This research is motivated by the importance of adolescence as a critical developmental stage that is highly vulnerable to environmental influences, thus requiring optimal moral guidance, especially from the family as the first and primary educational institution. This research employs a qualitative descriptive approach. The research subjects consist of 30 parents and adolescents selected through purposive sampling. Data collection techniques include observation, interviews, and documentation to obtain in-depth and comprehensive data. The data analysis technique uses the Miles and Huberman model, which consists of data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing. The results show that parents play a significant role in moral development through role modeling, habituation of moral and religious values, effective communication, and supervision of adolescents' behavior in daily life. Parental role modeling is a key factor in shaping adolescents’ moral behavior, as adolescents tend to imitate what they observe within the family environment. Supporting factors include harmonious family conditions, active parental involvement, and a positive social environment. Meanwhile, inhibiting factors include parents' busyness, lack of supervision, and the influence of technology and peer environment. Therefore, the role of parents is crucial in shaping positive moral behavior among adolescents.

Balanced nutrition intake is an important factor in supporting the performance of young athletes, especially during the growth period that requires optimal nutrition for intense physical activity. However, the lack of nutritional knowledge among parents of young athletes often leads to nutritional imbalances that have a negative impact on athlete health and performance. This study aims to measure the effect of balanced nutrition education on improving the knowledge and attitudes of parents of athletes at the Kancil Mas Football School (SSB), Karawang. The method used was a quasi-experiment with a pre-test and post-test design involving 20 respondents who were parents of U-13 athletes. Education was provided in the form of direct counseling sessions and group discussions, which were supplemented with supporting materials such as leaflets. The Wilcoxon signed rank test was used to analyze changes in parental knowledge and attitude scores before and after the intervention. The results of the analysis showed a significant increase in parents' understanding and positive attitudes towards balanced nutrition after education (p < 0.05). The results showed a significant increase in the level of parents' understanding and positive attitudes towards nutrition after the education intervention. These findings highlight the importance of active parental involvement in ensuring that young athletes' nutritional needs are met, as well as providing a basis for developing nutrition education programs in other sports schools.

This study discusses inclusive education in Early Childhood Education from the perspective of Mel Ainscow. Inclusive education is an educational approach that provides equal learning opportunities for all children without discrimination, including those with diverse learning needs. The purpose of this study is to describe the concept of inclusive education according to Mel Ainscow and to analyze its implementation in the development of early childhood education. This research employs a qualitative approach using library research methods. The data were collected from various written sources, including books, scientific journals, research articles, and documents related to inclusive education and early childhood education. Documentation techniques were used for data collection, while the data were analyzed through content analysis. The findings reveal that according to Mel Ainscow, inclusive education is a continuous process aimed at increasing the participation of all learners and reducing barriers to learning within educational environments. In the context of early childhood education, inclusive education can be implemented through flexible learning methods, child-friendly learning environments, and active collaboration between teachers and parents in supporting children’s development. The implementation of inclusive education also contributes positively to children’s social and emotional development, as they learn to respect diversity from an early age. However, several challenges remain, including limited facilities, insufficient teacher competence, and a lack of public understanding regarding inclusive education. Therefore, collaboration among schools, families, and the government is necessary to create an inclusive, equitable, and diversity-respecting early childhood education system.

Communication within the family, especially between parents and children, is an important foundation for the development of a child's personality, emotions, and social skills. The purpose of this writing is to identify the types of parental communication styles, analyze the factors that influence them, examine their impact on child development, and provide practical recommendations to improve the effectiveness of communication patterns within the family. The method used in writing this paper is a literature study. The discussion results show that there are three main types of parental communication styles: permissive, authoritarian, and democratic. The permissive style tends to give the child unlimited freedom, the authoritarian style emphasizes control and obedience, while the democratic style encourages openness and mutual respect. The choice of communication style is influenced by various factors such as educational background, culture, past experiences, and the socio-economic conditions of parents. Each communication style has a different impact on the emotional, social, and cognitive development of children. The democratic style is considered the most effective in optimally supporting child development. This article provides recommendations to parents to increase knowledge about dialogical-based parenting, practice assertive communication skills, give children space to express their opinions, and build a family culture that is open and mutually respectful.

Parental violence against children constitutes a serious violation of their human rights, as guaranteed by Article 5 of the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights and Article 19 of the 1989 Convention on the Rights of the Child. It is also contrary to Indonesia’s family law system, as set out in Law No. 35 of 2014 on Child Protection. This study aims to analyse the forms of such violence and formulate a holistic, restorative strategy to restore children’s human rights. Using a normative-empirical approach involving the analysis of legal documents, court rulings and 2023 data from the National Commission on Violence Against Women (Komnas Perempuan), which recorded 45,000 cases annually (60% of which involved parents as perpetrators), it was found that effective strategies include medical and psychological rehabilitation via P2TP2A and TF-CBT, and restorative justice through mediation under Supreme Court Regulation (Perma) No. 4 of 2019. Socio-economic support, such as the PKH programme, is also crucial. The main obstacles are patriarchal culture and a regulatory vacuum regarding the KHI. The conclusion emphasises the need for cross-sectoral commitment and makes recommendations including the introduction of mandatory parental counselling, prioritisation of court mediation, sub-district recovery units and large-scale public awareness campaigns. This study contributes to the strengthening of child protection within Indonesian family law.

This research was motivated by the importance of public relations management in building cooperation among schools, parents, and communities to support the improvement of educational quality in elementary schools. This study aimed to analyze public relations management in increasing parent and community participation in elementary schools. The research used a qualitative approach with a descriptive research design. Data collection techniques were conducted through interviews, observations, and documentation involving the principal, teachers, parents, and community members as informants. Data analysis was carried out through data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. The results showed that public relations management was implemented through direct communication in parent meetings, the use of digital media such as WhatsApp Groups, parental involvement in school activities, and collaboration with the community in supporting educational programs. Parent participation was reflected in mutual cooperation activities, assisting students’ learning, and supporting school programs. The obstacles found included parents’ limited time, low digital literacy among some parents, and the lack of optimal evaluation of school public relations programs. The implications of this study indicate that effective public relations management can increase parent and community involvement in supporting the educational process in elementary schools.

This research the development of a content-based website to overcome learning distractions from TikTok social media in Cuping Hamlet, Lamongan Regency. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of TikTok social media on children's learning interest and to develop a content-based website to address learning distractions from TikTok social media in Cuping Hamlet, Lamongan Regency. The method used was a quantitative method with a questionnaire technique distributed to 30 parents of children aged 6-12 years. The results showed a significance level of <0.05, indicating a significant negative effect between TikTok social media use and children's learning interest. Furthermore, the relationship between TikTok social media and learning interest was strong and in the opposite direction, with a correlation coefficient of -0.60.. This can be interpreted that the higher the level of TikTok social media use, the lower the child's interest in learning and vice versa. Furthermore, a content-based website has been successfully developed to address learning distractions from TikTok social media. The website development used Wix which contains the home page, about, research, publications, posts (interesting learning materials and videos), and contact.

The development of digital technology has brought about significant changes in various aspects of life, including early childhood faith education. Today’s children are growing up in an environment familiar with digital media, making it necessary to adopt a catechetical approach that keeps pace with the times. This article aims to examine the use of digital catechesis as a tool for early childhood faith education. This study employs a qualitative method with a literature review approach, gathering data from books, scientific journals, research articles, Church documents, and other relevant sources. The data is analyzed using descriptive-qualitative methods to understand the benefits, challenges, and role of digital catechesis in fostering children’s faith. Research findings indicate that digital catechesis can serve as an effective, engaging, and interactive medium for helping children learn about the teachings of the faith from an early age. The use of animated videos, religious songs, educational images, and learning apps can enhance children’s interest in learning, attention, and understanding of Catholic faith values. Furthermore, digital catechesis also assists the Church, families, and schools in providing faith education that is more contextual and aligned with the world of today’s children. However, the use of digital media still requires the guidance of parents, teachers, and faith mentors so that children receive proper direction and are protected from the negative impacts of technology. Thus, digital catechesis is a relevant tool in the faith education of young children when used wisely and purposefully. The presence of digital media does not replace the role of faith educators but serves as a tool that enriches the process of proclaiming the faith in the modern era.

The era of globalization has brought significant changes to the world of education, particularly to the role and function of teachers in the learning process. Advances in information technology and easy access to knowledge require teachers to reorient their roles from mere transmitters of material to facilitators, motivators, curators of information, and mentors of student character. This study aims to examine the nature of the reorientation of the role and function of teachers in the era of globalization, the reasons for the need for such changes, the ideal form of teacher roles, and the challenges and strategies in their implementation. The research method used is a qualitative approach with a literature study through analysis of various books, journals, and relevant scientific sources. The results show that the reorientation of teacher roles is necessary due to changes in learning paradigms, technological developments, and the demand for 21st-century skills. However, the process still faces various challenges such as low digital literacy, conventional mindsets, limited training, and a lack of infrastructure support and parental participation. Therefore, strategies are needed such as improving teacher professional development, strengthening digital literacy, simplifying administrative burdens, and strengthening cooperation between schools, parents, and the community. With this reorientation, it is hoped that teachers will be able to play an optimal role in improving the quality of education and developing a generation that is intelligent, has character, and is ready to face global challenges.