Publication Search

Cognitive development is an important aspect of early childhood growth because it forms the foundation for children’s abilities to think, remember, understand concepts, solve problems, and make decisions. Early childhood is often referred to as the golden age since development occurs very rapidly during this period, requiring appropriate stimulation from the surrounding environment, particularly the family. In this context, parents play a crucial role through the parenting styles they apply in daily life. This study aims to examine the relationship between parenting styles and early childhood cognitive development based on findings from previous research. The method used is a narrative review by analyzing relevant scholarly articles published between 2020 and 2026. Articles that met the inclusion criteria were then analyzed descriptively to identify the relationship between parenting styles and children’s cognitive development. The results of the review of 15 selected articles indicate that there is a significant relationship between parenting styles and early childhood cognitive development. Authoritative parenting emerged as the most consistently positive style, characterized by effective communication, emotional support, balanced supervision, and opportunities for children to develop independent thinking skills. Other factors, such as parents’ educational level, involvement in children’s learning activities, and a supportive learning environment, also contribute to cognitive development. In conclusion, authoritative parenting is considered the most effective approach in supporting optimal cognitive development in early childhood.

Communication within the family, especially between parents and children, is an important foundation for the development of a child's personality, emotions, and social skills. The purpose of this writing is to identify the types of parental communication styles, analyze the factors that influence them, examine their impact on child development, and provide practical recommendations to improve the effectiveness of communication patterns within the family. The method used in writing this paper is a literature study. The discussion results show that there are three main types of parental communication styles: permissive, authoritarian, and democratic. The permissive style tends to give the child unlimited freedom, the authoritarian style emphasizes control and obedience, while the democratic style encourages openness and mutual respect. The choice of communication style is influenced by various factors such as educational background, culture, past experiences, and the socio-economic conditions of parents. Each communication style has a different impact on the emotional, social, and cognitive development of children. The democratic style is considered the most effective in optimally supporting child development. This article provides recommendations to parents to increase knowledge about dialogical-based parenting, practice assertive communication skills, give children space to express their opinions, and build a family culture that is open and mutually respectful.

Bullying among adolescents is an aggressive behavior carried out intentionally, repeatedly, and involving an imbalance of power between the perpetrator and the victim. This phenomenon is an important issue because it can affect adolescents’ psychological well-being, social relationships, and academic achievement in both the short and long term. This study uses a literature review method by collecting and analyzing recent national and international studies regarding the causes, forms, and impacts of bullying. The findings indicate that bullying is influenced by internal factors, such as low empathy, poor self-control, negative self-concept, and the desire for social recognition. In addition, external factors also contribute, including parenting styles, peer influence, unfavorable school climate, and the development of social media that increases the risk of cyberbullying. The impacts of bullying are experienced not only by victims, who may suffer from low self-esteem, anxiety, depression, and social withdrawal, but also by perpetrators, who are at risk of developing persistent aggressive behavior and reduced empathy. Therefore, cooperation among families, schools, and communities is needed to prevent and address bullying effectively.

This study aims to analyze the influence of parenting styles on the development of social skills in early adolescence. The method used was a literature review. Researchers reviewed and synthesized the results of relevant previous studies, sourced from scientific journals and credible digital databases. The analysis results show a consistent relationship between the type of parenting style and the quality of social skills. Democratic parenting has been shown to make a significant positive contribution to communication skills, empathy, cooperation, emotional control, and adjustment in social environments. Adolescents raised with this parenting style tend to have better self-confidence and are able to build healthy social interactions at school and in the community. Conversely, authoritarian and permissive parenting styles tend to have less beneficial impacts. This is characterized by the emergence of social anxiety, low initiative, difficulty adhering to social norms, and limitations in establishing interpersonal relationships. These findings emphasize the crucial role of parents in shaping the social competence of early adolescents. The study concludes that implementing a balanced, consistent, and communicative parenting style is a key factor in supporting the development of social skills. Collaboration between the family and the educational environment needs to be strengthened.

Communication within the family, especially between parents and children, is an important foundation for the development of a child's personality, emotions, and social skills. The purpose of this writing is to identify the types of parental communication styles, analyze the factors that influence them, examine their impact on child development, and provide practical recommendations to improve the effectiveness of communication patterns within the family. The method used in writing this paper is a literature study. The discussion results show that there are three main types of parental communication styles: permissive, authoritarian, and democratic. The permissive style tends to give the child unlimited freedom, the authoritarian style emphasizes control and obedience, while the democratic style encourages openness and mutual respect. The choice of communication style is influenced by various factors such as educational background, culture, past experiences, and the socio-economic conditions of parents. Each communication style has a different impact on the emotional, social, and cognitive development of children. The democratic style is considered the most effective in optimally supporting child development. This article provides recommendations to parents to increase knowledge about dialogical-based parenting, practice assertive communication skills, give children space to express their opinions, and build a family culture that is open and mutually respectful.

This study aims to revisit the role of permissive parenting in the digital era and to analyze how psychological well-being mediates the relationship between permissive parenting and online gaming addiction among adolescents. The study employs a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) approach guided by PRISMA standards. Data were collected from reputable databases, including Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, covering publications from the last ten to fifteen years. The findings indicate that permissive parenting tends to increase the risk of online gaming addiction indirectly through the deterioration of adolescents’ psychological well-being. Psychological well-being serves as a significant mediating variable that explains how the lack of parental control and guidance contributes to weaker self-regulation in adolescents’ digital behavior. These results highlight that online gaming addiction is not solely influenced by external factors but is also strongly associated with internal psychological conditions. This study contributes theoretically by integrating parenting style, psychological well-being, and addictive behavior into a comprehensive analytical framework, while also offering practical implications for parents and educators in developing family-based preventive strategies in the digital era.

Verbal sexual harassment among adolescents is a form of non-physical violence that is often overlooked, yet it has significant impacts on psychological health and social development. Parenting style is suspected to be one of the factors influencing adolescents' vulnerability to verbal sexual harassment. This study aims to examine the relationship between parenting styles and the occurrence of verbal sexual harassment among adolescents at SMKN Widang. This study employed a quantitative design with a cross-sectional approach. The sample consisted of 166 participants selected using a simple random sampling technique. Data were collected using questionnaires on parenting styles and verbal sexual harassment. Data analysis was conducted using the Contingency Coefficient test with a significance level of 0.05. The results showed that the majority of respondents experienced democratic parenting (70.5%). The incidence of verbal sexual harassment was most frequently reported in the “often” category (43.4%) and “sometimes” category (42.2%). Statistical analysis yielded a p-value of 0.001 (p < 0.05), indicating a significant relationship between parenting styles and the occurrence of verbal sexual harassment. Permissive parenting was associated with a relatively higher risk. Therefore, the implementation of democratic parenting and open communication is recommended as preventive efforts.

Adolescence is a transitional stage of development characterised by rapid biological, psychological, and social changes that increase vulnerability to the emergence of problematic behaviour. The increase in cases of juvenile delinquency highlights the importance of early detection as a prevention strategy. This study aims to examine the role of families and schools in the early detection of problematic behaviour in adolescents through a systematic literature review. The study used a systematic literature review method by analysing scientific articles published between 2021 and 2026 that discussed family involvement, the role of schools, and early detection of adolescent behaviour. Data were collected through a structured process of searching, selecting, critically evaluating, and synthesising the literature. The results showed that family factors such as parenting styles, emotional support, communication quality, and supervision have a significant influence on adolescent behavioural development. Schools also play a strategic role through counselling services, behavioural screening, mental health education, and collaborative interventions. Effective early detection occurs when families and schools work together through continuous communication and coordinated monitoring. Therefore, the role of families and schools is to strengthen efforts to identify and prevent behavioral problems so that interventions can be carried out more quickly to support the social and emotional well-being of adolescents. Strengthening collaboration and structured detection systems are important steps in reducing the risk of problematic behaviour in adolescents.

Adolescence is a transitional period prone to problematic behavior due to significant physical, emotional, and social changes. One of the main factors influencing adolescent behavior is parenting style. This study aims to examine the importance of parenting styles in preventing problematic behavior in adolescents. The method used in this study is a literature review. The results of the study indicate that democratic (authoritative) parenting plays a protective role in preventing delinquency, aggressive behavior, and maladaptive behavior. Conversely, authoritarian and permissive parenting styles tend to be positively correlated with increased deviant, aggressive, and antisocial behavior in adolescents. Furthermore, self-control and morality act as mediators that can strengthen or reduce the influence of parenting styles on juvenile delinquency. Thus, the role of the family as the primary and primary environment is crucial in early detection and prevention of problematic behavior in adolescents.

This article discusses the relationship between parenting styles and adolescents’ social behavior. Adolescence is a developmental stage characterized by increasing social demands, making the role of the family, particularly parents, crucial in shaping adolescents’ social adjustment. This study employed a literature review method by examining relevant textbooks and national and international journal articles related to parenting styles and adolescents’ social behavior. The findings indicate that parenting styles have a significant influence on adolescents’ social behavior. Authoritative or democratic parenting is identified as the most effective style in promoting positive social behaviors, such as empathy, cooperation, social concern, and adaptive social skills. In contrast, authoritarian and permissive parenting styles are associated with various social behavior problems, including aggression, social anxiety, and low social competence. Furthermore, the relationship between parenting styles and adolescents’ social behavior is mediated by internal psychological factors, such as self-control and emotional intelligence. Therefore, warm, responsive, and consistent parenting practices are essential to support optimal social development in adolescents.

This study aims to analyze the influence of parenting styles on the emotional development of early childhood based on a literature review. Emotional development is a crucial aspect of character formation, emotional regulation, and children’s social skills in daily life. The research method employed is a literature review, which involves examining relevant sources such as academic journals, books, and research The methodology utilizes a synthesis of peer-reviewed journals and relevant publications concerning the impact of caregiving styles on early childhood emotional maturity The reviewed literature was analyzed descriptively to identify patterns and trends in previous research findings. The results of the literature review indicate that parenting styles have a significant influence on children’s emotional development. Democratic (authoritative) parenting is consistently found to have the most positive impact on children’s emotional development, including better emotional regulation, self-confidence, independence, empathy, and social competence. Children raised with democratic parenting tend to express their emotions in a healthy manner and adapt well to social environments. In contrast, authoritarian, permissive, and neglectful parenting styles are often associated with emotional difficulties, such as low social skills, poor self-control, and challenges in managing emotions. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that democratic parenting plays a vital role in supporting optimal emotional development in early childhood

This study aims to analyze the impact of the family environment on effective communication skills in early childhood. The family environment, as the first and foremost setting, plays a crucial role in shaping children's communication skills, both through parenting styles, verbal interactions, and the emotional atmosphere within the home. The research method used is a qualitative approach with descriptive analysis techniques, which focuses on describing phenomena based on data obtained through observation and literature review. The results show that children who grow up in a communicative, supportive, and responsive family environment tend to have better communication skills, such as the ability to express opinions, listen well, and interact effectively with others. Conversely, a less harmonious family environment with minimal interaction can hinder the development of children's communication skills. Thus, it can be concluded that the family environment has a significant influence on the effective communication skills of early childhood, so the role of parents is essential in creating a positive and constructive communication atmosphere within the family.

This study was motivated by the importance of emotional management skills in late adolescence, so that they are prepared to face the transition to adulthood, as well as the role of parenting styles in helping to develop these skills. The city of Jambi shows variations in the application of democratic parenting styles, which have an impact on the emotional management of adolescents. This study aims to determine how democratic parenting styles affect the level of emotional intelligence in adolescents who are approaching adulthood in the city of Jambi. This study uses a quantitative approach with a correlational design. The respondents are adolescents who have graduated from high school, aged between 18 and 21 years, and live in the city of Jambi. Democratic parenting and emotional intelligence were collected through questionnaires, then analyzed statistically to determine the relationship between variables. The study shows that the way parents treat their children with freedom and mutual respect has a positive correlation with the children's ability to manage their feelings at present. The higher the application of democratic parenting, which is characterized by warmth, open communication, responsible freedom, and consistent discipline, the higher the level of emotional.

Teenage brawls have become an increasingly urgent social issue, considering the destructive impact they cause. This study aims to explore the causes and negative impacts of student brawls through a literature review. By analyzing 20 related academic articles, it was found that the triggers of brawls can be divided into two main dimensions. The internal dimension includes factors such as deindividuation, identity crisis, and low self-regulation, while the external dimension encompasses ineffective parenting styles, peer influence, and provocation through social media. The impact of brawls is significant, not only on physical aspects and fatalities but also on psychological disturbances, moral decline, stigmatization, and serious legal consequences. This study concludes that a comprehensive intervention approach is needed, involving school counseling services, education on better parenting, and community monitoring to reduce the tendency for teenage aggression. This strategy is expected to address the root causes of brawls in a more structured and effective manner, creating a safer environment and supporting positive teenage development.

Background: Preschool age, which is 4-6 years, is a crucial stage in child development. Delays in development and growth in children will have long-term impacts on their cognitive, social, and emotional abilities. Children's diet and parenting styles are greatly influenced by their growth and development. Objective: This study aims to examine how parenting styles and nutritional status are related to the development of preschool children. Method: This study used a quantitative approach with a cross-sectional design and involved fifty parents of preschool children aged between 4 and 6 years. Total sampling was used as the sampling technique. To conduct bivariate analysis, researchers used the Spearman rank correlation test. PSDQ or Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire was used to collect data on parenting styles, Denver Developmental Screening Test II (DDST II) was used to assess child development, and Z scores were used to determine the child's nutritional status. Results: The majority of respondents indicated an authoritative (democratic) parenting style (88%), good nutritional status (88%), and normal child development (80%). There was a significant correlation between parenting style and child development, with p = 0.004 and r = 0.405. Meanwhile, for nutritional status and child development, the p value was 0.013 with r = 0.351. Conclusion: Nutritional status and democratic parenting style were significantly correlated with preschool children's development. Education on balanced parenting and nutrition needs to be strengthened through family-based nursing interventions.

Parents play a crucial role in introducing and shaping children’s gender identity from an early age. Gender identity is an essential aspect of psychological development that is closely related to the formation of behavior patterns, social attitudes, and personality development in later life. Within the family context, both fathers and mothers have complementary psychological roles in supporting children’s gender development. Mothers are generally more involved in daily caregiving and the fulfillment of children’s physical and emotional needs, while fathers tend to play a more prominent role in social interaction, play activities, and reinforcing discipline as well as adherence to prevailing cultural norms. Parenting practices, whether consciously or unconsciously applied, significantly influence how children understand gender roles, express themselves, and construct their personal identities. Therefore, appropriate, balanced, and developmentally sensitive gender identity introduction is essential to prevent role confusion and potential psychological difficulties in the future. This article aims to examine the role of parents in shaping children’s gender identity from a psychological perspective, emphasizing the importance of responsive, educative parenting that aligns with children’s developmental stages and cultural values.

The development of social media has made influencer parenting content one of the important sources of reference for the younger generation in understanding parenting. This study aims to examine the meaning of influencer parenting content for the younger generation in building future parenting. The research uses a qualitative approach with a literature review method on various scientific publications relevant to the topics of influencers, parenting, and digital media. The results of the study show that the younger generation interprets influencer parenting content not only as a source of practical information, but also as a reference for values and an ideal representation of the role of parents. The process of interpretation takes place actively and reflectively, influenced by personal experiences, family backgrounds, digital literacy levels, and socio-cultural contexts. In addition, the credibility of influencers and the style of delivering content also affect the acceptance rate of the audience. Influencer parenting content shapes a parenting discourse that emphasizes emotional awareness, empathic communication, positive parenting, and concern for children's mental health. Thus, the future parenting of the young generation is understood as a dynamic, adaptive, and constantly evolving social construction, with digital media as one of the main shaping factors.

This study was conducted to understand how parenting styles significantly influence the process of shaping children’s behavior. The method used in this research was a qualitative approach, with data collection carried out through interviews and direct observation of participants aged 10–18 years who live in Cicendo District, Bandung. Based on the results conveyed by several participants, it can be seen that parenting styles play a very important role in children’s growth and development as well as in the formation of their emotional conditions. Parents who play a positive role such as giving more attention, communicating well, and providing full support tend to build positive responses and emotional stability in children. This helps shape a healthy personality and creates a comfortable home environment that makes children feel safe. In contrast, parents who display negative roles and parenting styles such as being harsh, lacking attention, and frequently engaging in conflict tend to make children feel pressured and lack self confidence due to unmet emotional support. As a result, children may limit their relationship with their parents, which leads to emotional instability. Overall, the discussion shows that the family is the primary foundation for children, as their growth and development are strongly influenced by how parents fulfill their roles in shaping children’s personalities, which ultimately impacts their lives in the future.

Parents act as early educators entrusted with guiding, nurturing, and caring for their children. Their influence is crucial from the outset, as they substantially shape their children's character and disposition. The way parents parent their children can significantly enhance their overall development, as their methods significantly influence their children's social and emotional maturity. To foster healthy maturation and ensure their children's social integration, parents need to thoroughly understand the intricacies of their children's social and emotional development. Parents are the first teachers responsible for teaching, nurturing, and raising their children. Parental involvement is crucial. This study aims to examine the significance of parenting strategies employed by mothers and fathers and the extent to which these strategies shape their children's social and emotional development. The results of this study identified three distinct categories of parenting tactics commonly employed by mothers and fathers in raising their children: indulgent, dictatorial, and collaborative. Each of these parenting approaches exerts a unique influence on children's social and emotional maturation. The main difference lies in the observation that dictatorial and indulgent parenting approaches typically produce less beneficial results than collaborative parenting approaches, which typically produce more beneficial results. Therefore, it is recommended that mothers and fathers adopt a collaborative parenting approach when raising their children.

This study aims to examine self-confidence issues in elementary school students, particularly second-grade students at SDN 1 Gulang. Various problems identified included shyness, low self-confidence, fear of performing in front of the class, and a tendency to withdraw from social settings. This study used a qualitative approach with data collection techniques including interviews and observations to identify factors contributing to low self-confidence and the roles of teachers and parents in developing it. The results indicate that low student self-confidence is influenced by internal factors, such as fear, anxiety, and lack of courage, as well as external factors, including family parenting styles, the social environment, and learning experiences at school. Teachers play a strategic role by providing emotional support, positive motivation, and implementing active learning strategies that encourage student engagement. Furthermore, parents play a crucial role in providing guidance, supportive parenting styles, and appropriate social stimulation. This study concludes that efforts to improve student self-confidence require consistent and ongoing collaboration between teachers and parents.