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Economic growth is the process of increasing a country's production capacity to generate goods and services over a specific period, reflecting the income and well-being of its people. This research aims to analyse the influence of labor, exchange rates, and exports on the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the manufacturing sector in Indonesia during the period 2010-2024. The method used is multiple linear regression analysis with the Ordinary Least Square (OLS) approach, using secondary data obtained from the Central Bureau of Statistics (BPS) and Bank Indonesia (BI). The research results indicate that all three independent variables, namely labor, exchange rate, and exports, have a positive and significant impact on the GDP of the manufacturing sector, both partially and simultaneously. The coefficient of determination (Adjusted R2) value of 0.9633 indicates that 96.33% of the variation in industrial sector GDP can be explained by these three variables, while 3.76% is influenced by factors outside the model. This research confirms that increased labour productivity, exchange rate stability, and export growth play an important role in strengthening the performance of the manufacturing sector in Indonesia. Therefore, policies focused on improving the quality of human resources, strengthening export competitiveness, and ensuring macroeconomic stability are needed to support the sustainable and globally competitive growth of the manufacturing sector.

This study aims to analyze the influence of green financing, industrialization level, and fossil energy consumption on carbon emissions in Indonesia for the period 2018–2023. The method used is multiple linear regression with the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) approach based on time series data. The dependent variable used is carbon emissions, while the independent variables include green financing, industrialization level, and fossil energy consumption. The results of the analysis show that both simultaneously and partially, the three independent variables do not have a significant effect on carbon emissions. The coefficients of green financing and industrialization tend to be positive, while fossil energy consumption is negative, but all are not statistically significant. These findings indicate that green financing policies, industrial development, and fossil energy consumption during the study period have not had a significant impact on carbon emissions in Indonesia. This study recommends the need to extend the observation period, add relevant variables such as the renewable energy mix, and optimize the implementation of green energy and financing policies to support carbon emission reduction in the future.

This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of zakat in reducing income inequality in Indonesia. The data used is secondary data from the National Amil Zakat Agency (BAZNAS) and the Central Statistics Agency (BPS) for the 2015–2024 period. The research method used multiple linear regression with the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) approach. The results showed that the distribution of zakat had a significant positive effect on the Gini Index (β = 0.0013511; p = 0.002), while the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita had a significant negative effect (β = –0.0000198; p = 0.000). An Adjusted R² value of 0.91 indicates that the model has a very strong ability to explain variations in income inequality. These findings show that although the collection and distribution of zakat has increased from year to year, its impact on reducing inequality has not been optimal. This can be caused by the limited amount of zakat funds collected compared to the real needs of the community and the distribution that is not fully on target. On the other hand, economic growth reflected in the increase in GDP per capita has proven to be still the dominant factor in reducing income inequality in Indonesia. The implications of this study emphasize the importance of optimizing zakat management so that it not only functions as a philanthropic instrument, but also as a sustainable economic instrument. BAZNAS and related institutions are expected to be able to strengthen the zakat distribution system through productive economic empowerment programs, so that zakat can make a real contribution in reducing inequality and supporting more inclusive development in Indonesia.

This study aims to analyze the influence of the money supply (M2), the BI Rate, and the COVID-19 pandemic on the demand for bank credit in Indonesia. Credit demand is an important indicator in describing economic activity and financial system stability. This study uses monthly secondary data from January 2017 to December 2023. The analysis method used is Ordinary Least Squares (OLS), which allows for quantitative estimation of the linear relationship between the independent and dependent variables. The results show that the money supply (M2) has a positive and significant effect on credit demand. This suggests that increased liquidity in the economy encourages increased lending activity by the household and corporate sectors. Conversely, the BI Rate shows a negative and significant effect on credit demand, indicating that an increase in the benchmark interest rate has reduced public interest in accessing financing through banks. This finding is in line with conventional monetary theory, which states that interest rates play a crucial role in controlling aggregate demand, including credit demand. The dummy variable for the COVID-19 pandemic shows a negative but insignificant effect on credit demand. This implies that although the pandemic has had a broad social and economic impact, its impact on credit demand is relatively small when monetary variables such as M2 and the BI Rate are taken into account. Overall, the research findings confirm that monetary policy instruments, particularly controlling the money supply and interest rates, play a significant role in influencing the dynamics of credit demand in Indonesia. Meanwhile, external shocks such as the pandemic tend to be more effectively responded to through medium- and long-term fiscal and structural policies.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of labor, domestic investment, and inflation on GRDP in Lampung Province in 1991 – 2020. Data analysis was carried out descriptively quantitatively using the (OLS) Multiple Linear Regression method. Secondary data were obtained from the Central Statistics Agency of Lampung Province. The results of this study indicate that labor has a positive and significant effect on GRDP in Lampung Province. Meanwhile, domestic investment has a positive but insignificant effect and inflation has a negative and insignificant effect on GRDP in Lampung Province.

Aceh’s economy has long been dominated by the oil and gas sector, particularly LNG Arun exports, which contributed more than 40% of regional GDP (GRDP) in the early observation period. However, declining production after 2014 drastically reduced its share to below 20%, and in recent years, to only around 10–12%. This study aims to analyze the contribution of oil and gas (migas) and non-oil and gas (nonmigas) exports to Aceh’s economy and to assess the potential of export diversification as a sustainable development strategy. The research employs a quantitative approach using secondary time series data from 2007–2021 obtained from BPS, Bank Indonesia, and other official sources. Data were analyzed descriptively and through simple econometric models, including OLS regression and cointegration tests. The findings reveal that oil and gas exports are significant in the short term but have weakened in the long term. In contrast, non-oil and gas exports, although relatively small, exhibit stable growth and demonstrate a long-term relationship with GRDP. These results underscore the importance of diversifying exports towards nonmigas commodities, particularly coffee, cocoa, rubber, and fisheries. The practical implication is the urgent need for Aceh’s development strategy to shift from oil and gas dependence towards globally competitive nonmigas industrialization

Poverty is a crucial issue for a country. Overcoming poverty requires a comprehensive and sustainable approach that encompasses various sectors.  This study aims to determine the effect of the Open Unemployment Rate (TPT), Gross Regional Domestic Product (PDRB), and Labor Force Participation Rate (TPAK) on the number of poor residents.  The data analysis technique used in this research is OLS (Ordinary Least Squares), utilizing time series data on the Open Unemployment Rate (TPT), Regional Gross Domestic Product (PDRB), Labor Force Participation Rate (TPAK), and poverty from 2002-2023 in North Sumatra Province.  The results of this study indicate that the Open Unemployment Rate (IPT) does not affect poverty, whereas the Gross Regional Domestic Product (PDRB) and the Labor Force Participation Rate (TPAK) have a negative and significant impact on poverty.  Meanwhile, simultaneously, the Open Unemployment Rate (TPT), Regional Gross Domestic Product (PDRB), and Labor Force Participation Rate (TPAK) affect poverty in North Sumatra Province from 2002 to 2023.

This study examines the impact of the Central Bank of Nigeria's monetary policies on the Nigerian economy, specifically how these policies can be applied to foster economic growth. The research employs multiple regression models as the primary statistical method to analyze the relationship between key variables: money supply, average price levels, interest rates, labor force, and their effects on the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Using data from 1981 to 2008, the study applies the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) method to assess these effects comprehensively. The findings indicate that monetary policy, as reflected by money supply, positively influences GDP growth and improves the balance of payments, while also having a negative impact on inflation rates. The study suggests that the Nigerian money market should introduce a broader range of financial instruments to cater to the growing economy’s needs. Additionally, the recommendations emphasize the importance of designing monetary policies that create a favorable investment climate by adjusting interest rates, currency rates, and liquidity management mechanisms. By fostering a well-regulated and flexible monetary system, the Central Bank can further enhance the economic stability and growth of Nigeria, supporting sustainable development in the long term.

This study investigates the relationship between corporate social responsibility (CSR) and the profitability of businesses in Nigeria, using secondary data from the annual reports and financial statements of ten (10) randomly selected companies over the period from 2019 to 2024. The study aims to explore how CSR practices impact the financial performance of companies, specifically examining the Profit After Tax (PAT) as a measure of profitability. Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression analysis is employed to analyze the data and establish the connection between CSR activities and company performance.The findings of the study show that the companies in the sample allocated less than 10% of their annual profits to CSR initiatives. This suggests that while some companies engage in CSR, their contribution remains relatively small in proportion to their overall profitability. The coefficient of determination reveals that changes in CSR activities have a significant impact on the variations observed in the performance of these companies, particularly in terms of PAT. Furthermore, the study highlights the need for stronger regulatory frameworks to enforce CSR practices. It recommends that the Nigerian government introduce laws and regulations that require firms to allocate a portion of their profits to social responsibility, ensure transparency in social accounting, and address social costs effectively. The study emphasizes that by improving CSR engagement, businesses can contribute to national development while enhancing their long-term financial performance.