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Preeclampsia is a pregnancy complication that significantly contributes to maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality worldwide. Globally, it affects approximately 3–8% of pregnancies and causes more than 70,000 maternal deaths each year. In Indonesia, preeclampsia accounts for around 30% of the 4,151 maternal deaths reported in 2024. In Padang City, there were 254 cases in 2023 and 129 cases in 2024, with Puskesmas Bungus having the highest prevalence (7.2% and 3.77%). This study aimed to analyze the association between body mass index (BMI), history of hypertension, and history of preeclampsia with the incidence of preeclampsia among pregnant women at Puskesmas Bungus, Padang. This study used a quantitative case-control design involving 50 cases and 50 controls. Data were analyzed using chi-square and logistic regression tests. The results showed significant associations between obesity (p=0.031; OR=2.897), history of preeclampsia (p=0.006; OR=13.821), and history of hypertension (p=0.002; OR=17.216) with the incidence of preeclampsia. Multivariate analysis identified history of hypertension as the most dominant factor associated with preeclampsia. This study concludes that obesity, history of hypertension, and history of preeclampsia are significant risk factors for preeclampsia among pregnant women. Strengthening early detection and routine antenatal care for high-risk pregnancies is necessary to reduce maternal complications associated with preeclampsia.

Low Birth Weight (LBW) refers to infants born with a birth weight of less than 2,500 grams and remains an important issue in neonatal health due to its association with increased neonatal morbidity and mortality. To analyze the determinants of LBW based on primary studies published from 2021 to 2026. A literature review was conducted using the PRISMA approach. Article searches were performed through PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and ProQuest using the keywords low birth weight, determinant factors, risk factors, BBLR, and faktor risiko with Boolean operators AND/OR. The inclusion criteria were primary studies, full-text availability, publication in Indonesian or English, and publication years from 2021 to 2026. A total of 20 articles were included, consisting of 15 international articles and 5 national sources. The review showed that LBW is influenced by interrelated maternal, nutritional, obstetric, and sociodemographic factors during pregnancy. The most dominant factors included multiple pregnancy with an adjusted OR of 21.74, maternal food insecurity with an AOR of 6.85, maternal hemoglobin level <11 g/dL with an AOR of 5.21, lack of iron-folic acid supplementation with an AOR of 4.17, maternal age ≤20 years with an AOR of 3.42, pregnancy interval <1 year with an adjusted OR of 2.92, missed antenatal care visits with an AOR of 2.74, smoking during pregnancy with an OR of 2.18, and maternal hypertension with an AOR of 1.94. LBW is influenced by multiple interrelated factors; therefore, efforts to reduce its incidence should focus on evidence-based interventions, particularly through optimizing antenatal care services, improving maternal nutritional status, and early detection of pregnancy.

Umbilical cord infection remains one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality among newborns, particularly in areas where knowledge and health practices are still limited. Padellegan Village is one of the regions where some mothers continue to practice traditional cord care methods, such as using herbal mixtures or non-sterile materials, which increases the risk of omphalitis. Initial situation analysis indicates that 40–60% of postpartum mothers are not yet familiar with the principles of clean and dry cord care (dry cord care), and access to accurate health information is still limited. Based on this condition, education on umbilical cord care is essential to improve mothers’ and health cadres’ understanding and skills in preventing neonatal infections. This community service activity focuses on providing evidence-based education regarding safe cord care techniques, infection risk factors, and danger signs that need to be recognized. Padellegan Village was selected due to the high need for maternal–neonatal health education and the low level of community knowledge related to cord care. This activity is expected to bring positive changes, such as improved maternal behavior in performing proper cord care, reduced use of unhygienic traditional methods, and strengthened roles of health cadres in monitoring neonatal health. Enhancing appropriate cord care practices can reduce the risk of infection in newborns, thereby contributing to improving the overall health status of the community in Padellegan Village.

Preterm birth remains a significant public health concern due to its contribution to neonatal morbidity and mortality worldwide. Among the various risk factors, maternal infections—particularly sexually transmitted infections (STIs)—have been identified as preventable yet critical determinants of premature delivery. This study aimed to examine the relationship between STIs and preterm birth among mothers receiving care at Tomalou Primary Health Care Center. A cross-sectional analytical design was employed, involving 30 postpartum mothers whose medical records and antenatal care data were available. Data on STI status and birth outcomes were collected from health center records and laboratory results, while maternal demographic and obstetric characteristics were also documented. Results indicated that 40% of participants were diagnosed with STIs during pregnancy, and 33.3% experienced preterm birth. Chi-square analysis revealed a significant association between maternal STI status and preterm delivery (p = 0.003). Logistic regression demonstrated that mothers with STIs were sixteen times more likely to deliver prematurely compared to uninfected mothers (OR = 16.0; 95% CI: 2.45–104.3; p = 0.002). These findings suggest that STIs represent a substantial risk factor for preterm birth, even among mothers with adequate antenatal care attendance. Early detection, timely treatment, and comprehensive reproductive health education are recommended to reduce infection-related adverse outcomes. Strengthening STI screening and management within primary healthcare settings is essential to improve maternal and neonatal health outcomes. This study provides evidence for the importance of integrating infection prevention strategies into routine antenatal care to mitigate the risk of premature delivery.

Low Birth Weight (LBW) remains a critical global health issue that significantly contributes to neonatal morbidity and mortality, particularly in developing countries such as Indonesia. The main challenge in addressing LBW lies in its complex and multifactorial risk profile, which involves biological, social, environmental, and healthcare-related determinants. This study aims to analyze and synthesize the risk factors associated with LBW based on recent scientific literature. A literature review method was applied by searching articles from Portal Garuda, DOAJ, PubMed, and Google Scholar published between 2020 and 2025 using relevant keywords. The findings indicate that maternal age, interpregnancy interval, nutritional status, anemia, preeclampsia, infections, socioeconomic conditions, environmental exposure, and the quality of antenatal care are significant determinants of LBW. The synthesis of evidence confirms that LBW is influenced by the interaction of multiple individual and healthcare system factors rather than a single cause. In conclusion, this study highlights the urgent need to strengthen antenatal care services, improve maternal nutritional status, control maternal diseases during pregnancy, and implement community-based promotive and preventive strategies as key efforts to reduce the incidence of LBW.

Prelabor rupture of membranes (PROM) remains one of the most frequently encountered obstetric complications and continues to contribute substantially to maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality. Numerous factors have been associated with PROM; however, the available evidence presents considerable variation, highlighting the need to re-evaluate these determinants using recent empirical findings. This review aims to identify and synthesize the principal factors influencing PROM based on ten studies published within the last five years. A systematic search was conducted across PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar using predefined keywords, followed by screening through established eligibility criteria. Relevant data from each study including study design, geographical setting, assessed risk factors, and statistical outcomes such as odds ratios or relative risks  were extracted and compared. The review indicates that reproductive and urinary tract infections, inadequate nutritional status, high-risk obstetric history, and short interpregnancy intervals consistently emerge as major determinants. Social factors and the quality of antenatal services were also shown to heighten the likelihood of PROM. Overall, the findings emphasize that PROM arises from a combination of medical and non-medical influences, reinforcing the need for preventive strategies that adopt a comprehensive and integrated approach.

Anemia in pregnant women is a health problem that contributes significantly to Low Birth Weight (BBLR), a serious issue in Indonesia with a prevalence exceeding 15% according to WHO, and is a major contributor to the high Neonatal Mortality Rate. This study aims to examine the relationship between anemia in pregnant women and the incidence of BBLR at the Sungai Durian Health Center, Sintang Regency. Using a case control analytical research design with secondary data from medical records in 2024, the sample used was 116 respondents, consisting of 58 pregnant women with BBLR babies as the case group and 58 pregnant women with normal birth weight babies (BBLN) as the control group, which were taken by total sampling technique. Data analysis was carried out using the Chi-Square test and the Odds Ratio (OR) with a significance level of 95%. The results of the study show that the incidence rate of BBLR at the Sungai Durian Health Center in 2024 is 25.8%, and the incidence of anemia in pregnant women is 46.6%. Statistical tests showed a significant relationship between anemia in pregnant women and the incidence of BBLR (p < 0.05). Pregnant women with anemia had a 21.758 times greater risk of giving birth to a BBLR baby compared to non-anemic mothers (OR=21.758; CI 95% = 1.45–7.08). The study concluded that there was a relationship between the nutritional status of pregnant women and the incidence of preeclampsia at the Sungai Durian Sintang Health Center.

Stunting in toddlers is a chronic nutritional problem caused by lack of nutritional intake due to feeding that does not meet basic needs. UNICEF data in 2024 shows that the infant mortality rate for toddlers is 48 per 1,000 live births and the neonatal mortality rate is 23 per 1,000 live births. Conditions that cause mortality and morbidity in infants and toddlers include malnutrition, sepsis, pneumonia, and premature birth (WHO, 2023). Factors that cause stunting include nutrition, health, environment, and socio-economy, such as malnutrition in pregnant women and children, recurrent infections, poor sanitation, and limited access to health services and nutritious food (Sari, 2023). The effects of stunting include brain development inhibitions, weakened immune systems, delayed psychosocial and motor development, and suboptimal physical growth. Based on a preliminary study at the Sungai Raya Dalam Health Center, there were 134 children under five who were stunted. This study aims to determine the relationship between maternal nutritional status during pregnancy and the incidence of stunting in toddlers aged 0–24 months. The research design used case control with a retrospective approach, involving 58 mothers with toddlers aged 0–24 months. The results showed that mothers with nutritional status with KELK had a higher risk of giving birth to stunted toddlers (72.7%) compared to mothers with good nutritional status (19.1%). The Fisher Exact test yielded a value of p = 0.000 (p < 0.05), which means that there is a significant relationship between the nutritional status of pregnant women and the incidence of stunting.

Low Birth Weight (LBW) is one of the leading causes of neonatal mortality and contributes to an increased risk of growth and developmental disorders in later life. Maternal nutritional status during pregnancy and the utilization of antenatal health services are important factors influencing fetal growth and development. Pregnant women with poor nutritional status are at higher risk of delivering low birth weight infants due to insufficient intake of essential nutrients required during pregnancy. In addition, inadequate utilization of antenatal care services may result in delayed detection and management of pregnancy-related complications. This study aimed to determine the relationship between maternal nutritional status and the utilization of health services with the incidence of LBW. The research employed an observational analytic design with a cross-sectional approach. The study population consisted of all women who delivered in the working area of Puskesmas X in 2026. A total of 80 respondents were selected using purposive sampling. Data were collected from maternal and child health (MCH) books and medical records and analyzed using the Chi-square test. The results showed a significant relationship between maternal nutritional status and the incidence of LBW (p=0.002), as well as between the utilization of health services and the incidence of LBW (p=0.004). It can be concluded that maternal nutritional status and compliance with antenatal visits are significantly associated with LBW, highlighting the need to improve nutritional monitoring and the quality of antenatal care services.

Premature birth remains a major public health concern due to its strong association with increased neonatal morbidity and mortality. One of the contributing factors identified is maternal stress during pregnancy, which can negatively affect fetal development and potentially trigger early labor. Previous studies have shown that high stress levels in pregnant women may lead to hormonal imbalances, increased uterine activity, and other physiological changes that elevate the risk of preterm birth. Therefore, understanding the relationship between maternal stress and premature birth is essential for developing effective preventive strategies and improving maternal and neonatal outcomes. This study aimed to examine the relationship between stress levels in pregnant women and the incidence of premature birth in the working area of Dr. Hi Zainal Umar Sidiki Regional Hospital, North Gorontalo Regency. The research used an analytical observational design with a cross-sectional approach. A total of 30 pregnant women were selected using purposive sampling techniques. Maternal stress levels were measured using a validated questionnaire, while premature birth incidence was determined based on gestational age at delivery. Data were analyzed using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test with a significance level of p < 0.05. The results showed a significant relationship between maternal stress and premature birth (p = 0.000), indicating that higher stress levels increase the risk of preterm delivery. These findings highlight the importance of stress management, counseling, and comprehensive antenatal care.

Overview: Low Birth Weight (LBW) is a significant health problem in Indonesia because it is at risk of increasing neonatal mortality and morbidity. Objective: This study aims to analyze the risk factors associated with the incidence of LBW in newborns at Prof. Dr. Margono Soekarjo Purwokerto Hospital. Research Method: The method used is an analytical observational study with a cross-sectional design. A sample of 200 mothers and babies was obtained through purposive sampling techniques. Data were collected from medical records and analyzed using the chi-square test and logistic regression. Research Results: showed that prematurity had a partial effect on LBW with a sig value of 0.000 <0.05, and showed that if the incidence of prematurity increased by one percent, assuming the value of other variables remained constant, it would increase the incidence of LBW by 2.769 percent. Variables parity, maternal age, anemia, twin pregnancy, hydramnios, PEB, Placenta Previa, KPD, prematurity, fetal pregnancy simultaneously affected LBW. Conclusion: parity, maternal age, anemia, twin pregnancy, hydramnios, PEB, Placenta Previa, KPD, prematurity, fetal pregnancy simultaneously affect LBW.

The duration of the second stage of labor is a significant factor influencing maternal and neonatal outcomes. Maternal and neonatal mortality rates remain a major global health challenge, and various risk factors, including prolonged second stage of labor, contribute to this issue. Successful childbirth is influenced by risk factors such as maternal age, parity, and body mass index (BMI). This cross-sectional study aimed to analyze the relationship between maternal age, parity, and BMI on the duration of the second stage of labor among 224 postpartum women at TPMB M in 2023. The results showed that women with advanced maternal age (<20 years or >35 years), nulliparity or grand multiparity, and underweight or obese BMI were at significantly higher risk of prolonged second stage of labor. These findings highlight the need for special attention to pregnant women with these risk factors to prevent obstetric complications. Healthcare providers are encouraged to enhance risk factor monitoring through education, screening, and comprehensive management during pregnancy.

Anemia is one of the most common health problems among pregnant women and remains a major challenge in midwifery services. Anemia in pregnancy is primarily caused by iron deficiency, which leads to decreased hemoglobin levels and poses a risk of impaired fetal growth as well as an increased likelihood of delivery complications. Anemia in pregnant women is also one of the contributing factors to the high maternal and neonatal mortality rates (Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia, 2022). This study aimed to determine the effect of iron (Fe) supplement consumption patterns on the risk of anemia among pregnant women at BPM Aida Nospita, Manunggal Village, Labuhan Deli Subdistrict, Deli Serdang Regency, North Sumatra Province, in 2025. This research employed a quantitative design with a descriptive correlational approach. The population of this study comprised all pregnant women attending BPM Aida Nospita in Manunggal Village, Labuhan Deli Subdistrict, Deli Serdang Regency, North Sumatra Province, totaling 45 participants. The results of the analysis indicated a significant relationship between the pattern of iron (Fe) supplement consumption and the risk of anemia in pregnant women (p = 0.000).

The 2030 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to end preventable newborn and under-five deaths with all countries striving to reduce the Neonatal Mortality Rate (NMR) to 12 per 1000 live births and reduce the Toddler Mortality Rate (IMR) to 25 per 1000 live births by 2030 (UNICEF, 2020). Based on the North Sumatra Central Bureau of Statistics, pregnant women who experienced SEZ in 2021 were 2,296 pregnant women, and in 2022 there was a decrease in the incidence of SEZ of 1,383 pregnant women, and in 2023 there was another increase of 1,765 pregnant women (BPS SUMUT, 2023). The type and design of quantitative analytical research through observational with case control study design is a study used to determine risk factors or health problems that are thought to have a close relationship with diseases that occur in the community. Age affects the occurrence of complications in third trimester pregnancy at Sungai Raya Health Center, East Aceh in 2024, where the results of the chi-square statistical test on maternal age are ρ = 0.006 <0.05. Parity affects the occurrence of complications in third trimester pregnancy at the Sungai Raya Health Center of East Aceh in 2024 where the results of the chi-square statistical test on parity are ρ = 0.020 <0.05. Gestational distance affects the occurrence of complications in third trimester pregnancy at the Sungai Raya East Aceh Health Center in 2024, where the results of data analysis using the chi-square test are ρ = 0.018 <0.05.    

Neonatal mortality consists of early neonatal death and late neonatal death. Neonatal mortality rate is the number of neonatal deaths per 1,000 live births. Low Birth Weight is one of the risk factors that contributes to infant mortality, especially during the neonatal period. This study aims to determine the factors that influence the incidence of low birth weight babies at RSKDIA Siti Fatimah Makassar in 2024. This study is analytical with a case control approach used to determine the influence between independent variables and dependent variables. The type of research is retrospective which tries to look back. This means collecting data starting from the effects or consequences that have occurred. Then from these effects the causes or variables that influence these consequences are traced. The population in this study were all babies born in January-June 2018, totaling 759 babies. The sample in this study were babies born in the delivery room of RSKDIA Siti Fatimah Makassar in 2024 with a birth weight of > 2500 grams. Based on the research results, a p value of 0.002 was obtained, thus it can be concluded that this figure means that there is an influence of maternal age on the incidence of LBW, and the p value ρ = 0.001 means that H0 is rejected, meaning that there is an influence between nutritional status and the incidence of Low Birth Weight.

In 2013, 4.6 million babies died worldwide before their first birthday, with 50% dying on the first day and nearly 75% within the first week. Most stillbirths and premature newborn deaths are attributable to birth complications that are preventable. The maternal profile in neonatal mortality cases plays an important role in understanding the factors that contribute to this high mortality rate. This cross-sectional study aims to determine the maternal profile of neonatal death cases at Ciawi Hospital, which were selected according to the criteria by total sampling based on medical record data from January 1, 2020, to December 31, 2020. The variables utilized in this study include maternal factors such as gestational age, type of delivery, twin pregnancy, presentation of pregnancy, medical condition of the mother, and obstetric problems. The data is presented in a descriptive format. Among the 58 respondents, the average age was 30.26 years, with a higher prevalence of preterm births (55.2%). The most frequently encountered medical condition in the maternal profile of neonatal deaths at Ciawi General Hospital is chronic hypertension. Conversely, the most common obstetric problems are premature rupture of membranes and oligohydramnios. Efforts to address medical issues in mothers can contribute to the reduction of neonatal mortality cases.