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The decline in seed quality due to storage beyond the shelf life is a major problem in rice cultivation. One effort that can be made to improve seed viability is through invigoration techniques using natural ingredients, such as bean sprout extract (Phaseolus radiatus), which contains growth hormones. This study aims to analyze the effect of bean sprout extract on the viability of Ciherang rice seeds that have exceeded their shelf life and to determine the best treatment. The study was conducted from August to November 2024 at the Biology Laboratory of the UPTD Seed Center, Supervision and Certification of Agricultural Seeds of Gorontalo Province. The study used a two-factor Randomized Block Design (RBD) with bean sprout age (3, 5, and 7 days after sowing) and bean sprout extract concentration (20 g/L, 40 g/L, and 60 g/L) as factors, with four replications. The parameters observed included germination rate, maximum growth potential, and sprout length. The data were analyzed using ANOVA and DMRT post-hoc test at a 5% level. The results showed that bean sprout extract had a significant effect on all observed parameters. The treatment of 5-day-old bean sprouts with a concentration of 20 g/L gave the best results with a germination rate of 95.5%, maximum growth potential of 98.5%, and the highest sprout length. Sprout extract has the potential to be used as a natural alternative to improve the quality of rice seeds that have passed their storage period.

Rice is a staple food for nearly two-thirds of the world's population, including Indonesians. Rice generally has a high glycemic index (GI) and cannot be consumed by diabetics.  Pratanak rice has a low GI, so it is recommended for diabetics. The study aimed to evaluate the effect of parboiled rice on the amount of LAB (Lactic Acid Bacteria), pH, and SCFA (Short-Chain Fatty Acids) of diabetic experimental animals. The research method consisted of 6 groups of rats with groups 1 (Cr and Mg fortified parboiled rice), 2 (Cr, Mg and cinnamon fortified parboiled rice), 3 (nonfortified parboiled rice), 4 (ciherang rice), 5 (standard feed for healthy rats), 6 (diabetic rats). All groups of rats were adapted for 3 days with standard feed and treatment for 14 days. LAB, pH, and SCFA were analyzed, statistical tests using One Way Anova if significantly different, followed by DMRT test. Giving chromium, magnesium, and cinnamon fortified rice gave a significant difference in the amount of LAB, pH, and SCFA feces between the treatment group and the control group. Thus, pre-cooked rice fortified with Cr, Mg, and cinnamon has the potential to be a healthier food option for individuals with diabetes.

Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) is an important plantation commodity that makes a significant contribution to Indonesia's economy. One of the macro nutrients that plays a role in supporting plant growth is potassium (K), which is involved in various physiological processes. The effectiveness of nutrient utilization is not only determined by the amount of fertilizer applied but also influenced by the application method, especially during the early seedling phase. This study aims to examine the growth response of oil palm seedlings to variations in KCl fertilizer doses and different fertilizer application methods during the pre-nursery phase. The experiment was arranged using a Factorial Randomized Block Design (RBD) with two treatment factors, namely KCl fertilizer dose and fertilizer application method, each with three replications. The KCl doses consisted of five levels, while the application methods included watering, broadcasting, and localized application (pocket). The observation data were analyzed using analysis of variance and followed by Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at a 5% level if there were significant differences. The results of the study showed that there was no interaction between the dose of KCl fertilizer and its application method on all observed oil palm seedling growth parameters.

This study aims to determine the optimal pectinase enzyme concentration and hydrolysis duration for the most preferred physical, chemical, and organoleptic characteristics of kweni mango syrup. The research was conducted from October 2024 to August 2025 at the Integrated Laboratory and Basic Science Laboratory of the Agricultural Institute (INTAN) Yogyakarta using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with a factorial pattern consisting of two factors and two replications. The first factor was the pectinase enzyme concentration (0%, 0.25%, 0.50%, and 0.75%), and the second factor was the hydrolysis duration (0, 30, and 60 minutes). Observation parameters included yield, vitamin C, viscosity, pH, total soluble solids, and organoleptic attributes. Data were analyzed using ANOVA at a 5% significance level followed by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT). The results showed significant effects of both pectinase enzyme concentration and hydrolysis duration on yield, viscosity, total soluble solids, and organoleptic characteristics (color, taste, aroma, and overall acceptability), while no significant effects were observed on vitamin C content and pH. The best formulation was obtained using 0.50% pectinase enzyme concentration with a hydrolysis duration of 30 minutes.

Kebutuhan akan angkutan umum berbasis rel berdampak luas terhadap pertumbuhan penduduk dan aktivitas ekonomi Jakarta. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membandingkan KRL Commuter Line dan MRT Jakarta dari dua aspek Kemampuan Membayar dan Kesediaan Membayar. Analisis ini dilakukan dengan pendekatan studi literatur deskriptif-komparatif. Jurnal, prosiding, tesis, dan dokumen kebijakan yang digunakan sebagai sumber sekunder melalui analisis konten. KRL dengan tarif dasar sebesar Rp. 3.000,- mendapatkan ATP Rp. 3.770,- – Rp. 4.825,- dan WTP Rp. 3.974,- – Rp. 5.057,-, yang berarti KRL berpotensi untuk perubahan tarif sebesar Rp. 770,-. MRT Jakarta untuk tarif sebesar Rp. 14.000,- untuk fase 2A, ATP menunjukkan daya beli Rp. 17.044,- dan WTP Rp. 19.000,-. Pola penumpang terikat muncul dan sangat bergantung, di sisi ujung, dengan WTP yang tinggi dan ATP yang rendah, untuk kedua moda, menandakan MRT dan KRL sangat efisien dan nyaman. Penelitian ini berpendapat agar penyesuaian tarif dilakukan dan untuk jangka panjang, tarif perlu diikuti dengan peningkatan mutu pelayanan dengan penyesuaian yang progresif dan sesuai dengan penghasilan bagi masyarakat berpendapatan menengah ke bawah, agar mutu pelayanan tidak berkualitas rendah.

This study aims to investigate the impact of packaging type and storage temperature on the physical, chemical, and sensory properties of chili blocks during storage. Additionally, the study aims to identify the optimal packaging and storage temperature combination, as well as to characterize the quality attributes of chili blocks. The experimental design employed was a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) in a factorial arrangement with two factors: packaging type and storage temperature. In this study, using aluminum foil as primary packaging, PP plastic packaging, and paper as secondary packaging, and 3 treatment storage temperatures, each repeated as many as 3 trials, so that it has 18 experimental units. Data analysis using ANOVA with Duncan's Multiple Range Test (DMRT)at a significant level of 5% using the SPSS18 program. The results showed that secondary packaging types and storage temperatures did not significantly affect physical properties (moisture content) and organoleptic properties (color, aroma, texture), but significantly affected the chemical properties (pH, vitamin C, ash content) and secondary packaging types the good for chili block is alufo + plastic packaging and refrigerator storage temperature (10oC), and good chili block characteristics are: Refrigerator storage (temperature 10oC) with alufo + plastic packaging: lowest physical properties (moisture content) 27.29, chemical properties (lowest pH 5.23, Vitamin C 12.91 and ash content 6.35).

More than 20% of the seeds sown did not germinate normally. The problem of low chili pepper seedling growth rates was caused by low germination rates. Internal factors contributing to low germination rates in chili pepper seeds had yet to be solved. This research aimed to analyze the effect of materials and duration of seed soaking of cayenne pepper (Capsicum frutescens) as well as the results of the soaking treatment for cayenne pepper seeds (Capsicum frutescens). This research used factorial Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The first factor, namely soaking material (P), includes control treatment or no  soaking treatment (K), warm water with a temperature of 50˚C (P1), KNO3 solution with a concentration of 1% (P2), and colchicine solution with a concentration of 0.1 % (P3). The second factor, namely duration of seed soaking (T), includes soaking time of 12 hours (T1) and soaking time of 24 hours (T2). There were 7 treatments with each treatment having 3 replications. This research carried out dormancy observations for 7 days. The data analysis for this research was in the form of quantitative data using Two Way ANOVA and DMRT further. The parameters observed included germination capacity, and germination rate. The results of this researc that 0.1% colchicine solution (P3) and 24 hour soaking time (T2) was the best materials and seed soaking for cayenne pepper seeds with 95% germination capacity.

Oil palm plants (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) are one of Indonesia's leading commodities which have quite high productivity as a producer of vegetable oil, as well as being a source of foreign exchange for the country and employment for the community. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of urea, KCl and chicken manure on the growth of oil palm seedlings. The research location was conducted on Jalan Tapak Lebar I Rt.04, Sidorejo Village, Lubuklinggau Barat II District, Lubuklinggau City, South Sumatra, from September to December 2024. Treatment P1 = No treatment, P2 = Urea fertilizer 5 g/plant, P3 = KCl fertilizer 5 g/plant, P4 = Chicken manure 250 g/plant, P5 = Urea fertilizer 5 g + KCl 5 g/plant, P6 = Urea fertilizer 5 g + chicken manure 250 g/plant, and P7 = KCl fertilizer 5 g + chicken manure 250 g/plant. Each sample treatment consisted of 3 seedlings and was repeated 3 times. Using a non-factorial Completely Randomized Design (CRD), Duncans Multiple Range Test (DMRT). The administration of urea fertilizer at a dose of 5 g/plant and chicken manure at a dose of 250 g/plant gave the best effect on all observation variables, namely: increase in height, increase in the number of leaf stalks, stem diameter, number of leaflets, length of leaflets.  

Fungal infections, such as those caused by Curvularia, can interfere with the vegetative growth and reduce the quality of oil palm seedlings, particularly in the main nursery phase. One solution to improve resistance to pathogens and support vegetative growth is by applying the right foliar fertilizer. This study aimed to determine the effect of Kenfolan foliar fertilizer application on vegetative growth and the level of Curvularia infection in oil palm seedlings during the main nursery phase. The study used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with five treatments of Kenfolan fertilizer concentrations: 0 ml/L (P1), 1 ml/L (P2), 2 ml/L (P3), 3 ml/L (P4), and 4 ml/L (P5), each repeated three times. The parameters measured included seedling height, stem diameter, number of fronds, and the percentage of Curvularia infection. Data analysis was performed using ANOVA followed by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at a 5% significance level. The results showed that treatment P4 (3 ml/L) provided the best vegetative growth, with seedling height reaching 40.07 cm, stem diameter of 1.58 cm, and an average of 4.25 fronds. Additionally, treatments P3 (2 ml/L) and P4 (3 ml/L) successfully suppressed Curvularia infection, with no infection found in these treatments. In contrast, treatment P1 (control) showed the highest infection level of 33%, while P5 (4 ml/L) increased the infection compared to P3 and P4. Based on the results, the application of Kenfolan foliar fertilizer at a dose of 3 ml/L (P4) was the most effective in improving vegetative growth and suppressing Curvularia infection in oil palm seedlings in the main nursery phase.

Aloe vera gel contains antioxidative phenolic compounds. Fresh aloe vera gel is less accepted by the community due to its bitter taste from its latex. An acceptable alternative to aloe vera products is an aloe vera gel beverage because people of all ages currently favor light drinks. This study aims to produce aloe vera gel beverages with high antioxidant content by varying the gel size and boiling duration for easy consumption and preference by panelists. This research employed a completely randomized design (CRD) with two treatment factors, namely variations in gel size (0.5x1 cm, 1x2 cm, 2x3 cm) and boiling duration (10 minutes, 15 minutes, 20 minutes). The obtained data were subsequently analyzed Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). If differences were found, Duncan's Multiple Range Test (DMRT) was conducted at a significance level of 5%. The research results indicate that variations in gel size and boiling duration affect antioxidant activity, moisture content, total sugar content, gel texture, and preference level. The acceptable aloe vera gel beverage, preferred by the panelists which made with a gel size of 0.5x1 cm and a boiling duration of 10 minutes, with exhibited the highest antioxidant activity 6.72% RSA, moisture content 94.15%, total sugar content 13.35%, hardness (6.25 g/cm2, and deformation 2.81 mm.

The increasing reliance on information technology (IT) across various sectors has led to the growing importance of managing IT risks effectively. Information technology systems are prone to a variety of risks, including cybersecurity threats, system failures, and human errors. These risks can have severe consequences, such as financial loss, data breaches, and operational disruptions. To address these challenges, organizations must adopt comprehensive risk management strategies. This literature-based study explores various approaches and frameworks for managing IT risks, such as ISO 27001, NIST, and OCTAVE, by reviewing existing research and methodologies. The study aims to identify best practices, challenges, and trends in the field of IT risk management, offering insights into how organizations can improve their risk management strategies to enhance the resilience of their IT systems. Through this literature review, the paper highlights the importance of a systematic approach to IT risk management and provides recommendations for organizations seeking to mitigate risks and safeguard their technological.

Bagelen bread is a processed dry bread product, processed by re-baking the finished bread to become dry bread. This study aims to determine the right  formulation of canna  starch substitution  for wheat flour in making bagelen dry bread, and to examine the effect of canna starch substitution on the physical properties, chemical properties and sensory properties of bagelen. The study was conducted at the Laboratory of Food and Agricultural Product Processing, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, University of 17 August 1945 Semarang. The research design used a completely randomized design (CRD) with 4 treatments and each treatment was repeated 3 times. Data were analyzed using Anova (Analysis of Variance) at a 95% confidence level. If significantly different, Duncan's Multiple Range Test (DMRT) will be carried out. The results of the analysis of physical hardness properties showed significant differences and the results of the color analysis (L a * b *) showed no significant differences. The results of the chemical properties analysis showed that there was no significant difference in water, ash and fat content, but there was a significant difference in protein and carbohydrate content in bagelen bread. The protein content of bagelen bread will decrease in line with the increasing portion of ganyong starch. Meanwhile, carbohydrate levels will increase as the number of canna starch substitutes increases. The results of the sensory properties analysis of color, aroma, taste and texture of bagelen bread showed significant differences. Substitution of canna starch up to 40% did not affect the level of preference for the attributes of taste, color, and aroma of bagelen bread, but the texture of the substitution with canna starch was less preferred.

PT Mass Rapid Transit Jakarta operates a mass transportation system from Lebak Bulus Station to Bundaran HI. One of the traction substations is located in Cipete Raya, with a voltage rating of 20kV/1.2kV. A critical piece of equipment in this substation is the traction transformer, with a capacity of 4850 kVA/2x2500 kVA. The purpose of this study is to predict the service life of the Cipete Raya traction transformer based on temperature and load using the linear regression method. This study employs direct observation, analyzing load data from traction transformers 1 and 2 at Cipete Raya from January 2022 to June 2024, along with transformer temperature measurements. Secondary data include the technical specifications of the Cipete Raya traction transformer. The linear regression analysis for transformer 1 yields the equation y = 687.42 + 11.97x, indicating a 5.75% annual increase over the next 5 years, with a very strong correlation coefficient of R = 0.919. For transformer 2, the equation is y = 815.4543 + 6.488x, showing a 3% annual increase, with a strong correlation coefficient of R = 0.814. Based on the transformer aging calculations for June 2024, Transformer 1 has a per unit aging value (V) of 0.0014 and an estimated service life (n) of 407.689 years, while Transformer 2 has a V of 0.0012 and an estimated service life of 496.77 years. The aging model evaluation using MAPE shows that the prediction accuracy for transformers 1 and 2 is 6% and 3%, respectively, indicating excellent modeling performance.    

Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) is one of the world's important commodities as a producer of vegetable oil needed by various industries. Leaf area index is one of the indicators of plant growth seen from the size of the leaf surface area that carries out the photosynthesis process. This study aims to determine the interaction of NPK Phonska fertilizer dose treatment and its application method on the Leaf Area Index of oil palm seedlings at the pre-nursery stage. The study was designed using factorial RAK consisting of 2 factors, namely the dose of NPK Phonska fertilizer (K) and its application method (A), and 3 replications. The K factor consists of 5 levels, namely K0 = 0 g/seedling; K1 = 0.5 g/seedling, K2 = 1 g/seedling, K3 = 1.5 g/seedling, and K4 = 2 g/seedling. Factor A consists of 3 levels, namely A1 = watering, A2 = spreading, and A3 = bag. The observation results were analyzed using analysis of variance and further DMRT test at 5% level if significantly different. The results of the study showed that the dose of NPK Phonska fertilizer 1 g/seedling (K2) gave the highest results on the Leaf Area Index, which was 2.90. The interaction treatment of NPK Phonska fertilizer dose 1 g/seedling and the pocket application method (K2A3) gave the highest results on the parameters of seedling height (12.99 cm) and tuber diameter (1.31 cm). The Leaf Area Index weakened positively on the growth of oil palm seedlings as seen from the height of the seedlings, tuber diameter, and leaf sheath length.

Tiwul is a traditional food source of carbohydrates made from traditionally processed cassava, which is used as a substitute for rice. This research aimed to determine the effect of adding mocaf flour and okra flour (Abelmoschus esculentus) on the chemical and antioxidant properties of instant tiwul. The research method used an experimental design, namely a one-factor Completely Randomized Design (CRD), with treatment comparison between mocaf flour and okra flour (100:0, 85:15, 75:25, 65:35). Each treatment was repeated 4 times. The variables observed were air content, ash, fat, protein, carbohydrates, antioxidants, and preference tests. The data obtained was described as diverse, and if there were differences between treatments, then it was tested further using the Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at the 5% level. The research results of instant tiwul with the addition of 85% mocaf flour and 15% okra flour formulation were instant tiwul with the best treatment in chemical testing and liked by consumers. The selected instant tiwul had an air content of 2.46%, ash content of 2.05%, fat content of 0.32%, protein content of 3.93%, carbohydrates of 81.25%, and antioxidant activity of 81.25%. The tiwul formulation from mocaf flour and okra flour can fulfill the requirements for instant tiwul.

Coffe is one the plantation commodities that has high economic value and plays an important role as a source of foreign exchange for the country. The purpose of this study was to examine the quality test, tp determine whether there was a difference and to determine the content of water content, ash, alkalinity of the ash, coffee extract, caffeine and mineral Zinc (Zn) as well as the sensory test on ground coffe that met the requirements based on SNI 01-3542-2004. This research consisted of two research phases, namely research phase I, sample selection phase and research phase II, chemical test phase and sensory test. The research method used a completely randomized design (CRD) with 3 treatments and 3 replications. The research treatments included factory ground coffee (A), ground coffee from the Mranggen market area (D), ground coffee from the Mrican market area (E). If there is a significant difference, the Duncans Multiple Range Test (DMRT) test is carried out. The results of the first stage of the research, the sample selection stage, from five variants of factory ground coffee (brands A, B, C, F, G) after a sensory test were selected, factory ground coffee (brand A) was used as research material. From this sample selection stage, 3 ground coffee samples were obtained, namely factory ground coffee (A), ground coffee from the Mranggen market area (D coffee powder), and ground coffee from the Mrican market area (E powder coffee). The results of the hedonic test of taste parameters showed that ground coffee which had the highest preference value for taste was ground coffee with treatment A (4.47) which means like. The results of the second stage of the research on the analysis of the chemical properties of treatment A, water content (2.56%), ash content (4.48%), ash alkalinity (63.15 ml x n.NaOH/100 g), coffee extract (21.13%), caffeine (2.07% ), Zn (10.06 mg/kg). Treatment D, water content (5.60%), ash content (2.82%), alkalinity of ash (58.18 ml x n.NaOH/100 g), coffee extract (14.88%), caffeine (1.86%), Zn (19.47 mg/kg ). Treatment E, moisture content (6.17%), ash content (2.54%), ash alkalinity (48.28 ml x n.NaOH/100 g), coffee extract (10.61%), caffeine (1.48%), Zn (18.47 mg/kg ) in the sensory test hedonic test panelists liked treatment A (4.07) which means like, aroma A (4.73) which means very like, and taste A (4.73) which means very like. The conclusion of the study showed that the presence of , differences in water content, ash, alkalinity of ash, coffee extract, caffeine and the mineral Zinc (Zn) as well as a sensory test using the affective test method (acceptance test) including hedonic tests affected the sensory properties of ground coffee and met the quality characteristics according to SNI 01-3542-2004.

The chemical characteristics and sensory attributes of Robusta coffee are influenced by the environment of the coffee plant grows, one of the influencing factors is the altitude plantation locations. The aim of the research was to determine the effect of the land altitude of plantation location on the physicalchemical properties and sensory taste of Robusta coffee. This research used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with four (4) treatments based on altitude  of the Robusta coffee plantation were: 650; 750; 379 and 545 above sea level. The parameters observed in this study were  water content, ash content, pH value,  caffeine content, and sensory characteristics (fragance, flavor, after taste, colour and overall). Data were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). The ANOVA result shows the Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT). Data was processed using the SPSS version 26 program. The results of the research show that altitude of plantation has a significant effect on the pH value, water content, caffeine content and are not significantly different. from the ash content. The caffeine content shows real differences between on altitude of planting, the highest caffeine content is shown in Robusta coffee grown at an altitude of 650 m above sea level at 2.49% and the lowest in Robusta coffee planted at an altitude of 545 m above sea level, at 1,77%. The robusta coffee taste sensory test showed that Robusta coffee grown at an altitude of 650 m above sea level was the most delicious coffee.

Management Of External Radiotherapy Irradiation In Vaginal Cancer Using Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT) Technique At The Cancer Center Radiotherapy Santosa Hospital Bandung Kopo. Vaginal carcinoma constitutes approximately 2% of all malignant neoplasms that occur in the female genital tract. Vaginal carcinoma can arise from various types of cells within the vaginal wall and is often associated with risk factors such as exposure to certain carcinogens (8). Cancer is one of the main causes of death throughout the world. Based on GLOBOCAN data, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) in 2018, deaths caused by cancer reached around 9.5 million people, with 60% of cancer deaths in Asia. (7) Radiotherapy is a cancer treatment approach that uses light. ionizer to damage tumor cells while maintaining the integrity of surrounding healthy tissue. The main focus is to eliminate as many cancer cells as possible while reducing the negative impact on normal tissue around the tumor area. (20) There are several treatments for patients suffering from vaginal cancer, namely surgery, radiation, brachytherapy, and  external radiation based on the size and stage of the tumor suffered by the patient. (3) Based on the book "Target Volume Dileniation And Filed Setup" (a practical guide for conformal and Intensity-Modulated Radioation Therapy), Arno.J, (2013: 201), all vaginal cancer patients who undergo radiation using the IMRT technique must simulated in a supine position and the patient's legs straight with a thermoplastic immobilization mask and adjusted immobilization of the upper and lower body (16).

The Effect Of Use Of Lung Mask Fixation On The Accuracy Of Targeted Irradiation In Lung Cancer Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy (Imrt) Technique In The Department Of Radiation Oncology, Jakarta General Hospital. Lung cancer is the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in one or both lungs. While normal cells in the lungs usually develop and reproduce to form healthy lung tissue, these abnormal cells actually reproduce more quickly and are never able to become normal lung tissue. As a result, lumps of cancer cells are formed, which are often referred to as tumors. (4) Radiotherapy is a form of therapy that has been proven to be useful in treating cancer. The aim of radiotherapy is to provide safe, accurate and efficient radiation doses to treat various types of cancer and also non-malignant disorders (7). Carrying out radiotherapy for lung cancer involves the use of immobilization devices, one of which is a thermoplastic mask. This mask functions to reduce the patient's body movements, including movements caused by breathing (9). Verification is a critical stage in the radiotherapy process. The purpose of this verification is to ensure that there are no significant differences in the exposure carried out (14). Giving the right dose of radiotherapy radiation is very necessary to achieve successful therapeutic treatment. The accuracy of dosing and the accuracy of the patient's position influence the dose distribution that will be received by the patient. This verification is based on the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Human Health Series No. 31 of 2016 with a displacement value of 0.3cm (15). EPID (Electronic Portal Imaging Device) is an additional device connected to the LINAC (Linear Accelerator) radiotherapy device. EPID functions as a verification tool for radiation dose and geometry which is very important in the radiotherapy process (16). The accuracy of the patient's position during radiation treatment greatly influences the accuracy of the IMRT technique. Before irradiation, verification is carried out using an EPID (Electronic Portal Imaging Device) to ensure the correct target position on the tumor. This helps measure the x, y, and z axis coordinates along the radiation area before the radiation procedure begins.

Radiotherapy is a treatment for cancer using high-energy radiation, usually X-rays. The type and amount of radiation received is calculated by oncologists and medical physicists to destroy cancer cells, these cells are abnormal cells. This stops the cancer cells from dividing properly and as a result the cancer cells are destroyed. This treatment is planned to protect healthy tissue as much as possible from radiation which has destructive properties, however some healthy tissue can be affected which will later cause side effects. Radiotherapy uses a Linear Accelerato (LINAC) device in its treatment. The LINAC can produce two beams, namely photons and electrons. Photon beams are usually used to illuminate tumors in deeper tissue in the body, for example breast cancer, cervical cancer and nasopharyngeal cancer, while electron beams are used for cancer therapy in surface tumors. The role of radiotherapy in the treatment of breast cancer has a long and controversial history. One of the first clinical trials ever conducted, it began in 1949, and remains the subject of new trials still being initiated today. Early trials clearly showed that radiotherapy reduced local recurrence, with a relative risk reduction now known to be approximately 70%, but a reduction in recurrence rates did not translate into a reduction in mortality. Theories explaining this difference are numerous, including the detrimental effects of radiotherapy on immune function.